Conservation and rural change in Valcea County

Valcea is one of Romania's Wallachian counties with landscapes which grade from the Carpathians through the Subcarpathians and Piedmont zone towards the plain. Agriculture plays a major role in the economy but there is also a long-established tourist industry and the industrial base (established through the processing of local raw materials: agricultural commodities, timber and salt) has been enlarged and diversified under communism. The tourist industry has also expanded with reference to the mineral waters. But agriculture still plays an important role. Environmental pressures on sensitive Carpathian ecosystems have increased over the years and under the transition conservation measures should include national park designations to provide a buffer for clusters of nature reserves. The paper discusses the nature of the environmental problems and the significance of national and ‘natural’ parks for the development of tourism in the area, with particular reference to Buila-Vanturarita area of the Capatina Mountains. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Australian conservation organisations' perspectives on tourism in national parks: a critique

Australia's conservation and parks organisations have become actively involved in the debate over tourism use of national parks and their associated wilderness areas. To date, at least seven organisations have produced at least ten formal policy statements and submissions. This paper presents an analysis of these policy statements.The policies reviewed use a narrow definition of tourism, based on the presence or absence of commercial, private sector activity. If commercial activity exists, then tourism exists; if not, then it is considered to be recreation. This distinction reflects the widely held opinion among many environmentalists that non-commercial use of national parks is acceptable, but that commercial use is essentially unacceptable, even though the groups may be participating in the same activity. The author argues that while making a number of valuable suggestions, these policies suffer from major conceptual flaws that minimise their contribution to the debate on acceptable human uses of parks.The author concludes by making a number of recommendations to rectify the conceptual flaws inherent in the policies.     

‘Seeing red’ in national parks: How visitors’ values affect perceptions and park experiences

People’s reasons for visiting national parks have been well researched. So too have their park activities and how diverse activities potentially affect visitors’ park experiences (e.g. perceptions of overcrowding). Far less research has examined how park users’ environmental values might affect their perceptions of other users and the appropriateness of different activities – a potential source of conflict. Relationships between personal environmental values and environmental and social perceptions are complex and interactive in the context of park visitation. Visitors’ encounters with other users can powerfully affect their experience and enjoyment of parks, in turn reflecting such factors as values-related expectations and judgments in the context of national parks. Personal and social values may also play an important role in influencing whether different activities are perceived as ‘out of place’ in the context of national park place meaning, yet the conceptualization of values within geographic literature on parks remains comparatively weak.This paper utilizes a definition of values, derived from a concise review of the geography and social psychology literatures, to explain the results of survey research we undertook within national parks in Queensland, Australia. We use a ‘values-behavior hierarchy’ conceptual framework to consider how the personal environmental values of a sample of park visitors (n = 404) potentially affected patterns of park visitation, user activities, and user conflicts. Findings suggest that visitors’ environmental values shaped how they perceived other park users and the appropriateness of their activities. This has international implications for geographic research and other disciplines and professions involved in national park visitation, park use, and human impacts, on and of these powerful places.     

基于单边界二分式条件价值法的洞穴旅游资源非使用价值评估——以重庆芙蓉洞为例

为提高公众对洞穴旅游资源非使用价值的重视程度,以世界自然遗产地芙蓉洞为研究对象,采用单边界二分式条件价值法,以到芙蓉洞景区旅游的游客、重庆市民为调查对象,对芙蓉洞洞穴旅游资源的非使用价值进行评估。其结果表明:芙蓉洞洞穴旅游资源非使用价值的平均支付意愿为330.49元,非使用价值总额为229.82亿元,远大于其门票收入;芙蓉洞洞穴旅游资源非使用价值的平均支付意愿大小与被调查者对芙蓉洞非使用价值的了解程度、婚姻状况、年龄、职业、年收入、文化程度、人均出游花销显著相关。今后应加强对芙蓉洞非使用价值的认知,通过多种渠道宣传芙蓉洞的非使用价值,多方合力,共同保护芙蓉洞洞穴旅游资源。      

