应用声、光学仪器原位观测海底浮泥层动态变化的对比研究

海底浮泥层动态变化是研究海底沉积物输运及地形地貌演变的重要内容.针对浮泥层关键特征参数(悬浮泥沙浓度、上下界面),目前国际上主要采用声学和光学仪器进行观测,但不同仪器受限于观测原理,适用范围存在一定的局限性.通过潮滩试验,模拟浮泥层动态变化过程,对比不同仪器观测悬浮泥沙浓度和海床界面高程的效果.结果显示,在较低悬浮泥沙...     

杭州湾深水航道浮泥的观测

对在杭州湾深水航道上的站点外观测到的水文泥沙数据进行分析，并绘制出水流、悬沙浓度随时间、空间变化的等值线图以及各层观测的水流流速、流向随时间过程图。得出了该处的水流、悬沙浓度随时间、空间变化的规律：流速基本上是随涨急、落急达到最大值，随涨憩、落憩达到最小值。流向随时间变化较大。悬沙浓度一般是在涨急、涨憩和落急附近达到最大值并在底层形成高含沙区，即有浮泥产生。即使是处于小潮，杭州湾依然有浮泥产生。利用一个悬浮泥沙声学观测仪，在杭州湾深水航道东挖槽小潮时，对底部泥沙浓度进行了实验观测。结果发现底部泥沙存在分层结构：从上往下分别是低浓度悬沙层、高浓度悬沙层和浮泥层。声学图像显示有四种不同频率的界面波：Ⅰ．介于低浓度悬消层和高浓度悬沙层之间的低频界面波；Ⅱ．介于高浓度悬沙层和可移动浮沙层之间的低频内波；Ⅲ．介于可移动移动浮沙层和固定浮泥层之间的波，被谨慎地解释为低频界面波；Ⅳ．在固定浮泥层上产生的是高频界面波。这些界面波起到次级的动力作用，增强了局部粘性泥沙的再悬浮和再挟运。     

杭州湾深水航道东试挖槽浮泥研究

本文在对杭州湾深水航道东试挖槽中浮泥进行观测和淤泥特性试验研究的基础上,分析了槽中浮泥产生和消失的规律,认识到浮泥的固结是东试挖槽中泥沙回淤的主要形式。这对研究拟开挖的杭州湾深水航道东段的泥沙回淤规律,确定适航水深和航道维护方案等都有着较重要的指导意义。     

压力脉动对浮泥悬扬影响的实验研究

采用水槽实验和现场实测相结合的方法,在一个时均流速为零的无流水槽试验中采用振动发生器所产生脉动水流,探究不同的压力脉动对于底床泥沙悬扬的影响,分析水体的垂向浊度分布及相应的脉动水压力等,探明压力脉动对浮泥悬扬的重要性,为揭示风生波浪造成的压力脉动与浮泥悬扬间的固有响应关系奠定基础。     

底部浮泥表层推移速度分布的ADCP—GPS估测方法

ADCP对底跟踪走航观测的流速数据中包含水体底部浮泥、底沙运动信息,对比GPS定位方法算出的水体流速数据可以分离出浮泥相对于GPS定位的运动信号,从而达到对底质推移观测的目的。     

天津港适航浮泥扫海测量

为解决港池和航道浮泥层的适航水深利用,实施了四波束双频测深仪和机械扫海具相结合扫测,试验结果表明可有效进行适航浮泥层的全覆盖测量。同时介绍了专门研制的轮轴拖曳式浮泥着底扫海器的结构与使用方法。     

伶仃洋出海航道浮泥形成机制与分布特征

伶仃洋出海航道前后5次大规模的浮泥观测表明,航道中曾普遍发现浮泥层,但近期分布范围有所缩小;浮泥层厚一般在0.1~0.6 m之间,层厚较大的分布区主要集中在航道北段深槽区。根据浮泥分布的多年变化与洪、枯季变化分析,浮泥主要分布在航道深槽内且洪季浮泥层厚度与范围明显比枯季大,表明水动力条件相对较弱和较为丰富的细颗粒泥沙来源是浮泥形成的重要条件;浮泥层由于具有易流动性和可塑性,其形成位置、厚度与长度受潮汐作用影响明显而具有周期性变化。     

九龙江口海沧港区17～-18^#码头基槽浮泥成因分析

九龙江口海沧港区因建设17—18^#泊位而开挖的基槽处发育厚层浮泥．通过对该处浮泥及其周边的水体悬浮颗粒、海底表层和沉积物柱状样的激光粒度分析,发现浮泥的颗粒物主要由峰值粒径在7～10μm的粘土粉砂质细颗粒组分构成,但在浮泥层的下部还含有小部分峰值粒径为200—500μm的砂质粗颗粒组分．浮泥中细颗粒组分的粒度特征和水体中的悬浮颗粒、底质沉积物中的细颗粒组分一致,而浮泥中粗颗粒组分的粒度特征,和九龙江口洪水事件成因的中粗砂的粒度特征一致．结合现场调访和水文观测,得出17—18^#泊位基槽处浮泥的成因主要受海沧港区建设过程中产生的大量再悬浮泥沙以及受水下地形的影响,水动力条件适宜悬浮泥沙在17—18^#泊位基槽处聚淤．此外,台风引发的洪水也是增加悬浮泥沙含量的辅助因素．随着海沧港区的建成,水动力条件的改变,17～18^#泊位港池及调头区浮泥的厚度将小于基槽区浮泥厚度．     

