多普勒雷达积分VAP反演技术

单多普勒雷达风场反演技术对于扩大多普勒雷达的应用范围具有重要的作用.在传统的反演技术中,VAD和VAP技术操作简单,原理清晰,具有一定的实用价值.本文在提出\     

RETRIEVAL OF HORIZONTAL WIND PERTURBATION FIELDS FROM SIMULATED SINGLE DOPPLER RADAR OBSERVATIONS

The application of the single Doppler radar dataset analysis is usually confined to the assumption that the actualwind is linearly distributed or uniform locally.Following some dynamic features of convective weather,a conceptualmodel of moderate complexity is constructed,wherewith a horizontal wind perturbation field is retrieved directly fromthe single Doppler radar measurements.The numerical experiments are based on a 3-D cloud model-generatedconvective cell,whose radial velocity component is taken as the radar observations that are put into the closed equationsbased on the conceptual model to retrieve the horizontal wind perturbation field.After the initial field is properlytreated,the retrieval equation is solved in terms of the 2-D FFT technique and the sensitivity to noise is examined.Finally,contrast analysis is done of the retrieved and the cloud model output wind fields,indicating the usefulness of theapproach proposed in this paper.     

多普勒雷达风场信息变分同化的试验研究

文中试验研究了一个在三维变分框架中直接同化多普勒天气雷达信息,获取雷达覆盖范围内大气风场的技术方案。径向风速是多普勒天气雷达数据中可直接被三维变分同化系统用来反演大气风场的唯一信息。由于风矢量有二或三个分量,径向风速作为风矢量的一个分量,不能为反演风矢量提供足够的信息。如果三维变分同化系统仅仅同化径向风速,所存在的不确定性将可能会给所反演的风场带来错误。文中提出的方案,不仅同化雷达径向风速,还同化雷达回波的移动信息,其关键是将雷达回波强度时空变化转换成一个新的雷达观测变量———雷达“视风速”。由于“视风速”是包含风场信息的变量,这在三维变分同化系统中增加了风场探测信息。通过联合利用“视风速”和径向风速,由单一径向风速确定风矢量所带来的不确定性可以被克服。使用中国气象科学研究院数值预报研究中心开发的三维变分同化系统(GRAPES-3Dvar)和广东省新一代天气雷达的监测资料进行了实例试验,结果表明本技术方案能够对获取大气系统结构是有用和有效的,也可用于形成模式初始场,这对中尺度天气预报是有作用的。     

RETRIEVAL OF HORIZONTAL WIND PERTURBATION FIELDS FROM SIMULATED SINGLE DOPPLER RADAR OBSERVATIONS*

The application of the single Doppler radar dataset analysis is usually confined to the assumption that the actual wind is linearly distributed or uniform locally.Following some dynamic features of convective weather,a conceptual model of moderate complexity is constructed,wherewith a horizontal wind perturbation field is retrieved directly from the single Doppler radar measurements.The numerical experiments are based on a 3-D cloud model-generated convective cell,whose radial velocity component is taken as the radar observations that are put into the closed equations based on the conceptual model to retrieve the horizontal wind perturbation field.After the initial field is properly treated,the retrieval equation is solved in terms of the 2-D FFT technique and the sensitivity to noise is examined.Finally,contrast analysis is done of the retrieved and the cloud model output wind fields,indicating the usefulness of the approach proposed in this paper.     

应用雷达回波强度资料反演大气云微物理量

文中利用三维变分原理 ,由多普勒天气雷达回波强度反演模式大气的雨水混合比 qr,分析变量 qr 的确定取决于对目标函数的极小化计算 ,目标函数由分析变量 qr 与 qr 的背景场之差 ,以及由分析变量演算的大气回波强度与雷达观测的回波强度之差构成。采用所谓的NMC方法求取模式变量的背景场误差协方差矩阵 ,采用二阶自回归型相关函数确定空间水平变换中的递归滤波系数以适用于反映积云结构的小尺度空间。通过理想数值试验 ,验证了变分同化系统和结果的合理性 ,由敏感性试验说明了雷达观测的回波强度随机误差对于反演的qr 值有一定的影响。对 2 0 0 2年 6月 19日安徽省马鞍山市一次多普勒雷达实际观测数据的个例试验表明 ,经过变分同化反演后的积云尺度模式大气的 qr 场与观测的雷达回波图像的细节相吻合。     

ERROR COMPARISON OF WIND FIELD RETRIEVAL FROM SINGLE AND DUAL-DOPPLER RADAR OBSERVATIONS

The error distributions of the wind fields retrieved from single and dual-Doppler radar observations are given inthis paper.The results indicate that the error of dual-Doppler retrieval depends on the position in the scan region of thedual-Doppler radar.The error of single-Doppler retrieval by using velocity azimuth processing(VAP)technique de-pends on the angle between the directions of wind and the radar beam.Generally,the winds retrieved from single Doppl-er radar are close to those retrieved from dual-Doppler radar.But,the error distribution of the single-Doppler retrievalis different from the dual-Doppler retrieval.We simulate the retrievals of single Doppler observation by the use of theoutput wind data from a 3-D numerical model of severe convection.The comparison of the simulated single-anddual-Doppler retrievals shows that the VAP may be a suitable technique for the operational analysis of mesoscale windfields.It can also be used as a supplement to wind field retrieval in the field experiment.     

