威海市海洋生态文明建设探索与实践

威海市地处山东半岛最东端,海岸线长978 km,海洋资源丰富、海洋产业发达、海洋生态环境优良,较好地实现了经济发展与环境保护的有机统一。在全面深入贯彻落实习近平总书记生态文明建设重要战略思想的大背景下,系统梳理威海市海洋生态文明建设的发展历程,以及威海市海洋生态文明建设取得的成绩,并从观念更新、舍得投入、敢为人先、依法管海、科技推进5个方面总结经验与启示,为威海市及国内沿海地市加快建设海洋生态文明提供借鉴。     

海洋信息技术新进展

海洋信息技术是认识和开发利用海洋最直接、最便捷的手段.本文主要概述自2015年以来,围绕海洋观测监测、海洋物联网、海上通信组网、海洋信息基础设施、海洋数据处理以及信息应用服务等方面的新发展和新技术,并对后续发展提出简要建议.     

加快山东海洋高新技术产业化的进程

1998年“海上山东”建设工作会议提出:“发挥海洋科技的整体优势,大力推进海洋产业化进程,开发海洋高科技产业,建立起高素质的海洋产业体系”。这标志着“海上山东”建设已从外延扩张进入了集约化增长和持续发展的新阶段。山东是全国海洋科研和教育基地,集中了全国近1/2的海洋科技人才。海洋科技优势,尤其是海洋高新技术优势是山东最具特色的优势。尽快将科技优势转化为经济优势,不仅是富民兴鲁的一招好棋,也是对国家海洋经济事业的一项贡献。     

威海以渔兴海海洋经济持续快速发展

威海市三面濒海,海岸线长约1000公里,占全省的1/3;沿海有30多个港湾;-15米等深线以内浅海、滩涂面积300多万亩,比耕地面积多50万亩;全市74处镇和办事处有60％靠海,发展海洋经济的条件得天独厚。威海得名于海,海洋是威海的最大特色、最大优势、最大潜力。     

威海市海洋产业发展方向与重点目标的选择

威海市海洋产业发展现状 威海市是全国海洋大市,海洋资源优势明显,产业基础较好。2011年,全市主要海洋产业增加值达到675亿元,比2010年增长12％,占全市生产总值的32％,比2010年提高一个百分点。海洋一、二、三产业增加值分别为129亿元、236亿元、310亿元,三次产业结构比例为19：35：46。     

论海洋行政处罚

海洋行政处罚是海洋行政执法行为的一种具体行政行为，是海洋行政管理活动中应用十分广泛和十分重要的一种手段。１９９６年３月，第八届全国人民代表大会第四次会议通过的《中华人民共和国行政处罚法》，对行政处罚最基本的和最迫切需要解决的问题作了具体规定，为海洋行政机关和公务人员规范海洋行政权力的实施，更好地保障海洋行政相对人的合法权益，维护正常海洋开发秩序，提供了基本的法律依据。一、海洋行政处罚的概念海洋行政处罚，是指海洋行政主体依照法定权限和程序对违反海洋法律法规尚未构成犯罪的海洋行政相对人给予行政制裁的…     

发展海洋教育和海洋科技 推进浙江海洋经济建设

推进海洋经济建设是实现浙江社会经济可持续发展的迫切需要,是顺应世界经济发展趋势的必然选择.海洋经济建设必须依托并大力发展海洋教育和海洋科技.     

着力培树与“海洋强国战略”相适应的海洋战略意识——论新世纪的海洋战略意识

海洋意识，是人们关于海洋的地位、作用和价值的理性认识。作为一种社会观念，海洋意识的确立，对于海洋开发、利用和防卫等重大海洋实践活动具有决定性的影响。在新的历史时期，我们要贯彻落实江泽民同志提出的“建设海洋强国”的历史任务，需要从多方面入手，但最基础而又最关键的工作则是要着力培树与“海洋强国战略”     

我国海洋信息技术与服务工作发展构想

海洋信息是海洋科学近年来发展的新兴领域。面对国际海洋信息技术的挑战和我国海洋开发战略的需要,尽快建立我国的海洋信息系统,发展“数字海洋”,已成为全国海洋信息化的必由之路。 1 影响我国海洋信息技术发展和服务水平提高的因素 海洋信息服务是海洋信息发展的根本目标。     

海洋功能区划保留区选划技术研究

海洋功能区划中的保留区是后备的海洋资源,是留给子孙后代的未开发海域.2009年启动的新一轮全国和省级区划编制中,对保留区内涵进行了调整,2006年颁布实施的《海洋功能区划技术导则》(GB/T 17108 2006)提出了功能区选划方法,但过于笼统,可操作性差,且不能满足保留区内涵调整后的需要.结合新一轮全国和省级海洋功能区划编制,探讨了海洋功能区划保留区设置的意义和保留区内涵,分析了保留区面临的主要问题,提出了目标导向法、排除法和综合分析法三种保留区选划方法,最后针对保留区的管理提出了建议.     

Model of the post-Cenozoic evolution of the cryolithozone of the shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea

The analysis of the structure of the cryolithozone, facies, and thicknesses of the Quaternary sediments and the results of the physicochemical mathematical modeling of the modern shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea support the influence of the Late Pleistocene glaciations on the heat conditions and the distribution of the permafrost in the area. A ～200-m thick glacier formed under aerial conditions from atmospheric precipitation represented the metamorphosed snow cover. According to the modeling, the long-living (from 60?50 to 10?4 ky) glacier reduced the thickness of the permafrost rocks in the reviewed shelf area for 280–360 m. The Holocene marine transgression additionally decreased the thickness from 50–140 m on the inner shelf to 220–350 m on the outer shelf. The modern submarine cryolithozone 450-0 m thick is wide-spread in the studied region from the coast to the shelf boundary (isobaths of 130–140 m), where it pinches out at a distance of ～380 km from the coast at a depth of ～250 m above the sea level.     

