热红外高光谱技术在地质找矿中的应用综述

热红外高光谱技术（6~14μm）是一种新兴的绿色地质找矿技术,它通过分析矿物热红外光谱特征,开展矿物信息提取及填图应用研究,进而指导找矿勘查。比起发展相对成熟的短波红外（1.1~2.5μm）高光谱技术,它对于短波红外波段无法识别的石英、长石、石榴子石、橄榄石、辉石、碳酸盐矿物、黑云母、角闪石、磷灰石等矿物具有更加敏感的探测能力。目前,热红外在地质找矿中的研究尚处于初级阶段,很多科学问题尚待解决。矿物化学成分的变化是引起热红外波谱特征变化的最重要因素,这也是开展矿物识别与提取的理论基础,本文首次系统分析了不同波谱库及文献中的热红外波谱,总结了上述典型矿物的热红外波谱特征,揭示了矿物的诊断性波段与识别标志。而后将热红外高光谱技术分为地面热红外光谱数据分析技术与空中热红外图像处理技术两大方向,其中地面热红外技术主要基于岩芯或地表样品的波谱特征,开展矿物精细填图研究,建立矿床的找矿勘查模型;空中热红外技术基于图像处理与分析,提取区域矿物分布信息,为找矿指明方向。最后本文指出了未来热红外高光谱技术在地质找矿中的技术难点及热点,即高精度热红外高光谱仪器的研发、矿物热红外光谱的快速识别技术、热红外图像信息提取算法的优化。     

钙-镁-铁-锰系列碳酸盐矿物及不同成因菱铁矿、镁菱铁矿差热曲线特征

长期以来,差热分析主要是作为矿物鉴定的一种手段。但是,随着热分析仪器的日趋完善及热分析与其他测试手段的联用,逐渐显示出差热分析方法在矿物研究中应用的广阔前景。最近,在以下几方面取得了初步结果:1.研究了同种而不同成因矿物之间的微细变化,进而推论矿物形成的物理化学条件;2.矿物加热变化机理的解释和说明;3.分解反应的动力学分析;4.转换热和分解热的测定。 本文从钙-镁-铁-锰系列碳酸盐矿物差热曲线特征的研究着手,讨论了不同成因菱铁矿、镁菱铁矿差热曲线的特征。     

我国某些稀土矿床中方解石的热发光性质

人类很早就注意到矿物的热发光现象。自五十年代以来,热发光愈来愈多地用于解决地学问题。目前热发光已应用于考古学,年代学、地层学、陨石及月岩的研究。除确定地质年代、古温度、划分和对比地层、追溯矿物和岩石的热历史外,在岩浆岩及矿床学领域中也用来推测岩浆温度、研究围岩蚀变以及找矿等。 在天然矿物中,方解石热发光研究得较多。人们通过合成实验探讨了其杂质离子对热发     

矿物热分析粉晶分析相变图谱手册

该手册由中国科学院地球化学所广州分部陈国玺等同志编著,荣获中国科学院1990年度自然科学奖三等奖。 该手册内容共分四部分。第一部分概述了矿物热分析的定义与基本概念,仪器的原理、结构和性能,并以大量资料综述了影响热分析曲线的因素;第二部分详细叙述了在严格选定的同一实验条件下实测的503种矿物的热分析图谱和X射线数晶粉据及热相变的动力学数据,第三部分论述了热分析技术在矿物地球化学研究中的应用;最后一部分给出了矿物的中、英、俄文以及粉晶d值的文献索引目录。     

新疆可可托海稀有金属矿床矿物和岩石热红外光谱特征

当前新型材料、新能源在各个领域应用不断深化,稀有金属矿床迎来了世界范围内的研究与勘探热潮。新疆可可托海稀有金属矿床是我国最早开发利用稀有金属矿产资源的重要基地,但对其典型矿物和围岩的热红外反射光谱的认识还很缺乏,制约了对同类型矿床开展遥感地质调查和遥感地质学研究工作的推进。本文采用便携式热红外光谱仪,对可可托海3号脉的典型矿物岩石开展热红外光谱特征研究。结果表明:热红外光谱可以有效识别锂辉石、锂云母、绿柱石、电气石等典型的稀有金属矿物。其中,与锂云母相比,含锂云母伟晶岩产生了新的特征峰;含锂辉石伟晶岩、含电气石伟晶岩相比于各自单晶矿物,其反射特征峰均明显向短波方向偏移;含绿柱石伟晶岩光谱曲线反射特征峰比绿柱石单晶反射特征峰明显向长波方向偏移。本文初步建立了可可托海典型矿物和岩石热红外光谱特征数据库,总结了以锂辉石、锂云母等稀有金属矿床矿物、含矿伟晶岩及围岩的热红外光谱特征,可为热红外光谱进行稀有金属矿物的识别及花岗伟晶岩型矿床的勘探提供必要的基础数据支撑。     