岩溶地区旅游生态安全评价及趋势分析——以广西为例

岩溶地区拥有丰富的旅游资源,但是生态环境相对脆弱,根据岩溶地区旅游发展的特点,以"压力-状态-响应"（PSR）模型为基础,同时从生态安全的概念出发,涵盖生态风险、生态健康和生态足迹指标,建立了岩溶地区旅游生态安全评价指标体系。调整的主要指标包括:土地压力指标、旅游经济密度、年平均气温和年平均降雨量指标、旅游空间密度、游客密度指数、旅游收入指标等。采用综合指数法和熵权法,分别引入2012年和2007年两年的数据,对广西岩溶地区旅游生态安全的现状、发展趋势及变化趋势的内在原因进行了分析。实证结果表明:（1）从现状评价看,2007、2012年广西岩溶地区旅游生态安全水平总体较低,处于安全级别的城市主要位于广西中部区域,其他城市则处于不安全级别;（2）从影响指标看,经济状态和旅游生态状态对当地的旅游生态安全影响较大;（3）从变化趋势看,广西岩溶地区旅游生态安全状态逐渐好转,广西中部地区保持安全状态,紧邻广西中部地区的地市处于持续危险区域,但综合指数呈上升趋势;梧州和贵港两个位于广西东部的城市同样处于持续危险区域,但是旅游生态安全综合指数呈小幅下降趋势;（4）旅游生态安全状态和趋势与岩溶分布没有显著的相关关系。      

美国国家公园地质旅游特色及借鉴意义

自1872 年美国建立第一个国家公园以来, 全世界国家公园数已达2600个, 对于资源环境、生态系统、地质景观的保护起着十分重要的作用, 特别是美国,在保护地质景观的同时, 开展地质旅游, 效果明显。与之比较, 我国的地质公园建设还存在着许多不足。本文主要说明了美国国家公园的主要地质旅游特色, 比较了两国在地质旅游认识、管理方面存在的差异, 并总结了一些值得我们借鉴学习的经验。      

喀斯特旅游地生态安全动态评价与障碍因子分析——以桂林为例

喀斯特旅游地生态环境脆弱,动态监控喀斯特旅游地的生态安全并找出障碍因子对喀斯特旅游地可持续发展具有重大的意义。文章以生态安全理论为基础,应用PSR模型建立了喀斯特旅游地生态安全评价指标体系,通过模糊综合法对桂林2004-2013年的旅游生态安全进行了实证研究。结果表明:（1）2004-2013年的桂林生态安全状况呈现下降-逐步上升-保持平稳的状态,总体呈好转趋势;（2）2004-2013年间桂林不安全等级隶属度减小,临界安全等级隶属度增加,安全等级隶属度小幅波动,说明影响桂林生态安全的限制因子在逐渐减少,生态系统发展潜力较大,但桂林生态系统压力水平逐年增加,未来需警惕压力指标恶化;（3）桂林生态安全的主要障碍因子为旅游人数增长率、旅游经济密度、旅游用地综合利用水平、人均旅游收入和环保占GDP的比重。因此,建议通过控制旅游容量、提高旅游资源利用效率和建立旅游环境监测系统等措施来维护桂林旅游生态安全。      

The impact of tourism and conservation on agriculture in the mountains of Valcea county, Romania

Valcea is one of Romania's Wallachian counties with landscapes which grade from the Carpathians through the Subcarpathians and Piedmont zone towards the plain. Agriculture plays a major role in the economy but there is also a long-established tourist industry and the industrial base (largely bound up originally with wood processing) has been enlarged and diversified under communism. Environmental pressures on sensitive Carpathian ecosystems have increased over the years through agricultural, industrial and tourist pressures. Under the transition conservation measures will have to include national park designation to provide a buffer for clusters of nature reserves which already exist. The paper discusses the nature of the environmental problems and the significance of national parks for the agriculture of the area, with particular reference to the Parang Mountains.     