长江河口浮泥形成机理及变化过程

1976年以来，在长江河口盐水楔和最大浑浊带活动的河道进行了20余次现场观测，本文在现场观测资料基础上，确认长江河口浮泥由细颗粒泥沙组成，中值粒径在8－11.5um,小于2um的粘土占28.18%-36.39%,长江河口浮泥是悬沙在盐水混合环境中絮凝沉降于近义廾风暴潮再悬浮泥沙形成的高浓度浑水层，在成因类型上分为憩流浮泥，盐水楔浮泥和风暴潮浮泥，第1种在涨或落潮转流期低流时形成，规模大，厚度薄，第2种在盐水楔发育时形成，规模较小，厚度较大，第3种在大风后形成，规模大，厚度薄，第2种在盐水楔发育时形成，规模较小，厚度较大，第3种在大风后形成，规模大，范围广，若三者相遇，则浮泥厚度和范围最大，浮泥具有枯季，大小潮秽暴周期变化规律，长江河口河道多的浮泥层，浮泥层的变化与河口拦门沙的冲淤有良好的正相关。     

胜利埕岛海域海底松软沉积物声学探测方法探讨

胜利埕岛海域位于复杂的黄河三角洲沉积体系中．由于黄河的断流,在风浪和海流作用下原三角洲体系受到侵蚀．在部分海底具有松散沉积物沉积。采用侧扫声纳、双频测深仪及浅地层剖面仪3种海上物探方法,对埕岛海域海底松软沉积物进行声学探测,确定了浮泥、软土层顶、海底界面及浮泥和软土层和海底界面及浮泥和软土层的厚度,研究了埕岛海域海底松软沉积物的基本分布变化规律,为今后海洋工程地质勘察海底松软沉积物奠定了基础。     

A Bingham-plastic model for fluid mud transport under waves and currents

Simplified equations of fluid mud motion, which is described as Bingham-Plastic model under waves and currents, are presented by order analysis. The simplified equations are non-linear ordinary differential equations which are solved by hybrid numerical-analytical technique. As the computational cost is very low, the effects of wave current parameters and fluid mud properties on the transportation velocity of the fluid mud are studied systematically. It is found that the fluid mud can move toward one direction even if the shear stress acting on the fluid mud bed is much smaller than the fluid mud yield stress under the condition of wave and current coexistence. Experiments of the fluid mud motion under current with fluctuation water surface are carried out. The fluid mud transportation velocity predicted by the presented mathematical model can roughly match that measured in experiments.     

Geophysical evidence of mud diapirism on the Mediterranean Ridge accretionary complex

Mud volcanoes, mud cones, and mud ridges have been identified on the inner portion of the crestal area, and possibly on the inner escarpment, of the Mediterranean Ridge accretionary complex. Four areas containing one or more mud diapirs have been investigated through bathymetric profiling, single channel seismic reflection profiling, heat flow measurements, and coring. A sequence of events is identified in the evolution of the mud diapirs: initially the expulsion on the seafloor of gasrich mud produces a seafloor depression outlined in the seismic record by downward dip of the host sediment reflectors towards the mud conduit; subsequent eruptions of fluid mud may create a flat topped mud volcano with step-like profile; finally, the intrusion of viscous mud produces a mud cone.The origin of the diapirs is deep within the Mediterranean Ridge. Although a minimum depth of about 400 m below the seafloor has been computed from the hydrostatic balance between the diapiric sediments and the host sediments, a maximum depth, suggested by geometric considerations, ranges between 5.3 and 7 km. The presence of thermogenic gas in the diapiric sediments suggests a better constrained origin depth of at least 2.2 km.The heat flow measured within the Olimpi mud diapir field and along a transect orthogonal to the diapiric field is low, ranging between 16 ± 5 and 41 ± 6 mW m^–2. Due to the presence of gas, the thermal conductivity of the diapiric sediments is lower than that of the host hemipelagic oozes (0.6–0.9 and 1.0–1.15 W m^–1 K^–1 respectively).We consider the distribution of mud diapirs to be controlled by the presence of tectonic features such as reverse faults or thrusts (inner escarpment) that develop where the thickness of the Late Miocene evaporites appears to be minimum. An upward migration through time of the position of the décollement within the stratigraphic column from the Upper Oligocene (diapiric sediments) to the Upper Miocene (present position) is identified.     

