鄱阳湖湖泊气候及其围垦后的变化

对鄱阳湖地区30多年的气候资料分析比较得出:鄱阳湖围垦后,年平均气温垦区上升0.11°C,湖区上升0.09°C;年平均最高气温垦区上升0.57°C,湖区上升0.07°C;日最高气温≥35°C的天数垦区年增加 10天,湖区年增加 4天;年平均最低气温垦区下降 0.26°C,湖区上升0.06°C。水汽压和相对湿度,垦区减少 0.05hpa和 1％,湖区减少 0.16hPa和1％。降水量垦区减少95mm,湖区变化不明显,因而,湖区有向干旱陆相盆地气候发展的趋势。     

中国当代土地利用对区域气候影响的数值模拟

使用RegCM3区域气候模式，嵌套欧洲数值预报中心(ECMWF)ERA40再分析资料，分别进行了中国区域在实际植被和理想植被分布情况下各15年时间长度（1987-2001）的积分试验，以研究我国土地利用状况对气候的影响。通过两个试验结果的对比，研究了我国土地利用状况对气候的影响。分析主要集中于气温、降水等的变化上，并对结果进行了统计显著性检验。结果表明，当代土地利用/植被覆盖变化加强了中国地区冬、夏季的季风环流，同时改变了地表能量平衡状况，从而对各气候要素产生重要影响。冬季，植被改变引起长江以南降水减少、气温降低，长江以北降水增加。夏季，植被改变显著影响了南方地区的气候，使得这里降水增多，黄淮、江淮气温降低，华南气温上升；同时引起中国北方降水减少，气温在西北部分植被退化地区升高。植被变化对日最低、最高气温的影响更大。总体来说，土地利用引起了年平均降水在南方增加、北方减少，年平均气温在南方显著降低。     

气温增加对长江流域参照黑散发的影响研究

本文以联合国粮农组织推荐的改进彭曼-蒙特斯公式为基础,通过日气温计算年蒸发总量并验证,用典型年预测全流域年平均气温增加时,参照蒸散发的变化情况。研究表明:长江流域的年蒸发量将随年平均气温的上升而增加;上游增幅大于中下游,各月增幅相近;气温增幅的年内分布不容忽视,考虑到年内气温不等量增长后的计算结果相对更为合理。研究结果表明:当流域年平均气温升高1℃时,流域上、中下游参照蒸散发分别将增加5%和4%.研究中未考虑气温日较差的变化.     

西北干旱区内陆河流域出山径流变化趋势对气候变化响应模型

将HBV径流模型进行改进 ,使之适合于中国西北干旱区内陆河山区流域的特征及径流形成过程 ,从而建立了用以模拟出山月径流量对气候变化响应的模型 .以河西走廊黑河山区流域为例 ,对不同的年平均气温和年降水量的变化趋势条件下出山径流的响应进行了模拟计算 .结果表明 ,如到 2 0 30年气温升高 0 .5℃ ,降水保持不变 ,5月和 1 0月的径流量将增加 ,这表明积雪融水对河流的补给将增加 ,但 7月和8月由于蒸发量的增加将使径流量有所减少 ,致使年径流量将减少 4% .如降水保持不变 ,气温升高 1℃时 ,除 5 ,6月份径流量有所增加外 ,7,8月份的径流量将减少较多 ,而年径流量将减少 7.1 1 % .若气温保持不变 ,降水量增加 1 0 % ,径流量将增加5 2 7% ;降水量增加 2 0 % ,径流量将增加 1 2 .35 % .当气温升高 0 .5℃ ,降水增加 1 0 %时 ,径流量仅增加 1 .6 2 % .     