龙门山国家地质公园建立及旅游资源评述

龙门山国家地质公园已于2001年3月16日经国家正式批准，成为我国首批11个国家地质公园之一。对这样一个特大型构造类国家地质公园，其旅游资源调查，范围的圈定，规划，开发与保护，管理体制，科学研究以及立法等还未规范化，即地质公园理论体系还不健全，如何在地质公园进行旅游开发，是当前面临的急需解决的重大问题，本文论述了龙门山国家地质公园的建立及其意义，评述了其地学旅游资源优势，并通过与国外国家公园与国内风景名胜区的比较，阐述了龙门山国家地质公园的开发保护现状。     

岩溶山区县级成熟型资源城市经济发展空间差异及演化——以四川省兴文县为例

以乡镇为基本单元,通过乡镇组别人均GDP差异、泰尔指数和分离系数探讨近10年来(2006-2015年)岩溶山区县级成熟型资源城市四川省兴文县经济发展空间差异及演化。结果表明:近10年来该县乡镇间人均GDP的绝对与相对差异、泰尔指数(由0.1088上升到0.1697,上升了55.97%)和乡镇组别间分离系数(由2.4041上升到2.8414)均持续上升,经济发展差异呈增大趋势。乡镇组别内经济差异比乡镇组别间差异大(对总体差异的平均贡献率分别为70.43%和29.51%),而乡镇组别间经济差异的上升幅度(76.21%)高于乡镇组别内的上升幅度(47.94%)。乡镇组别泰尔指数均值排序为:矿业组(0.2370)>工业组(0.0624)>旅游与矿业组(0.0581)>农业组(0.0108),工业、矿业和农业等乡镇组别的泰尔指数分别上升了193.13%、27.69%和20.18%,而旅游与矿业组则下降了30.95%。经济发展过度依赖资源、工业园区建设、宏观经济影响、旅游开发单一、农业整体滞后且不均衡等是该县经济发展空间差异及演化的主要原因。今后应实施多元产业综合发展、各类乡镇因地制宜实施差异化发展、注重经济发展与环境保护的协调统一等策略。     

基于旅游生态足迹模型的旅游可持续发展研究——以陕西省为例

将旅游生态足迹引入区域旅游可持续发展评价,阐述旅游生态足迹的概念,构建旅游生态足迹模型,用于衡量旅游可持续发展能力。以陕西省作为研究对象,对旅游生态足迹模型在大尺度区域旅游业可持续发展定量测度中的运用进行实证研究,计算其1991年至2008年的旅游生态足迹。结果表明:陕西省出现了不同程度的旅游生态赤字和生态压力,平均存在0.033 1 hm2/人的旅游生态赤字,其旅游业处于不可持续发展状态。提出未来实现旅游业可持续发展应做到加强旅游文化内涵挖掘、大力发展生态旅游及特色旅游、充分发挥政府职能、完善法律法规等。     

National-Scale Geochemical Mapping Projects in China

Regional, national and global scale geochemical mapping projects have been carried out in China since the late 1970s, due to the development of cost‐effective, low detection limit analytical methods. These projects have provided a huge mass of high‐quality, informative and comparable data for mineral resource exploration and are now making contributions to environmental assessment. In this paper, four national‐scale geochemical mapping projects are described. (1) The Regional Geochemistry‐National Reconnaissance Project (RGNR project), which is China's largest national geochemical mapping project, has covered 6 million km² of upland regions since 1978. Generally, stream sediment samples were collected at a density of 1/km² and four samples were composited into one sample and analysed for thirty‐nine elements. (2) The deep‐penetrating geochemical mapping project (DEEPMAP Project) has been conducted since 1994 in covered terrains, including sedimentary basins, at a density of 1 sample per 100 km² with thirty to seventy elements determined per sample. In the past 10 years, an area of approximately 800 000 km² has been covered and this project has played an important role in finding sandstone‐type uranium deposits in basins. (3) The seventy‐six geochemical element mapping project (76 GEM project) has been carried out since 1999 and involved the collection of stream sediment samples from the RGNR project targets which were analysed for seventy‐six elements. Samples from each 1:50 000 map sheet were composited into one analytical sample (approximately one composite sample per 400 km²). Approximately 1 million km² have been surveyed to date. (4) The multi‐purpose eco‐geochemical mapping project has been conducted since 1999 in Quaternary plain areas for environmental and agricultural applications. Surface soils (depths from 0–20 cm) were collected at a density of one sample per km², and four samples were composited into one for analysis. Deep soils (from a depth of 150 to 200 cm) were collected at a density of one sample per 4 km² and four samples were composited into one analytical sample. All the composite samples were analysed for fifty‐four elements.     