含油气盆地中热流体活动的流体包裹体依据

为寻找含油气盆地中热流体活动的证据,根据国内外含油气盆地中与热流体有关的包裹体的对比研究,阐述了流体包裹体宿主矿物产状、形貌特点及均一温度实测值高异常等特征。研究表明,脉体矿物多数是与热流体活动有关的包裹体的宿主矿物,有些碎屑矿物成岩愈合微裂隙中的包裹体也与热流体活动有关。沸腾包襄体反映了油气成藏与热流体的脉动式活动密切相关。流体包裹体的均一温度高异常是由热流体活动所导致的。因此,流体包裹体研究对识别古热流活动具有重要的指示意义。     

天然含放矿物的水热蚀变研究进展

矿物固化体作为第二代高放废物固化体,具有良好的热稳定性、化学稳定性以及辐照稳定性。然而,目前用于化学稳定性研究的矿物固化体,很少含有放射性核素,或者没有积累足够的辐照损伤缺陷,所以很难反应固化体在真实地质处置库中的行为,并且在实验室研究中,也难以长期(1×10~4～10×10~4年)模拟HLW处置库中的物理化学条件。而自然界中的一些含放射性核素的矿物,经过百万年甚至上亿年的地质作用后,仍然保持着稳定的成分和形态。这些天然矿物因自辐照作用而在结构上与含放矿物固化体具有相似性,本文比较了天然矿物与HLW固化体水热蚀变的异同,并通过大量文献调研总结了天然矿物水热蚀变的现状,以为矿物固化体长期化学稳定性的研究提供科学依据和评估数据。     

矿物热分解动力学的研究方法探讨

:矿物分解动力学的研究可以大大提高我们对地质作用过程中矿物生长、元素和流体迁移等过程的了解。本文在介绍固相反应动力学原理的基础上 ,讨论了常压下研究矿物分解动力学的热重分析法和电导率法 ,指出精确确定高压下的反应分数 ,是研究高压下矿物热分解动力学的关键。提出了高压下确定反应分数的方法。     

莺歌海盆地黏土矿物异常转化及其地质意义

莺歌海盆地因其异常高压和高温热流体强烈活动而孕育了多种特殊地质现象。应用分析化验资料与热力学计算相结合的方法,研究了莺歌海盆地黏土矿物转化的特征,分析了其成因。结果表明,莺歌海盆地发育三种黏土矿物转化类型:正常演化型、快速演化型和缓慢演化型。其中超压抑制黏土矿物转化,形成黏土矿物缓慢演化型;高温热流体活动促进黏土矿物转化,形成黏土矿物快速演化型。超压对黏土矿物转化的抑制作用延缓了H+、阳离子和层间水的排出,减弱了胶结作用和溶蚀作用,有利于在深部形成优质储层。热流体的活动加速了黏土矿物转化,增强了储层的胶结作用,不利于深部优质储层的发育。     

皇城山银矿床矿物找矿标型性研究

论文给出了包括皇城山银矿床地质概况、银矿石建造矿物找矿标型性和皇城山矿物热电动势标型特征等系统资料。银矿石建造矿物标型性的主要特点是银矿物种复杂,共生金属矿物和脉石矿物富含银。论文提供了皇城山辉银矿、闪锌矿、方铅矿、黄铁矿、蓝辉铜矿、铜蓝和石英的化学成分找矿标型特征。基于皇城山黄铁矿和方铅矿热电动势资料,论文还讨论了矿体下部界线问题。本文的研究结果有助于银矿床的地质调查、找矿和勘探工作。     

The Insect Oviposition Firstly Discovered on the Middle Jurassic Ginkgoales Leaf from Inner Mongolia,China

Although the evidence of insect oviposition on plant organs has been reported from the late Paleozoic to the Miocene, record from the middle Jurassic is still blank. This paper reports a significant evidence of insect oviposition on plant leaf from the middle Jurassic for the first time. The ovipositional scar is distributed on the abaxial surface of Sphenobaiera leaf（Ginkgoales） from the middle Jurassic Daohugou Formation of Inner Mongolia, China. A new ichnospecies Paleoovoidus venustus sp. nov. is described. The scar is elliptic to oval, arranged in longitudinal rows between leaf veins with almost regular distance, with its long axis paralleling to the leaf venation. This discovery adds new information to the morphology of insect endophytic oviposition probably produced by Odonata existed in a terrestrial ecosystem ~165 Ma ago. The new materials also provide important data for the study of insect reproductive biology, plant-insect interaction and coevolution, as well as understanding the paleoclimate and palaeoenvironment during that time in northeast China.     