1987-2017年间南极点大气风温垂直结构及趋势变化特征

本文基于1987—2017年南极点的无线电探空数据,研究了地面至30 km海拔高度的气温、风向和风速的垂直分布及变化趋势.多年平均的逐月数据表明,气温在各高度上均具有显著的季节变化,南半球夏季（冬季）对流层低层温度最高达-25℃（最低达-60℃）,分别出现于1月（7月）地面以上约500 m（近地面）.近30年来,年平均地面气温呈0.3℃/10a的增加趋势,增温趋势总体上随高度增加而减缓,至对流层上层的气温变化趋势为负,约为-0.25℃/10a.对于对流层整层平均气温,秋季上升趋势在四季中最为明显,达0.55℃/10a,而年平均气温的趋势约为0.3℃/10a.近地面全年盛行东北风,风速大多在2~10 m·s^-1范围内;对流层的低层（高层）为西北风（西南风）,在海拔6~9 km处,对流层急流可达25 m·s^-1;而平流层低层（高层）为南风（东南风）,最大风速可超过30 m·s^-1.风速和温度梯度变化特征在地面至10 km（10~30 km）高度段表现为负相关（正相关）.近30年近地面呈现北风增加东风减少的趋势,而高空南风减少,东风和北风增多.对流层整层平均风速显示,各季节平均风速均呈增加趋势,并且与温度类似,秋季的增加趋势最显著,达0.59 m·s^-1/10a,而春季趋势最为平缓,仅0.05 m·s^-1/10a.对流层整层年平均风速的线性趋势为0.24 m·s^-1/10a,地面年平均风速呈0.05 m·s^-1/10a的增加趋势.     

把二氧化碳“埋”在地下

正20世纪以来,全球气候变暖已成为全人类面临的共同挑战,对地球自然生态系统产生了深刻影响。我国也是全球气候变化影响的敏感区和显著区,主要表现在:地面年平均气温明显上升,年平均降水量也稍有增加;海平面总体波动上升,影响海洋生态安全;冰川退缩、冻土融化,     

山西运城盐池湖区藻类及分布

在山西运城盐池湖区采到的藻类植物共5门(不包括硅藻门),30科,70属,222种(含变种和变型)．其中蓝藻门4 科17属35种,绿藻门19科40属93种,裸藻门5科10属83种,黄藻门1科1属2种,轮藻门1科2属9种．该湖区的水体根据含盐量的不同可分为4种类型:淡水水体(含盐量<0．05％)、混盐水体(含盐量0．05％-3％)、真盐水体(含盐量 3％-4％)和高盐水体(含盐量>4％)．由于受含盐量的影响,藻类植物在4种水体中的分布有明显差异,随含盐量增加,种类数减少．     

天目山柳杉树轮δD年序列及其气候含义

对采自天目山的柳杉树盘进行交叉定年后，测得其逐年年轮的硝化纤维素的δＤ，建立了树轮δＤ年序列。利用天目山气象站资料，分析了树轮δＤ对气候要素的响应。结果表明：天目山柳杉树轮δＤ与其生长期的气候因子有显著相关，主要与后半年的降水量、年平均气温和年平均最高气温等气候要素相关密切。根据树轮δＤ年序列重建冬季平均最高气温与实际观测结果吻合较好。重建序列呈现的天目山冬季平均最高气温的低频变化可以与全球温度变化特征相互印证。天目山是冬季风的敏感带，主要表现为冬温对树木生长的影响，结果说明树轮δＤ是研究冬温的有效指标。     

2017年太湖水华面积偏大的原因分析

太湖流域及湖区经过一系列综合治理之后,截至2015年,水华面积逐渐减少,治理效果初见成效.然而,2017年太湖出现了前所未有的大面积水华（1403 km²）,其原因成为各方面关注的热点问题.2011-2017年,在太湖贡湖湾和梅梁湾布置的6个采样点,每月2次分层采集水质和微囊藻密度数据、全太湖的营养盐和微囊藻密度数据、气象数据和水华面积数据,进行了水华面积偏大的原因分析.结果显示,2011-2017年期间,全太湖总氮（TN）的7年平均浓度为1.89 mg/L,总磷（TP）为0.076 mg/L,而2017年TN浓度为1.60 mg/L,TP浓度为0.083 mg/L,比7年平均TP浓度回升了9.0%.气温方面,2011-2017年7年平均气温为17.3℃,2017年比7年平均气温高出0.7℃.全太湖7年平均微囊藻密度为0.53×10⁸ cells/L,而2017年为1.18×10⁸ cells/L,比7年平均值高出1.21倍.在这样一个数据背景下,全太湖年均值和风速区间比例冗余分析表明TP的回升、气温的偏高与水华面积也表现出明显的正相关关系,且5-9月1~2 m/s弱风天数与水华面积呈显著正相关,而风速超过4 m/s则会显著造成水华的消失.综合以上数据及分析,2017年出现巨大面积水华是由于全湖TP浓度的上升和气温偏高使微囊藻密度增长,为微囊藻聚集形成水华提供了丰富的物质基础,而在微囊藻大量繁殖季节风力较弱,1~2 m/s左右风速易于使微囊藻聚集形成薄层大面积水华.     

