Practical Resilience Index for Coral Reef Assessment

Ocean Science Journal - Assessing coral reef resilience is an increasingly important component of coral reef management. Existing coral reef resilience assessments are not practical, especially for...     

Multilateralism in the Straits of Malacca and Singapore

This paper analyzes International Maritime Organization (IMO) involvement in maritime cooperation regime in the Straits of Malacca and Singapore through multilateralism. It begins by introducing the maritime cooperation regime prior to 2001, which was mainly trilateral in nature through Tripartite Technical Expert Group on the Safety of Navigation (TTEG). Although TTEG managed to increase the level of safety of navigation in the Straits of Malacca and Singapore through the implementation of the Traffic Separation Scheme (TSS) in 1981 and Mandatory Ship Reporting System (STRAITREP) in 1998, such cooperation was beset by financial strain and conflict of interests. Subsequently, there was a change in the cooperation regime after 9/11 incident. This paper identifies that the change was contributed by the IMO through a methodology called multilateralism. Three important principles were adopted by IMO in implementing multilateralism in the Straits of Malacca and Singapore, namely generalized principles of conduct (respect for sovereignty and compliance with burden sharing principle under Article 43 of UNCLOS 1982), diffuse reciprocity, and indivisibility. This paper concludes that multilateralism by IMO has transformed trilateral cooperation into multilateral cooperation in the Straits of Malacca, combining state actors (littoral states and user states) and non-state actors (non-governmental organizations and international shipping industries).     

海上电子高速公路技术在马六甲海峡的应用

介绍了海上电子高速公路产生的背景、概念、功能以及组成结构，指出海上电子高速公路，也就是网络化的电子海图在航海中应用的发展。电子海图显示与信息系统(ECDIS)是组成海上电子高速公路的基础，精确航行是它的中枢部分。并以马六甲海峡为例介绍了海上电子高速公路在航行安全及环境保护方面的广泛应用，对这一研究领域在我国的发展前景作了展望。     

珊瑚礁及其生态系统的特征

本文论述了珊瑚礁的形成机理、分类、生态环境以及珊瑚礁生态系统的结构和功能,从而指出了珊瑚礁生态系统是海洋中生产力水平极高的生态系统。     

How Episodic Coral Breakage Can Determine Community Structure: A South African Coral Reef Example

Abstract. Africa's southernmost coral reefs are situated in Natal Province, South Africa. The Natal coast is exposed to open Ocean swells and episodic storm swell conditions. Benthic communities on these reefs differentiated into three community types: shallow reefs (8–18 m) were dominated by alcyonacean corals and low-growing, massive Scleractinia; intermediate reefs (18–25 m) were dominated chiefly by branching and tabular Scleractinia of the genus Acropora (A. austera, A. clathrata); deep reefs were not dominated by corals but by sponges. Breakage and recovery experiments indicated that the difference in Acropora dominance between shallow and intermediate sites was caused by breakage in high swell conditions. Survival of experimentally produced A. austera fragments was significantly higher in intermediate than in shallow sites, where higher surge made re-attachment and regeneration unlikely. Also, colony morphology was adapted to differential surge conditions: colonies on the shallow reefs were smaller with shorter branches, while on intermediate reefs they were much bigger with long, widely spreading branches. Episodic breakage and low fragment survival due to high water-motion thus excluded branching corals from shallow reef sites.     

大亚湾珊瑚礁痕量金属的研究

作者采用阳极溶出伏安法测定大亚湾珊瑚礁痕量金属铜、铅、镉的含量 ,并讨论了相关的影响因素。测定结果发现 :A组、B组珊瑚礁礁体中铜、铅、镉的含量从里到外有递增的趋势 ,这与近年来大亚湾水体中铜、铅、镉含量的变化是一致的。而 A组珊瑚礁变化明显 ;B组珊瑚礁礁体中铜、铅、镉含量呈现较复杂的变化。分析认为 ,这是因珊瑚礁的形成受多种因素影响所致 :(1)海水组成对珊瑚礁化学成分的影响 ;(2 )海洋生物种类、数量及其矿物组成是制约元素分布的主要因素 ;(3)陆源碎屑组分对大亚湾珊瑚礁的化学组成有一定的影响。各因素在不同情况下所起的作用不同。     