Investigation of the mechanism of the long-term evolution of the carbon cycle in the ecosystem of the Sevastopol bay

We analyze the components of the carbon system of the Sevastopol bay waters and the balance of main sediment-forming substances using the data of field investigations in 1998–2008. The interannual variations of total inorganic carbon and the equilibrium partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the bay water are noted. An increase in the flux of carbon dioxide into the bay and in the content of organic carbon in bottom sediments is revealed, and an explanation of this phenomenon is given. The priority accumulation of organic carbon in the sediments of the bay is established. We assess the interannual variation in the relative abundances of organic and inorganic carbon as an index of the carbon cycle stability.     

Contemporary state of the investigation of the influence of the discharge of rivers on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea

We generalize and analyze the state of investigations of the influence of river waters on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea. Specific features of the water, regime and hydrography of rivers flowing into the sea, data on the discharge of rivers, and intrayear and interyear variability of the discharge are presented. We discuss and analyze works studying the transformation of river waters, routes of desalinized sea waters, and their influence on the thermohaline structure and dynamic regime of the sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Modelling of the ecosystem of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube

We analyze the results of numerical calculations performed according to the three-dimensional interdisciplinary model of an ecological system of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube. The complete system of equations of hydrothermodynamics is solved together with transport equations of the advection-diffusion-reaction type used to describe the transformation of a substance (nitrogen) between the components of the characteristic vectors of the ecosystem: plankton, detritus, and biogenic elements (nitrates). We describe the distinctive features of the circumcontinental distribution of components obtained as a result of numerical experiments and present arguments for the conclusion that the ecosystem of the Danube estuary water area plays the role of a buffer zone between the press of the Danubian biogenic pollutions and the neighbouring areas of the shelf zone and open sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Dynamics of the ice cover and peculiarities of the ice transportation of the sediments at the tidal flats of the Kandalaksha Gulf of the White Sea

Ten years of semistationary studies of the interaction of the ice cover and the coastal relief of the Kandalakhsa Gulf in the White Sea allowed us to reveal the peculiarities of these processes in the warm and cold years and the mechanisms of the origination of ice forms, including ice tents, which govern the character of the tidal flats. Three dynamic fast ice zones are distinguished by their geomorphological location, morphology, and ice dynamics. The dependence of the mechanisms and volumes of the enrichment of the fast ice in the sediments on the coastal zone??s relief was established. At the coast of the Kindo Peninsula (Velikaya Salma Strait), the ice mostly contains fine-sandy sediments. Coarser sediments, including boulders, are occasional and frozen into the ice at the contact of the fast ice and the bottom. At the expense of the ice??s spreading by 4?C6 times in the warm years and 2?C4 times in the cold years, several thousand tons of sediments mostly from the tidal flat??s surface (100?C700 m³ from 1 km of coast in the wide tidal flats and <50 m³ on the steep coasts) are delivered to the water area.     

Relationship between the path of the Kuroshio in the south of Japan and the path of the Kuroshio Extension in the east

A relationship between paths of the Kuroshio and Kuroshio Extension (KE) is investigated, using the satellite-derived altimetry dataset of 1993–2008. When the Kuroshio takes the nearshore nonlarge meander path or typical large meander path and resultantly goes through the deeper channel (about 2500 m) of the Izu-Ogasawara Ridge, the KE path adopts a relatively stable state with the two quasi-stationary meanders. On the other hand, when the Kuroshio takes the offshore nonlarge meander path and then passes over the shallower part of the Ridge (about 1000 m), the KE path tends to be convoluted, i.e., an unstable state.     

Variability of the nutrient runoff of the rivers of the Arctic Basin

The spatiotemporal variability of the hydrochemical composition of the riverine runoff in nearmouth areas is presented using the example of selected rivers of the Arctic Basin. The temporal dynamics of the riverine nutrient runoff are mainly determined by the seasonal and interseasonal variations in the drainage basins. The spatial variations in the chemical composition of riverine waters in the near-mouth areas are mainly caused by the dynamics of the water flow and the river bed relief and, to a lesser degree, by biochemical processes. It is shown that the variations in the nutrient composition of the waters in near-mouth areas are comparable in magnitude to those at the river-sea geochemical barriers.     

Parameters of the sediments of the deep-water basin of the Black Sea

The methodology and the first results of the computations of the volumes, masses, and growth rates of the sedimentary body of the buried Black Sea basin are presented. Their temporal evolution reflects the regional paleogeodynamics, in particular, the reorientation of the vector of the relative movement of the Arabian and Eurasian lithospheric plates and the related intensification of their collision in the late Miocene-Pliocene.     

Modelling of the ecosystem on the shelf of the Republic of Guinea

Three mathematical models are considered: a two-dimensional model for calculating the concentration fields of the ecosystem components on the shelf of the Republic of Guinea, a pointwise model for the annual variation of the components, and a two predators-prey model. These models are used to study the effect of hydrodynamic conditions on the state of the shelf ecosystem and for research into the causes which distort the balance between marketable and unmarketable fish.Translated by Mikhail M. Trufanov.     

Evolution of the slope of the buried depression of the Black Sea

The first data on the temporal evolution of the slope of the buried depression of the Black Sea are obtained. The sharp change in the rate of the decrease in the slope steepness that occurred in the Late Miocene-Pliocene time reflects a reorientation of the vector of mutual movement and a related intensification of the collision between the Arabian and Eurasian lithospheric plates.