WIND SHEAR IDENTIFICATION WITH THE RETRIEVED WIND OF DOPPLER WEATHER RADAR

Wind shear reflects that the wind field is not uniform, which is one of the primary factors which make the retrieval of the wind field difficult. Based on volume velocity process(VVP) wind field retrieval technique, the intensity of wind shear is identified in this paper. After analyzing the traditional techniques that rely on the difference of radial velocity to identify wind shear, a fixed difference among radial velocities that may cause false identification in a uniform wind field was found. Because of the non-uniformity in wind shear areas, the difference of retrieved results between surrounding analysis volumes can be used as a measurement to show how strong the wind shear is. According to the analysis of a severe convective weather process that occurred in Guangzhou, it can be found that the areas of wind shear appeared with the strength significantly larger than in other regions and the magnitude generally larger than4.5 m/(s·km). Besides, by comparing the variation of wind shear strength during the convection, it can be found that new cells will be more likely to generate when the strength is above 3.0 m/(s·km). Therefore, the analysis of strong wind shear's movement and development is helpful to forecasting severe convections.     

以单多普勒雷达观测资料反演冷锋流场的试验

通过对一次欧洲冷锋过程单多普勒雷达立体扫描资料的实例计算来考察用ＶＡＤ（ＶｅｌｏｃｉｔｙＡｚｉｍｕｔｈＤｉｓｐｌａｙ）方法反演锋面在垂直剖面图上的风场和用ＶＡＰ（ＶｅｌｏｃｉｔｙＡｚｉｍｕｔｈＰｒｏｃｅｓｓｉｎｇ）方法反演水平风场的可能性。反演结果不仅显著展示了锋面两侧的风向切变，而且也展示出气团内部风场中存在的中尺度结构。由于ＶＡＰ方法对距离圈上多普勒速度随方位的变化非常敏感（多普勒速度的脉动）     

预处理共轭梯度法在VVP三维风场反演中的应用

本文从VVP(Volume Velocity Processing)方法的原始方程出发，进行三维风场反演的实验，在分析体积中心点反演十个变量，对病态矩阵的求解采用了预处理共轭梯度方法。通过对实测资料的分析，结果表明：预处理共轭梯度方法能较好的处理矩阵的病态问题，反演的水平二维风场、散度项和变形项结果比较合理，散度项和形变项量级都在10^-6～10^-3之间，水平速度和垂直速度量级在10^-1～10^1之间。     

QUALITY CONTROL OF SINGLE DOPPLER RADAR DATA AND RETRIEVAL OF HORIZONTAL WIND FOR A LANDING TYPHOON

The removal of noise and velocity ambiguity and retrieval and verification of horizontal wind field is a prerequisite to make the best and fullest use of Doppler radar measurements. This approach was applied to the Doppler radar data collected during August 2005 for a landing typhoon Matsa (0509) in Yantai, Shangdong Province, and the verified result shows that the quality control for this dataset was successful. The horizontal wind field was retrieved and then verified by studying the characteristics of the radar radial velocity and large-scale wind field and the vertical cross section of the radial velocity determined with the typhoon center as the circle center and comparing it with satellite imagery. The results show that the meso- and small-scale systems in Matsa and its horizontal and vertical structure could be clearly retrieved using the dataset collected by single Doppler radar, and a shear or a convergence was corresponding with a band of severe storm around Matsa. At the same time, the retrieved wind field from single Doppler radar is proved to be a reliable and high-resolution dataset in analyzing the inner meso-scale structure of Matsa. It is also proved that the method for removing the velocity ambiguity could be an effective approach for preliminary quality control of the Doppler radar data, and the VAP method could also be a reasonable solution for the analysis of mesoscale wind field.     

单多普勒雷达径向风场反演散度场的一种新方法

为利用多普勒雷达的径向风速获得实际风场的信息,提出了一种由单多普勒雷达径向风场反演水平散度场的新方法。在二维平面内,以某个探测点为中心,建立一个分析面,在假设风场呈线性变化的前提下,直接由径向风速推导出此探测点的散度值。并对几种典型理想风场的散度场进行了反演试验,试验结果表明,反演的散度场与分析的散度场比较一致。并对反演场与分析场之间的差别进行了讨论。     

差分反演单多普勒速度水平风场

通数学推导,在一定假设条件下给出用径向风分量救解切向风分量的解析式,公式简洁,易于处理,通过数值模拟和个例分析说明这个算法简便易行,与传统的ＶＡＤ技术相比,可以在更小的角度范围内获得水平风场的信息。     

初始场估计共轭同化方法的精确化

通过例子,说明对偏微分方程模型使用共轭同化方法时,同周期性条件的重要性,提出尽可能精确地使用共轭同化方法于偏微分方程模型的办法及对有些方程不含ｅ↓ｕ／ｅ↓项时,其相应差分方程模型精确共轭同化方法。     