A Sound Approach to Soft Sediment Resolution

The last few years has seen a surge in research activities directed towards investigating properties and dynamics of young marine, limnic and fluvial sediments. It is by now a well established fact that the sequence of sediments ranging from concentrated benthic suspension over fluid mud to un-consolidated material summarized as liquid sediments (LS), act as carriers for a wide range of pollutants discharged or migrated into waterways. Knowledge of the transport and fate of LS allows determining the transport and fate of adsorbed constituents (e.g., heavy metals, pesticides, PCBs, PAHs). To assess the environmental impact of LS, efforts have to be made to better understand the processes in relation to hydrodynamics and the chemical and physical properties of the layers. Since physical laws limit the resolution and detection power of conventional seismo-acoustic systems in respect of LS, alternative measurement, data analysis and processing approaches have to be found. Adapted acoustic procedures initially developed for shallow water marine environments to extreme shallow water regimes using matched field inversion techniques can reveal geoacoustic parameters including density, compressional wave speed and attenuation as a function of depth and time. The paper outlines the effects of sediment mobility upon the environment followed by a short overview of techniques commonly used to investigate sediments and other freshwater/marine events. The problems faced and limitations of existing systems are briefly outlined. Results obtained with recently developed and refined geoacoustic inversion methods are presented highlighting their potential for long-term study of physical properties and dynamics of LS.     

波浪作用下浮泥悬扬浓度特性研究

为研究不同波浪环境下,水底浮泥层产生泥沙悬扬后其浓度的分布特性,使用浊度计测定浊度的方法确定水体中泥沙的浓度,并在水槽实验中改变水深、浮泥厚度及造波机的频率和振幅,观察水槽中悬浮泥沙浓度的变化情况,获得水深、波浪频率、波幅以及浮泥厚度对底床泥沙悬扬的影响,分析泥沙浓度的垂向分布特征等。实验结果显示,水深对底床泥沙悬扬的影响最为显著,其他实验参数的影响均不十分显著。同时,通过垂向输沙平衡的分析,得到一个可描述泥沙垂向浓度分布的理论公式,并利用水槽实验结果进行验证。对比结果显示,理论公式所得曲线与实验结果曲线变化趋势一致,部分工况下,理论值稍稍偏大。     

3-D fluid-mud dynamics in the Jiaojiang Estuary, China

A 3-D model has been developed for the muddy Jiaojiang Estuary and adjoining coastal waters, and verified against field observations. To simulate fluid-mud formation, the model uses a fine resolution grid near the bottom and involves coupling processes between hydrodynamics and fluid mud such as the sediment-induced buoyancy, increasing turbulent kinetic energy sink and kinematic viscosity, mixing by internal waves riding on the lutocline, and non-Newtonian properties of fluid mud. The effective hydrodynamic drag was reduced in the presence of fluid mud. It is shown that the estuary is infilled by tidal pumping and that longitudinal and transversal gradients of suspended sediment concentration, salinity, and currents control the formation of mud banks. Thus a 3-D model is necessary to estimate the fate of mud, although the model results are very sensitive to details of the parameterization of the hydrodynamics-mud feedback processes.     

长江口北槽浮泥周期性变化初探

根据2000年长江口北槽浮泥的实测资料,分析浮泥厚度和体积等几何尺度随时间的变化,发现长江口北槽浮泥存在日、半月和年际三种周期变化;日周期的变化受潮流动力周期的控制,这是由潮流冲刷浮泥形成的悬沙并再絮凝沉积造成的;半月周期的变化受潮流半月周期变化引起的泥沙供给量的变化控制;年周期的变化主要是由影响细颗粒泥沙絮凝沉积的长江口水温的年度变化所控制,泥沙供给和动力的年周期变化也有一定的影响.     

In-Situ Observation of Fluid Mud in the North Passage of Yangtze Estuary, China

Observations of fluid mud were made in the lower North Passage of the Yangtze Estuary in February 2000, on 10 -11 August 2000, on 30 - 31 August 2000 (after two strong typhoons), on 21 - 24 August 2000 (neap tide) and on 3 -6 September 2000 (mean tide) respectively. In situ data show that the fluid mud in this area consists of fine cohesive sediment (median size 7.23 μm). The formation and movement of fluid mud varied during the neap-spring and flood-ebb tidal cycle. Observations suggest that fluid mud phenomena in this area may be categorised in a three-fold manner as slack water, storm and saltwedge features. The thickness of the fluid mud layer of slack water during the neap tide ranged from 0.2 to 0.96 m, whereas during the mean tide, the thickness ranged from 0.17 to 0.73 m, and the thickness of the fluid mud layer was larger during slack water than at the flood peak. Shoals cover an area of 800 km^2 with a water depth smaller than 5 m. Erosion of these extensive intertidal mudflats due to storm action provides an abundant sediment source. This is particularly significant in this estuary when the tidal level is lower than 5 m. The lower North Passage is a typical zone of saltwater wedging, so the saltwedge fluid mud has the most extensive spatial range in the estuary.