基于最小邻近成本的喀斯特山地城市公园可达性分析

以典型喀斯特城市贵阳市为例,分析地貌特征对于公园绿地供给能力的影响,采用最小邻近成本分析法和空间自相关分析,对贵阳市公园绿地的供给特征以及不同类别公园可达性空间差异进行评价,探讨喀斯特城市公园可达性的提升策略。结果表明:研究区城市公园供给总量较高,但公园斑块面积二元结构明显,且坡度15°以上面积占比53%;公园可达性整体较好,91.89%的居民小区到公园的最小邻近成本低于500 m,但不同类别城市公园可达性存在一定差异。因此,喀斯特山地城市要提升公园服务水平,首先应补足公园服务的盲区,尤其是建成区残存孤峰、小峰丛公园服务能力不足造成的隐性盲区;其次,在老旧城区公园建设需避免盲目求大,应着重提高服务质量与效率,并且发挥自然山体优势建设独具特色的公园服务体系;应结合人口分布特征和不同类别的公园配置状况,合理进行喀斯特山体公园化利用,避免生态环境破坏与公园空置。      

Images and use of New Zealand's protected areas by domestic and international visitors

The images and use of national parks and other protected areas in both domestic and international tourism sectors is described. Despite the perceived importance of these areas, little is known about visitor characteristics, use patterns, or even use levels. Baseline data are presented from past and current research, which provide a tentative model of present user images, levels and patterns. Domestic use appears to be seasonal and regional in nature, with frequent users often utilizing less developed and hence less popular areas. International visitors, drawn to New Zealand by its clean, green, nuclear-free image, visit famous, easily accessible, highly developed protected areas. The possible effects of the present government's user pays policy on visitor use and behaviour are discussed, as well as other possible future concerns regarding the interface between tourism and protected areas.     

Soil contamination by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at natural recreational areas in Delaware,USA

As a US east coast state with a major income from outdoor recreation and tourism, Delaware highly values its environmental quality and natural resources. However, no results on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contamination in soil at natural recreational areas (NRAs) in the state have been reported. In this study soil samples from seven state parks, two city parks, two state forests, and two national wildlife refuges in Delaware were analyzed for the concentrations of 12 selected PAHs. Results indicated that the median concentration of total PAHs in urban, suburban, and rural NRAs was 1,159, 138, and 130 μg/kg, respectively. Based on the classification proposed by Maliszewska-Kordybach, soil PAH contamination level at almost all sampling sites in urban NRAs was classified as contaminated or heavily contaminated, while that at sampling sites in suburban and rural NRAs was classified as not or weakly contaminated. Principal component analysis showed that all these areas share the same independent variable, which may be composed of one or more contribution sources. Pyrogenic processes were inferred to be the major source of soil PAH contamination in Delaware NRAs. Individual PAH concentration at all sampling sites were observed below the limit of Canadian Quality Guidelines except for site F3, where the concentration of benzo[b]flouranthene, benzo[k]flouranthene, and benzo[a]pyrene was found to exceed the limit by 88.3, 125, and 281 %, respectively. Further investigation on PAH contamination and possible remediation in area F are recommended.     

京津冀主要大城市经济发展中城市化与大气环境质量的关系

京津冀城市群在快速城市化进程中,"高耗能、高污染、高排放"的粗放型经济发展模式带来了一系列大气污染问题,亟需协调经济发展与大气环境质量之间的关系.本文基于2004—2017年北京市、天津市、石家庄市的大气环境质量与城市化各指标数据,运用熵值法多维度研究了城市化进程中大气环境质量的演化规律.选取城市空气主要污染物SO2、...     