重庆北碚老龙洞二叠－三叠系界线层中的全脐螺侏儒化: 环境突变中的机会群落?

本文首次报道重庆北碚老龙洞剖面二叠－三叠系界线附近的全脐螺科的微型腹足类动物群。全脐螺科个体微小, 多为盘形、圆锥形, 具明显的脐, 方解石质的壳壁。区分出研究层内的两类全脐螺, 一类是碗形, 脐宽而大, 脐部深凹; 壳壁厚度变化很大, 螺环可能上有棱、角或瘤等装饰。另一类是胎壳呈平旋状, 呈开放式旋绕; 壳壁厚度均匀, 未见装饰特征显示。全脐螺类为优势分子的群落在二叠纪末大绝灭事件后盛极一时, 如此异常现象可能与浅海区在缺氧之后暂时改善为有氧环境有关, 此后随着早三叠世腹足类的全面复苏, 它们只能退居为极次要的角色。     

河南镇平白湾组上段孢粉组合及其时代

首次发现并系统研究了河南镇平早白垩世白湾组的孢粉组合及其特征,将其划分为上、下两个孢粉亚组合。上亚组合以Classopollis-Schizaeoisporites-Jugella-Cicatricosispori-tes为特征,下亚组合以Classopollis-Schizaeoisporites为特征。根据孢粉组合特征,把白湾组上段的时代确定为早白垩世,并以上、下两个亚组合分别代表欧特里期-巴列姆期和别里亚士期-凡兰今期。白湾组孢粉组合的发现不仅为河南南部早白垩世地层的划分与对比提供了孢粉学证据,更重要的是对建立周口盆地晚期中生代地层层序及油气勘探的综合评价具有重要的理论意义和一定的实际意义。     

Low level of stratospheric ozone near the Jharia coal field in India

The Indian reserve of coking coal is mainly located in the Jharia coal field in Jharkhand. Although air pollution due to oxides and dioxides of carbon, nitrogen and sulphur is reported to have increased in this area due to large-scale opencast mining and coal fires, no significant study on the possible impact of coal fires on the stratospheric ozone concentration has been reported so far. The possible impact of coal fires, which have been burning for more than 90 years on the current stratospheric ozone concentration has been investigated using satellite based data obtained from Upper Atmospheric Research Satellite (UARS MLS), Earth Observing System Microwave Limb Sounder (EOS MLS) and Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) in this paper. The stratospheric ozone values for the years 1992–2007, in the 28–36 km altitude range near Jharia and places to its north are found to be consistently lower than those of places lying to its south (up to a radius of 1000 km around Jharia) by 4.0–20%. This low stratospheric ozone level around Jharia is being observed and reported for the first time. However, due to lack of systematic ground-based measurements of tropospheric ozone and vertical ozone profiles at Jharia and other far off places in different directions, it is difficult to conclude strongly on the existence of a relationship between pollution from coal fires and stratospheric ozone depletion.     

天柱大河边-新晃重晶石矿床矿物组成特征的电子探针研究

通过对天柱大河边—新晃重晶石矿床系统的剖面勘查和采样分析,对矿石和围岩进行了系统的电子探针研究。发现在该矿床的矿石中广泛分布有钡冰长石。在研究钡冰长石及其共生矿物（重晶石、黄铁矿等）的化学组成、光学性质及其相互关系的基础上,对钡冰长石的成因进行了分析,进而对矿床的成因作了进一步探讨,为天柱大河边—新晃重晶石矿床热水沉积成因提供了新的证据。     

昆明地区早寒武世关山动物群研究新进展

总结了昆明地区关山动物群自1999年命名以来开展的研究工作和取得的新进展.简要叙述了关山动物群的研究概况、地层位置、生物群组合特征和关山动物群的研究意义.在关山动物群中首次发现了古虫动物门的Vetulicola gangtoucunensis Luo,Fu et Hu,吐卓虫Tuzoia sp.nov.,古蠕虫Palaeoscolex sp.nov.,腕足类Heliomedusa sp.nov.及三叶形虫、海绵动物新属种.指出关山动物群是一个由多门类软躯体后生动物化石组成的伯吉斯页岩型的动物群,时代介于澄江动物群与凯里动物群(或伯吉斯页岩动物群)之间,起到了承前启后的作用,在寒武纪生命大爆发和寒武纪早期生物演化的研究中有重要意义.     

