Alteration of the equal settling ratio of fine particles by vertically-oscillating water

An equal settling ratio is an important factor in estimating particle separation accuracy. However, this factor is often calculated using the settling velocity in stationary water, there are no examples of calculation of the equal settling ratio in an actual separator. This is difficult because particle movement in a separator is very complicated, and even simple periodic motions, such as the oscillation field used with many separators, are ignored in many cases. The authors have previously reported on the relation between the equal settling ratio and the oscillation frequency by analysis of particle movement in vertically oscillating water, using spherical particles of glass (average size 435 μm) and zirconia (202 μm) which have the same settling velocity in stationary water. In this study, the influence of particle diameter on the change in the settling velocity in oscillating water was experimentally investigated for three pairs of glass and zirconia particles having different sizes under 0.5 mm, which have the same settling velocity in stationary water. The settling velocities of different-sized particles decreased at different rates in oscillating water, indicating that the equal settling ratio is reduced by water oscillation. We conclude that water oscillation improves the accuracy of size separation for glass particles over 300 μm and zirconia particles over 150 μm when glass and zirconia particles are separated from each other with the difference of these settling velocities.     

Coupled DEM-CFD investigation on the formation of landslide dams in narrow rivers

Large-scale landslide dams can induce significant hazards to human lives by blocking the river flows and causing inundation upstream. They may trigger severe outburst flooding that may devastate downstream areas once failed. Thus, the advancement in understanding the formation of landslide dams is highly necessary. This paper presents 3D numerical investigations of the formation of landslide dams in open fluid channels via the discrete element method (DEM) coupled with computational fluid dynamics (CFD). By employing this model, the influence of flow velocity on granular depositional morphology has been clarified. As the grains settle downwards in the fluid channel, positive excess water pressures are generated at the bottom region, reducing the total forces acting on the granular mass. In the meantime, the particle sedimentations into the fluid channel with high impacting velocities can generate fluid streams to flow backwards and forwards. The coupled hydraulic effects of excess water pressure and fluid flow would entrain the solid grains to move long distances along the channel. For simulations using different flow velocities, the larger the flow velocity is, the further distance the grains can be transported to. In this process, the solid grains move as a series of surges, with decreasing deposit lengths for the successive surges. The granular flux into the fluid channel has very little influence on the depositional pattern of particles, while it affects the particle–fluid interactions significantly. The results obtained from the DEM-CFD coupled simulations can reasonably explain the mechanisms of granular transportation and deposition in the formation of landslide dams in narrow rivers.     

风沙流中沙粒浓度分布的实验研究

利用粒子图像测速技术（PIV）,在风洞内对与天然沙接近的石英沙风沙流沙颗粒浓度沿高度分布进行了研究。对 3种不同轴线风速研究结果表明,风沙流中沙粒浓度沿水平方向基本不变,而随高度呈指数衰减,而且其衰减速率与风速密切相关。风速越大,衰减速率越慢;风速越小,衰减速率越快。风沙运动一旦发生时,靠近沙床表面的沙粒浓度随风速变化很小,可以认为趋于稳定,达到最大值。     

基于B超成像的泥沙起动流速测量方法

床面上泥沙颗粒的起动测量一直是泥沙运动规律研究的难题。为此,提出了一种基于B超成像技术的泥沙起动流速测量方法。在模型试验水槽中,该方法利用B超仪获取水下地形及其附近粒子的运行图像,通过图像处理技术分析统计床面附近运动粒子的成像光斑个数,并分析其与流速之间的关系。结果表明,B超成像光斑个数在泥沙起动过程中存在一个突变过程,且该突变过程与泥沙起动运动相对应,可用来判定泥沙起动及其对应的起动流速,并利用该流速下的床面地形变化验证了该方法的正确性。该方法具有无扰动无干扰、适合于清水和浑水、易于实现自动化测量的特点。     

Filtration of kaolinite particles in a saturated porous medium: hydrodynamic effects

A study was undertaken on physical clogging of a porous medium by injecting suspended particles (SP), ranging in diameter from 1.7 to 40 μm, into a sand-filled column. Long-term tracer tests were carried out at various flow velocities. Retention of the SP is significantly influenced by the flow velocity. At low flow velocities, retention is confined to a limited length of porous medium, from the entrance of the column, leading to a substantial modification of the hydraulic characteristics of the porous medium. However, at high flow velocities, a much greater length of the porous medium is affected. Particle-size analyses indicate that the particle-size distribution (PSD) of recovered particles changes with time, while the PSD of retained particles changes with depth and time. At the beginning of the filtration process, larger particles were mainly retained at the column entrance. As the injection volume increases, the larger particles penetrate more deeply into the porous medium, and the size of particles observed in the effluent gradually increases. This study highlights the influence of flow velocity, duration of filtration, and the particles’ polydispersity, on the hydraulic characteristics of the porous medium.     