徐闻珊瑚礁自然保护区礁栖生物初步研究

综合2000、2004年的调查结果,徐闻珊瑚礁自然保护区内有造礁石珊瑚12科42种,而保护区的核心区、缓冲区和试验区内珊瑚礁低潮带至潮下带上部的8个断面10个站的大型底栖生物有8类45科101种,其中大多数种类属于印度—太平洋热带区系。优势类群是软体动物和节肢动物,底栖生物的平均生物量、栖息密度和多样性指数分别是1043.37 g/m2、692.37个/m2和5.5228。位于保护区南部核心区的断面Ⅰ和Ⅱ有着最高的多样性(5.1389和5.0077)和均匀度(0.9470和0.9286),而其他分属核心区、缓冲区和试验区的6个断面的多样性指数和均匀度指数差异不大。总体上看,造礁石珊瑚和珊瑚礁的存在为其他底栖生物提供了良好的生态环境,从而丰富了本区底栖生物的种类组成和数量。     

The Sanya Coral Reef National Marine Nature Reserve,China: A governance analysis

This paper examines the governance of the Sanya Coral Reef National Marine Nature Reserve (SCR-NMNR) in China in the context of a rapidly growing local economy, driven mainly by recent growth in the tourism sector. The governance approach adopted in the SCR-NMNR is characterised by significant decentralisation, i.e. many roles have been devolved to the local government. However, this has led to the undermining of strategic conservation objectives by local economic development priorities, through the rapid development of mass tourism involving both the private sector and the local government. This reliance on economic incentives has provided alternative livelihoods and resources for the management of the MPA, but has also incurred environmental and social costs. Overall, it can be argued that the current governance approach cannot effectively address the full spectrum of challenges encountered, in that these costs appear to outweigh the benefits. In order to improve the governance of the SCR-NMNR towards more effective and equitable outcomes, strengthened leadership from the central state will be needed, as well as a sense of community stewardship towards the MPA.     

雷州半岛灯楼角珊瑚礁初步观察

雷州半岛西南岸的珊瑚礁，是唯一的中国大陆沿现代珊瑚礁，本文报道了对雷州半岛西南端灯楼角地区的珊瑚礁的观察结果，本区地处琼州海责和北部湾的会合点，属热带北缘大陆沿海水环境，本区珊瑚礁是冰后期海侵以来形的，分为岸礁和离岸礁两类，厚度一般为1－3m，宽度约500－1000m，构成原生礁 中的优势种为角孔珊瑚（Goniopora)，现在造礁石珊瑚主要有滨珊瑚（Porites)，峰巢瑚（Favia)和鹿角珊瑚（Acropora)等11属，西岸的表瑚生长比东岸的好，本区岸礁的生态分带为；（1）内礁坪光滩带；（2）外礁坪珊瑚生产烯疏带，（3）礁前水下斜坡上部珊瑚林带，本区珊瑚资源已开发和人为破坏严重，亟待进行科学调查研究，管理和保护。     

海南岛鹿回头珊瑚礁研究进展

前人在海南岛鹿回头珊瑚礁区所做的工作主要集中于以下三方面：(1)鹿回头珊瑚礁区地貌的粗略描述;(2)鹿回头珊瑚礁记录的古海平面研究：(3)鹿回头珊瑚礁记录的现代环境信息研究。通过野外实地考察,将鹿回头珊瑚礁分为8个生物地貌带：礁前斜坡活珊瑚带、礁缘砾石突起脊带、外礁坪带、中礁坪带、内礁坪带、海滩、沙堤、洼地,它们是全新世海平呵和气候环境变化的产物。关于本区珊瑚礁的研究,结合全球珊瑚礁与环境的研究来看,许多工作有待于展开和补充,大致可从以下4个方面进行深入研究：(1)珊瑚礁的生物地貌过程;(2)珊瑚及珊瑚礁的高分辨率环境记录;(3)珊瑚对海洋环境污染的记录：(4)珊瑚礁生态系统与社会、经济及人文系统的关系及其可持续发展。     

广西涠洲岛珊瑚礁海域水质环境变化研究与评价

文章根据2013—2016年广西涠洲岛珊瑚礁海域水质实际调查情况,应用单因子污染指数评价法、富营养化指数法和有机污染指数法,对近年来涠洲岛珊瑚礁海域水质环境变化进行综合分析和评价。2013—2016年,广西涠洲岛珊瑚礁海域水质大部分符合国家第一类海水水质标准,满足珊瑚礁的正常生长要求,但悬浮物含量持续偏高,对珊瑚礁造成一定影响。涠洲岛海域水体虽未出现显著的污染,根据历史数据分析,人为排污已在一定程度上影响珊瑚礁的生长,持续的监测有助于及时发现水质环境质量的变化。     