登陆台风的多普勒雷达资料质量控制和水平风场反演

消除噪音和速度模糊、进行水平风场的反演并检验是正确使用和充分利用多普勒雷达探测资料的前提.对2005年8月山东烟台多普勒雷达探测到的0509号台风"麦莎"的存在速度模糊的径向速度资料首先进行噪音和速度模糊消除处理,检验结果表明对资料的退模糊处理是成功的;其次进行了水平风场的反演,并对反演的风场从雷达径向速度的特征、大尺度环境风场特征、与卫星云图云带的对比和以台风中心为圆心计算的径向风垂直剖面特征等方面进行检验.结果表明,利用单多普勒雷达探测资料得到的水平风场能够清晰地给出登陆热带气旋内部存在的中小尺度系统,及其水平和垂直结构,并表明与台风外围雨带强降水区域相对应的是明显的中尺度水平风场的切变与辐合区.反演风场也可以为进一步利用单多普勒雷达探测资料分析和研究登陆台风内部的中尺度结构提供高分辨率的可靠的分析资料.同时证明,使用的退速度模糊方法能够有效地应用于较完整资料的速度模糊的自动消除,以及VAP方法对于中小尺度风场分析的实用性.     

GRAPES地面风场同化方案研究

随着预报准确度要求以及同化分析循环周期的缩短,具有高时空分辨率的地面观测资料在同化系统中也越来越受到重视,而且一个好的资料同化系统应该能够给出模式近地面动力、热力和湿度状况的合理分析。利用GRAPES区域同化预报系统(GRAPES——Global and Regional Assimilation and Prediction Enhanced System),在近地层Monin_Obukhov相似理论的基础上,考虑了边界层的动力和湿热力约束,建立新的地面风场观测算子。将此新方案与目前GRAPES系统使用的三次样条插值的地面同化方案进行高度场预报试验、统计试验以及降水预报的TS评分比较,结果表明,加入新方案地面风场资料同化后,预报效果和对降水的预报能力都比旧方案有所提高。     

雷达资料在云南一次强降水过程中的三维变分同化试验

鉴于云南观测信息相对不足、局地强降水突出的现状,利用WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting)模式及其变分同化系统进行雷达反射率因子和反演风场的三维变分同化试验。通过对2012年9月12日00:00—13日00:00发生在云南的一次强降水过程进行数值模拟和对比分析,结果表明,同时同化雷达反演风场和基本反射率因子,对区域模式同化系统中风矢量、相对湿度、位势高度几个基本分析量都有明显影响。雷达资料的同化,有利于区域模式初始场中强降水区域的上游中低层空气湿度增加、水汽输送增强和强降水发生区域的风场辐合加强,从而改善区域模式对强降水落区、强度的预报质量。对于切变线等天气尺度系统影响下的强降水过程,雷达资料的同化持续时间选取3 h、同化间隔为1 h较适宜。另外,雷达反演风场和基本反射率因子的同化均对降水预报改善有明显贡献,且多种资料的同化效果好于单一资料同化。     

民航上海多普勒雷达风场反演UW方法的试验

介绍一种实用的单多普勒雷达风场反演方法－UW技术，并以民航上海气象中心多普勒雷达资料的试验结果作简单验证。     

一种新的台风海面风场的拟合方法

基于台风风场的经验风公式和修正的梯度风方程并考虑了台风气压场的非对称性,提出了一种新型的台风风场合成模式。经过对10多个不同类型热带气旋(台风)的检验,结果表明,新的模式可以模拟出各种强度及不同眼半径台风的海面风场,比以往常用模式能更真实地反映实际台风风场。     

CORRECTION OF ASYMMETRIC STRENGTHENING OF QUIKSCAT WIND FIELD AND ASSIMILATION APPLICATION IN TYPHOON SIMULATION

As an approach to the technological problem that the wind data of QuikSCAT scatterometercannot accurately describe the zone of typhoon-level strong wind speed, some objective factors such as thetyphoon moving speed, direction and friction are introduced in this study to construct the asymmetricstrengthening of the QuikSCAT wind field. Then by adopting a technology of four-dimensional dataassimilation, an experiment that includes both the assimilation and forecasting phases is designed tosimulate Typhoon Rananim numerically. The results show that with model constraints and adjustment, thistechnology can incorporate the QuikSCAT wind data to the entire column of the model atmosphere,improve greatly the simulating effects of the whole-column wind, pressure field and the track as well as thesimulated typhoon intensity covered by the forecast phase, and work positively for the forecasting oflandfall locations.     

台风模拟中QuikSCAT风场的非对称加强订正及同化应用

针对QuikSCAT 散射计风场资料对台风级别的强风速区还无法准确刻画这个技术问题,引入台风移速、移向、摩擦等客观因素对该风场产品资料进行非对称加强订正;然后利用四维同化技术,并设计了先同化后预报两个阶段的试验方案,对“云娜”台风进行了数值模拟试验。试验结果表明：通过模式约束调整,四维同化技术可以把QuikSCAT 海面风场资料引入到整层模式大气中,并对整层风场和气压场的强度及路径模拟都有很大的改进,而且该资料还提高了预报阶段台风强度的模拟效果,并对登陆点的预报起到了积极作用。