高分辨率洞穴石笋稳定同位素应用之一——京津地区500a来的气候变化——δ~(18)O记录

气候变化可记录在洞穴石笋氧同位素值中 .当气候湿冷 ,降雨量越大 ,年平均气温越低时 ,δ18O值越负 ;当气候干热时 ,δ18O值越正 .北京石花洞年轻石笋的氧同位素记录显示了京津地区的降雨量有一个 30～ 40a的变化周期 .降雨量增加时期分别以 1 985 ,1 95 5 ,1 91 0 ,1 880 ,1 840 ,1 80 0 ,1 76 0 ,1 730 ,1 6 90 ,1 6 6 0 ,1 6 30 ,1 5 6 0 ,和1 5 30a为中心 .在 1 6 2 0～ 1 90 0a之间 ,京津地区的气温低于 5 0 0a以来的平均气温 ,对应于小冰期事件 .1 5 2 0～ 1 6 2 0a和 1 90 0a至今的两个时期 ,气温高于 5 0 0a来的平均气温 .     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration Aims And Scope

正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and     

Foreword

Destructive earthquakes have caused great damage in China and the United States and collapsing buildings havecaused many deaths and injuries. The field of earthquake engineering studies earthquake hazards, the occurrence ofearthquakes of various magnitudes, the nature of the ground shaking during an earthquake, the vibration of structuresduring earthquakes, the strengthening of existing structures and the design of new structures to be earthquake resistant,and finally, how to cope with earthquake damage and restore a city to normal functioning. Such efforts are in progressin both countries, but unfortunately, the language barrier interferes with the free flow of information between China andthe Untied States. It would be mutually beneficial if some means could be developed to promote the exchangeof information across the Pacific Ocean. This new journal has been established for this purpose and its success willbe an important step in promoting earthquake engineering in China and the United States.     

WORLD ASSOCIATION FOR SEDIMENTATION AND EROSION RESEARCH(WASER)

正President:Giampaolo Di Silvio,Italy Vice Presidents:Ulrich C.E.Zanke,Germany Zhao-yin Wang,China The World Association for Sedimentation and Erosion Research(WASER),inaugurated on Oct.19,2004,is an independent non-governmental,non-profit organization.The mission of WASER is to promote international co-operation on the study     

Enhancing remote sensing research on global change to improve our understanding on Earth system processes

正Global Change includes climate change and other environmental changes caused by the joint interaction among various layers of Earth. From the positive side, global change provides new opportunities to human and other living forms on Earth. In the meantime, it creates tremendous challenges and negative impact. At present, the negative impacts have reached all primary processes of the global ecosystem and every aspect of human society, especially causing degradation of the ecosystem. For instance, intensive deforestation causes decline of biodiversity; global warming causes sea level rise and increases     

Dissolved Carbohydrate Concentration,Composition, and Bioavailability to Microbial Heterotrophs in Stream Water

Dissolved total carbohydrates (DTCH), dissolved free monosaccharides (DFMS), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), biodegradable DOC (BDOC), and humic substances (HS) were measured in White Clay Creek (WCC), a stream in southeastern Pennsylvania Piedmont, USA. Samples were collected over different seasons and under baseflow and stormflow conditions. DOC concentrations ranged from 1.0 to 12.8 mg/L C with the highest concentrations associated with stormflows. Carbohydrates ranged from 0.42 to 12.4 μM and accounted for 2.9 to 12.7% of the DOC. Humic substances represented the major DOC fraction, accounting for 55 to 72% of the DOC pool under all flow conditions. The humic fraction had a lower carbohydrate content (4.4%) than the non-humic fraction of DOC (7.2%). Stormflow DOC was enriched in carbohydrates relative to baseflow DOC, but the percentage of humic-C changed little. Carbohydrates were primarily present as dissolved polysaccharides (55%), but a significant fraction was bound to humic substances (40%), while a small proportion was present as monosaccharides (5%). The major monosaccharides in stream water, listed in order of decreasing concentration, included glucose, galactose, rhamnose, xylose, arabinose, mannose, and fucose. On average (30.6 ± 7.4)% (n = 44) of the stream water DOC was biodegradable, and carbohydrates accounted for 9.9 to 17.7% of the BDOC.