珊瑚礁生物地貌过程的生物建造与生物侵蚀

珊瑚礁生物建造和生物侵蚀是珊瑚礁生物地貌过程的两个关键环节,两者之间的平衡关系决定着珊瑚礁生物地貌过程的动态变化,控制着珊瑚礁地貌结构和形态。珊瑚礁生物建造和生物侵蚀受海水富营养化、海水温度异常、海平面变化和风暴等多种自然环境因素的影响,同时还面临日益加剧的人类开发活动的威胁。现代全球变化和人类活动影响下的珊瑚礁生物建造和生物侵蚀研究对认识珊瑚礁生物地貌过程与全球变化和人类活动影响的相互作用和响应机制有重要意义。对当前国际上珊瑚礁生物地貌过程的生物建造和生物侵蚀研究的现状进行了概述,并对国内的相关研究提出了建议。     

涠洲岛珊瑚礁系统特征及台风对其影响

文章通过对涠洲岛珊瑚礁生态系统近20年的环境监测数据的梳理,结合前人研究,分析涠洲岛珊瑚礁生态系统的水质、生态和地貌特征以及极端天气过程(台风和暴雨)对其的影响。结果显示,涠洲岛珊瑚礁生态系统的水质、生态和地貌现状均健康良好,适宜珊瑚礁的生长发育,但总体呈现衰退趋势。极端天气过程的影响会给涠洲岛珊瑚礁生态系统造成短时间内的毁灭性打击。随着人类活动的加剧,涠洲岛珊瑚礁生态环境质量有所降低,应引起足够的重视。对涠洲岛珊瑚礁生态系统长期的监测和研究,不仅可以为保护和开发管理海岛珊瑚礁提供科学支撑,也为验证达尔文的环礁成因学说提供第一手资料。     

雷州半岛灯楼角珊瑚礁海区的浮游植物

雷州半岛西南岸的珊瑚礁,是唯一的中国大陆沿岸现代珊瑚礁。根据2004年8月的调查资料研究分析了雷州半岛灯楼角珊瑚礁海区浮游植物的种类组成、生态类群和数量分布等,以期为珊瑚礁生态系的研究提供基础资料。结果显示:浮游植物共有108种(含变种和变型),其中硅藻门34属85种、甲藻门10属21种、蓝藻门1属2种,浮游植物的种数分布由近岸往远岸递增;浮游植物大致划分为近岸低盐类群、近海广布类群和外海高温高盐类群等3个生态类群;优势种有中肋骨条藻Skeletonemacostatum、菱形海线藻Thalassionemanitzschioides、奇异菱形藻Nitzschiaparadoxa等8种;多样性指数和均匀度平均值分别为3.448和0.655,总体分布比较均匀;浮游植物细胞总量平均值为93×104cells/m3,其中硅藻类占绝对优势,浮游植物分布不均匀,密集于灯楼角南面的A断面。     

岛礁工程海水拌养珊瑚礁、砂混凝土修补与应用研究

对用海水拌养珊瑚礁、砂混凝土修补与抢修远离大陆的岛碾损坏工程进行应用研究和调研,对该种混凝土的原材料和物理力学性能进行检测,研究了修补界面剂的配合比与修补工艺以及操作方法,并进行了海水拌养珊瑚礁、砂混凝土与海水拌养普通混凝土修补的粘结强度对比测试和海水拌养快凝快强混凝土快速抢修的工程应用实践检验,为岛礁工程修补和抢修提供技术参考资料。     

西沙群岛重要岛礁鱼类资源调查

为摸清岛礁海域鱼类资源种类及分布 ,合理安排渔船生产 ,2 0 0 3年 5月采用延绳钓和底层刺网在西沙群岛的浪花礁、东岛、永兴岛、华光礁、金银岛、玉琢礁和北礁等 7座珊瑚礁水域进行了 1个航次的鱼类资源调查。 2种作业投入的捕捞努力量分别为延绳钓 3 740钓、底层刺网 14 480m ,单次作业努力量延绳钓 80～ 3 2 0钓、底层刺网 12 0～ 80 0m。捕获鱼类 177种 ,渔获量 3 70 0尾 2 767.0 0kg ,其中延绳钓 3 3种计 77尾 1711.5 5kg ,底层刺网共 15 3种计 3 62 3尾 10 5 5 .45kg。按岛礁平均 ,渔获率和单位捕捞努力量渔获量 (CPUE)延绳钓为 2 .0 6尾·(10 0钓 ) -1、45 .76kg·(10 0钓 ) -1,底层刺网为 2 5 0 .2 1尾·(1km) -1、72 .89kg·(1km ) -1。捕获的主要经济种类有鲨鱼、裸胸鳝、石斑鱼、笛鲷、裸颊鲷、鹦嘴鱼和绯鲤等。北礁、金银岛和玉琢礁的鱼类资源比较丰富 ,开发潜力较高 ;浪花礁、东岛、华光礁和永兴岛次之 ,也有一定的生产价值。     