速度误差对时间偏移和深度偏移的影响分析

地震数值计算表明:地震速度模型出现误差,对时间偏移和深度偏移有不同的影响,且深度偏移结果的误差往往大于时间偏移的误差,影响了深度偏移方法的广泛应用。根本原因在于时间偏移使用的是均方根速度,而深度偏移使用的是层速度,因此在速度模型相同的情况下,层速度的变化远大于均方根速度的变化。地震数值模拟分析同时说明,深度偏移结果的误差还取决于地下介质的结构和岩性。当界面二边速度差异比较大时,速度摄动值δ引起深度偏移结果的误差,远大于界面二边速度平缓变化的情况。深度成像的误差等于速度摄动值δ和界面二边速度对比度vi+1/vi的乘积。     

Crustal structure in the southwestern part of the Iberian Peninsula

Seismic investigations to determine the crustal structure in the southwestern part of the Iberian Peninsula have been initiated in 1970. First experiments were carried out during July 1970, when a series of ten shots was fired off Cabo de Sines (Portugal) in shallow water and recorded up to distances of 185 km along a SE-profile towards Huelva (Spain). The profile was reversed in December 1970, when a series of twelve shots was fired off the south coast near Fuzeta (east of Faro) and recorded up to distances of about 260 km along a NW-profile towards Cabo da Roca west of Lisboa. A considerable increase in the seismic efficiency of the explosions could be achieved by generating standing waves in the water.

The structure deduced exhibits some peculiar features. Below the Palaeozoic sediments a fairly high velocity of 6.4 km/sec is found for the dome-shaped basement in that area. The lower crust, which is separated from the upper crust by a distinct velocity inversion (with a minimum velocity of about 5.3–5.6 km/sec), is characterized by a velocity of 7.1 km/sec. From the geological evidence and the sequence of seismic velocities it must be concluded that the upper crustal block in the southwestern part of the Iberian Peninsula has been uplifted by about 2–5 km since Permo-Triassic time, thus emphasizing the significance of vertical movement in tectonic activity.

The top of the upper mantle (8.15 km/sec) was detected at a depth of 30 km close to the Atlantic coast in the west, while near the Algarve coast in the south the depth to the M-discontinuity is about 34–35 km. This result in conjunction with studies of earthquake focal mechanisms confirms the suggestion that the Iberian block is being underthrust under the African plate.     

蒙特卡洛方法在地质雷达探测地下管道中的应用

地质雷达是一种探测金属和非金属管道的有效方法,传统方法是利用经验电磁波速度计算管道埋深,存在较大误差,且往往无法估算管径或算法繁琐。蒙特卡洛方法是一种随机模拟的地球物理反演手段,从雷达图像中读取一系列反射回波穿行时间和雷达相对于管顶的位置数据,给定合理的电磁波速度、管道埋深和管径3个参数的范围,可以有效地拟合得到速度、埋深和管径。该方法在南京地铁盾构某区段,用来拟合估算地下输油管、自来水管和污水管的埋深及管径,取得了与实际情况较为一致的结果,拟合的电磁波速度符合地下介质情况。     

Temporal and spatial variations in density and velocity fields of the waters of Gareloch,Scotland

 Spatial variations in the density and velocity fields have been observed in the Gareloch (Scotland) during surveys in 1987–1988 and 1993–1994. The variation of the density field has been analyzed on a variety of time scales from semidiurnal to seasonal in order to quantify effects caused by the forcing factors of tidal mixing, freshwater input, and wind. Initial results indicate that water density in the loch is controlled (to a major degree) by the freshwater input from runoff from the local catchment area and from freshwater entering on the flood tide from the Clyde Estuary. It is estimated that during winter periods the high freshwater flows from the rivers Leven and Clyde into the Clyde Estuary account for up to 75% of the freshwater creating the density structure in the loch. Analysis of long-term dissolved oxygen data reveals that major bottom water renewals occurred between July and January in the years 1987–1994. Major bottom water dissolved oxygen renewals have a general trend but during the year sporadic renewals can take place due to abnormal dry spells increasing the density of the water entering from the Clyde, or consistently strong winds from the north reducing stratification in the loch and producing better mixed conditions. Velocities vary spatially, with the highest velocities of up to 0.6 m s^–1 being associated with the velocity jet effect at the constriction at the sill of the loch. Observed near-surface mid-loch velocities increased as the vertical density gradients in the upper layers increased. This indicates for the observed conditions that increased stratification in the upper layers inhibits the entrainment rate and hence rate of gain of thickness of the wind-driven surface layer, resulting in increased surface velocities for a given wind speed and direction. The main flow is concentrated in the upper 10 m and velocities below 10 m are low. Observed mean spring tide surface velocities are on average 30% greater than mean neap tide surface velocities. Received: 22 May 1995 · Accepted: 23 August 1995     