The impact of tourism on coastal areas

The manifold influences of tourism on coastal areas are analysed from three different angles: (1) The development of seaside tourism including the changes of socio-economic and settlement patterns; (2) its cultural impact on the local population; (3) its environmental aspects. Point 1 is described with the help of a model showing four peripheries in space and time: (I) the North Sea and Baltic coasts since the 18th century; (II) Southern Europe during the 19th century; (III) the North African shores around 1950; (IV) the tropical oceans after 1965. Within every periphery, several phases (pioneer, domestic, international) can be distinguished according to the origin of tourists, the investment, the know-how etc. While the beginning of every phase is dominated from abroad, later-on national actors play an increasing role. This applies also to point 2, which refers mainly to developing countries. As for point 3, mass tourism may result detrimentally on water supply, sensitive coastal landscapes, socio-cultural identity etc. Among the questions to be raised are: How far are industrial societies responsible for any negative impacts of tourism, and what are the chances for, and a general consciousness on, a sustainable tourism development?     

旅游业的环境影响综合评价与对策

旅游业对自然环境有正反两方面的影响。反面影响包括对水体和大气环境的影响,对动植物的影响,对土壤和沙丘的侵蚀,以及影响审美。正面影响包括建立自然保护区,保护海洋、植被、湿地,促进连际土地开发和教育民众。促进旅游业永续发展的对策有：对旅游业进行选择;对旅游区进行环境规划;对旅游业的环境影响进行实验追踪,建立综合性模式研究旅游业的累积环境影响。     

青藏高原地质公园生态旅游产品开发研究——以坎布拉国家地质公园为例

青藏高原是世界旅游的热点区域之一,地质公园已成为区域旅游业发展的新亮点.至2009年8月,青藏高原已建有17家国家地质公园.青海和西藏是青藏高原的主体,本文以青海坎布拉国家地质公园为例,分析了公园旅游产品开发的基础条件,提出了生态旅游产品开发的6项原则:环境保护与可持续发展原则:民生原则:以市场为导向,立足公园实际系统...     

西南地区石漠化分布、演变特征及影响因素

根据中国西南岩溶区1999—2008年石漠化遥感调查结果,研究了该区石漠化发生现状和近十年间石漠化在区域、岩性、地貌及区域经济等方面的演变特征,并对发生石漠化的影响因素进行分析。结果显示,石漠化集中分布在滇、黔、桂三省区;石漠化的发生与岩性和地貌密切相关,其中纯碳酸盐岩中石漠化发生率高于杂碳酸盐岩,并随灰岩或碳酸盐岩含量减少而降低,而地形高差相对大的峰丛洼地、峰林洼地石漠化发生率最高,并随地貌相对高差变小而降低。石漠化发生程度与岩性、地貌关系表现多样,纯碳酸盐岩中轻度石漠化比例高于中度和重度石漠化之和的比例,杂碳酸盐岩中中度和重度石漠化之和的比例高于轻度石漠化比例;在峰林洼地、峰林/缓丘平原中轻度石漠化比例高于中度和重度石漠化之和的比例,缓丘台地和丘陵谷地中中度和重度石漠化之和的比例高于轻度石漠化,是岩溶构造演化与人类活动共同制约的结果。从1999年到2008年间,该区石漠化已经呈现转轻趋势,主要表现在总面积减少,石漠化程度减轻;石漠化演变过程中发生在不同岩性和地貌中改善或恶化发生率的变化趋势与上述石漠化的发生规律相似。石漠化还不同程度地影响居民的生活水平,调查显示,严重石漠化县域内石漠化面积与农民人均纯收入、人均生产总值等呈负相关,县域内石漠化面积是影响农民人均纯收入,乃至人均生产总值最重要的因素。因此,石漠化调查结果显示,研究区石漠化呈向好趋势,但是治理难点依然存在。