Productivity Analysis of Draglines Operating in Horizontal and Vertical Tandem Mode of Operation in a Coal Mine—A Case Study

The tandem operation of draglines is in use in some of the major Indian opencast coalmines owing to the favourable geo-mining conditions, technical suitability, efficiency and economic viability. In view of the importance of tandem operation, the present study has been undertaken in a large Indian opencast coalmine in order to critically investigate the horizontal and vertical tandem operation of draglines on moderately strong and high sandstone benches (35–42 m), overlying a 15–18 m thick coal seam. The study has revealed that although the preparation of balancing diagram for planning of dragline operations is the first and the most important step, its actual implementation is equally important. Marked discrepancies in the productivity parameters as envisaged by the balancing diagram and as observed in the field studies, have been investigated and reported. The study also propounds the importance of appraisal of dragline productivity parameters, such as, cycle time, swing angle, seating position, availability, utilization, etc., in the field scale. Irrespective of the mode of operation (horizontal or vertical tandem), the study moots the concept of computation of the weighted cycle time and overall cycle time vis-à-vis swing angle variation for the draglines operating in field. The results drawn from the case study have been discussed in terms of cycle time computations, annual output computation and evaluation of earthmoving efficiency for the horizontal and vertical tandem modes of operation.     

古洪水平流沉积粒度特征

古洪水信息的取得依赖于对其信息的载体－古洪水平流沉积作出准确的识别和判定,其判定的标志之一是粒度分析。根据长江、黄河、海河、淮河古洪水研究的经验,首次建立了一套实验分析判定古洪水平流沉积粒度特征的指标体系,对古洪水研究的推广应用具有较高的实用价值。     

北京石花洞岩溶学研究进展

全面介绍北京石花洞发现与研究的历史、取得的重大成果,以及在岩溶学研究领域所起的作用。石花洞位于北京西山,发现于明朝正统十一年,开发于20世纪80年代。岩溶学研究表明,石花洞洞层多（8层）,石盾多（200多个）,为世界罕见。在全国范围内,首次发现月奶石,首次发现碳酸钙微层理,首次发现膜足硬肢马陆穴居动物。笔者从地质学、气象学和环境学全面研究了石花洞,测绘精度达到1：200,进行了氡浓度研究。从溶蚀形态来看,石花洞8层溶洞展示北京西山的8次隆升;从沉积形态来看,石花洞中的粗犷石笋代表中更新世沉积,杆状石笋代表晚更新世沉积,微层理石笋代表全球转暖以来的全新世沉积,奠定了首次建立第四纪石笋剖面的基础。     

Triassic Scleractinian Corals in China: A Review of Present Knowledge

Scleractinian corals appeared during the Anisian period of the Triassic after the end-Permian mass extinction, which in Triassic were distinct from the Jurassic-Cretaceous scleractinian corals. The study on Triassic scleractinian coral fauna as a separate field is significant for exploring the development and evolution of modern corals and investigating environmental changes since the Mesozoic. The first Triassic coral in China was reported in 1925, and since then, nearly 25 articles dealing with taxonomy and 17 papers about fossil reports on Triassic scleractinian corals in China have been published, which refer to 60 genera and 312 species, 49 localities and 25 strata. In this paper, the history, taxonomy, localities, stratigraphic distribution, current research, and existing knowledge gaps of the Triassic scleractinian corals in China are reviewed. More specifically, the research findings of the Triassic scleractinain coral in China since 1925 are discussed; the species of the Triassic scleractian coral fossil reported in China, has been examined and its synonyms have been sorted out; the geographical distributions of the Middle and Late Triassic scleractinian corals in China are systematically treated; the Triassic coral biostratigraphy in China has been improved; and the stratigraphic ranges of existing genera and species are provided. The above conclusions are presented in the form of complete figures. At the same time, we analyzed shortcomings in current research and identified productive future research directions of the Triassic scleractinian corals in China.