Estimating the settling velocity of bioclastic sediment using common grain‐size analysis techniques

Most techniques for estimating settling velocities of natural particles have been developed for siliciclastic sediments. Therefore, to understand how these techniques apply to bioclastic environments, measured settling velocities of bioclastic sedimentary deposits sampled from a nearshore fringing reef in Western Australia were compared with settling velocities calculated using results from several common grain‐size analysis techniques (sieve, laser diffraction and image analysis) and established models. The effects of sediment density and shape were also examined using a range of density values and three different models of settling velocity. Sediment density was found to have a significant effect on calculated settling velocity, causing a range in normalized root‐mean‐square error of up to 28%, depending upon settling velocity model and grain‐size method. Accounting for particle shape reduced errors in predicted settling velocity by 3% to 6% and removed any velocity‐dependent bias, which is particularly important for the fastest settling fractions. When shape was accounted for and measured density was used, normalized root‐mean‐square errors were 4%, 10% and 18% for laser diffraction, sieve and image analysis, respectively. The results of this study show that established models of settling velocity that account for particle shape can be used to estimate settling velocity of irregularly shaped, sand‐sized bioclastic sediments from sieve, laser diffraction, or image analysis‐derived measures of grain size with a limited amount of error. Collectively, these findings will allow for grain‐size data measured with different methods to be accurately converted to settling velocity for comparison. This will facilitate greater understanding of the hydraulic properties of bioclastic sediment which can help to increase our general knowledge of sediment dynamics in these environments.     

The effects of removing bed materials on flow velocity (case study: Zaremrood River, Iran)

Nowadays, in parts of Iran, rivers and flood plains are being used as sand and silt mines, and the removal of river bed materials is performed without studying its effects on hydraulic behavior. On the other hand, the flood plain lands are in danger of floods and bank erosion. Zaremrood River in Tajan watershed due to removal of river bed material, two planes of before and after removal with scale of 1:1,000, has been used as basic data. The field investigation was emphasized on the end part of Zaremrood with a length of 5 km and starts from Ghandikola village to Ahoodasht Bridge. Using total station and field observations, the characteristics of reaches and cross sections of right bank, left bank, and main bed of river are written separately. Using software of HEC-RAS, ArcView 3.2, and extension HEC-GeoRAS, the flood zoning with different return periods to investigate water velocity and its changes, geometrical simulation of the bed, sides and flood way of rivers, and then by entering the results of HEC-GeoRAS into hydraulic software HEC-RAS for two before and after planes have been performed, and flow velocity was analyzed for three return periods of 10, 50, and 100 years. The results of this research showed that the velocities due to removal for floods with different return periods have increased, whereas water height and level during removal period have decreased.     

油气水速度及其影响因素分析

对于油田勘探和开发,特别是使用地震资料进行流体识别和预测,了解研究区地层孔隙流体性质及其影响因素十分重要.本文在前人研究工作的基础上,对油、气、水及其混合体的速度变化规律进行了讨论,并对影响油、气及水的速度因素进行深入分析.研究表明,不同性质孔隙流体受地层温度与压力的影响较大.其中,流体性质对纵波速度影响较大,而对横波速度影响较小;气-水混合体速度最低,油-水混合体速度最高,油-气或油-气-水混合体速度介于上述两者之间;混合流体含有气体时,含气饱和度对混合流体弹性性质具有很大影响.     

Damage to residential buildings due to flooding of New Orleans after hurricane Katrina

This article analyzes the direct damage to residential buildings caused by the flooding of New Orleans after hurricane Katrina in the year 2005. A public dataset has been analyzed that contains information on the economic damage levels for approximately 95,000 residential buildings in the flooded area. The relationship between the flood characteristics and economic damage to residential buildings has been investigated. Results of hydrodynamic flood simulations have been used that give insight in water depths and flow velocities in the study area. In general, differences between the three polders in the observed distributions of damage estimates are related to differences in flood conditions. The highest damage percentages and structural damage mainly occurred in areas where higher flow velocities occurred, especially near the breaches in the Lower 9th Ward neighborhood. Further statistical analysis indicated that there is not any strong one-to-one relationship between the damage percentage and the water depth or the depth–velocity product. This suggests that there is considerable uncertainty associated with stage-damage functions, especially when they are applied to individual structures or smaller clusters of buildings. Based on the data, a more general approach has been proposed that could be used to distinguish different damage zones based on water depth and flow velocity for an area that is affected by flooding due to breaching of flood defenses. Further validation of existing damage models with the dataset and further inclusion of information on building type in the analysis of damage levels is recommended.     

甘肃省主要河流径流时空分布规律及演变趋势分析

通过对甘肃省主要河流径流时空分布规律的分析研究,得出干旱缺水的主要原因是各河年径流丰水时段很短,一般只有2～3年;枯水时段很长,可达7～26年;祁连山区许多河流多年均值基本稳定。并预测从1998年开始至2009年,全省诸河水量从枯水年代转向平水到偏丰的年代;建议全省必须树立长期抗旱的思想,水资源利用必须进行系统分析优化配置。     

The motion of sediment-water mixtures during intense bedload transport: computer simulations

A new model, which couples fluid and particle dynamics, has been developed to study the motion of the sediment-water mixture during intense bedload transport, including the velocity profiles of both sediment and water, the roughness length of an upper plane bed and the thickness of moving sediment layers. Standard mixing length theory is used to model the motion of water above the boundary between the overlying water and the sediment-water mixture. The turbulent flow within the moving sediment layers is described by a shear stress model, in which the effective viscosity of the flowing water is proportional to the velocity difference between the fluid and the sediment. The particle dynamics method, in which the equations of motion of each of many particles are solved directly, is applied to model the movement of sediment particles. The particle-fluid interaction is expressed by a velocity-squared fluid drag force exerted on each sediment particle. Both computer simulation results and theoretical analysis have shown that the velocities of both sediment and fluid during intense sediment transport decrease exponentially with depth in the top layers of a fast-moving sediment—water mixture. The thickness of the moving sediment layers, obtained from the computer simulation results, is proportional to the shear stress, which agrees with previous experimental observations.     

Settling velocities of particulate systems 15: Velocities in turbulent Newtonian flows

The success in previous papers of this series in obtaining closed form solutions to the sedimentation of individual particles and to the suspensions of particles in fluids motivated the application of the same procedure to the turbulent flow of Newtonian fluids in conduits.The purpose of this paper is to present explicit equations for the Fanning friction factor and of the average velocity of a Newtonian fluid in a cylindrical tube, for any value of the Reynolds number and dimensionless roughness.Previously published equations for the friction coefficient are either implicit or explicit in the friction coefficient but dependent on the Reynolds number. Since the Reynolds number depends on the pipe diameter and fluid velocity, in both cases iterative method must be used to calculate the flowrate.By defining a dimensionless pipe diameter and a dimensionless average fluid velocity, and using conduit-flow material properties to define characteristic size and velocity parameters, explicit equations were obtained for the friction coefficient and for the average flow velocity valid for different roughness and flow regimes.     

水流对渗流的影响实验研究

岸坡渗流是江河崩岸的主要诱因和重要研究内容之一.土力学中的渗流分析均建立在土体内部为低流速的层流、土体之外为静态水体的基础之上,而岸坡渗流之明显区别就在于土体之外的水体并非静态.利用新研制的实验设备,进行了不同切向水流流速、不同渗流水头差组合情况的水流渗流耦合试验,结果分析表明,水流对渗流有明显影响,并呈规律性变化:渗出面渗透比降越小,水流对透水性能的降低程度就越大,而比降超过一定数值后,水流将会增强透水性能.研究结果对江河两岸堤防等建筑物的安全评价将有着重要的理论价值和实用性.     

基于微纳气泡示踪的拖曳法ADCP流速测试

声学多普勒剖面流速仪(ADCP)设备在水文领域保有量大、应用广,但如何对其进行量值溯源,确保现场测量数据准确可靠是用户非常关注的问题.分析ADCP的测试现状,阐述ADCP的6个测试参数,分析出流速测试是核心;利用微纳气泡作为示踪粒子,尝试解决静止水体无反射粒子的问题,为ADCP流速测试提供支撑;以TRDI的WHR600...     

苏鲁超高压变质岩中地震波速随围压的变化规律

我们在10~800MPa的静水压力下测量了中国大陆科学钻探(CCSD)主孔岩心和采自苏鲁地区地表露头上的共68块典型超高压变质岩试样的地震波速,并建立了波速和围压的定量关系,成功地解释了描述这一定量关系方程中4个参数的物理意义。笔者相信,本文将为超高压变质岩地区以及新老俯冲带地震波资料的解释提供必不可少的理论和实验支撑。     

河流水质时空变化及其受土地利用影响的研究——以深圳市主要河流为例

从深圳市的现实研究需求出发,在对地表水体主要水质指标因子分析的基础上,研究了深圳市境内五个集雨面积大于100 km2的河流近10年的水质时空变化特征。然后结合5个流域的土地利用详查数据,应用统计分析和空间分析方法论证了流域内土地利用类型与河流水质关键指标之间的相关关系。研究结果表明,从1996-2004年深圳市5个主要河流的有机物污染程度有不断增加的趋势,不同时间段内5个流域的耕地、园地和建设用地的数量对相应河流水质的有机物污染有明显的正效影响作用。因此为了制定和实施合理的水环境保护对策,需要对流域内土地利用结构进行优化调整,以期构建流域尺度上水土资源协调发展的可行预案。