海南岛鹿回头造礁珊瑚的14C年代及珊瑚礁的发育演化

通过2002年7月沿鹿回头珊瑚礁坪断面方向,在原生滨珊瑚(Porites)礁表面进行系统采样,并进行C测年和年代校正,初步划分出全新世以来珊瑚礁演化的5个阶段珊瑚礁繁盛期(7 300-6000cal.aBP)、珊瑚礁发育停滞期Ⅰ(6 000-4 800cal.aBP)、珊瑚礁发展期(4 800-3000 cal.aBP)、珊瑚礁发育停滞期Ⅱ(3 000-1000 cal.aBP)和现代珊瑚礁发育期(1 000cal.aBP以来).鹿回头珊瑚礁在7 300-000cal.aBP处于发育的繁盛期,己基本上形成了现代珊瑚礁的地貌格局.后来不同时期珊瑚礁是在此时期形成的礁塘或礁坑等低洼地中形成,并在鹿回头半岛两侧向外发展,现代珊瑚礁则发育于全新世珊瑚礁的外礁坪或礁前斜坡带.     

Coral Reef Community Structure at Caño Island, Pacific Costa Rica

Abstract. Around the Biological Reserve of Caño Island, Pacific Costa Rica, there are five large coral reef flats (with size ranges of 0.8–4.2 ha) built mainly of dead Pocillopora spp. At present, they are covered mainly by crustose coralline algae and microatolls of Porites lobata . From the upper reef slope to the reef base several corals grow in small patches (e. g., Pavona clavus, Pavona varians, Pavona gigantea, Gardineroseris planulata, Psammocora superficialis, Pocillopora elegans, Pocillopora damicornis); the massive coral Porites Iobata is predominant. Pocilloporid species are predominant on most other eastern Pacific reefs.
The Caño Island reef is typical of a community whose structure has been controlled by both physical (in shallow water) and biological (in deeper water) factors. Shallow reef areas are influenced by strong wave action and extreme low tides. The distribution, abundance, and feeding preferences of corallivorous organisms (e. g., Acanthaster planci, Arothron meleagris, Pseudobalistes naufragium, Quoyula monodonta) on the deeper reef suggest that most pocilloporids are affected and limited by them. Although there is no evidence of any predator on Porites lobata at Caño Island, the triggerfish Pseudobalistes naufragium breaks off fragments of the coral while searching for food. These fragments often survive to form new colonies. Together, this dispersal mechanism, rapid injury recovery, and high resistance to environmental stress seem to enhance the distribution and dominance of the massive coral Porites lobata at Caño Island.     

融合地理空间认知的珊瑚礁地貌单元高分遥感分类方法

近年来,在人为活动和自然因素的影响下,全球珊瑚礁面临着大规模退化问题,开展珊瑚礁监测研究对珊瑚礁生态系统评估、修复和保护工作具有重要作用。本文以西沙群岛北礁和华光礁为研究区,应用2015年高分二号（GF-2）和WorldView-2高空间分辨率卫星影像和现场调查数据,基于不同珊瑚礁地貌单元的空间位置特征,提出了融合地理空间认知（Geo-Spatial Cognition,GSC）的珊瑚礁地貌单元高分遥感分类方法。研究结果表明：针对因空间位置不同和底质组成高度近似导致珊瑚礁地貌单元漏分和错分的问题,本文提出的方法更能有效获取精准的珊瑚礁地貌单元信息。其中,融合地理空间认知的随机森林（Integrating Geo-Spatial Cognition-Random Forest,GSC-RF）方法展现出了最优的分类表现,在北礁和华光礁珊瑚礁地貌单元分类中总体精度分别为98.06%和91.93%,Kappa系数分别为0.98和0.91。相比于仅使用光谱信息的随机森林（Random Forest,RF）、多元逻辑回归（Multinomial Logistic Regression,MLR）和支...     

Development of cassiterite-bearing sediments and their relation to late Pleistocene sea-level changes in the Straits of Malacca

Cassiterite-bearing sediments were surveyed in the central parts of the Straits of Malacca by high-resolution seismic profiling and vibrocoring. Placer deposits of cassiterite were found in the tidal scour channel of Cape Rachado and a Pleistocene river valley. According to sedimentological parameters the cassiterite derived from a local primary mineralization of granite and from long-distance fluvial transport. The basement, consisting of granites and metamorphites, is covered by four sedimentary sequences which are separated by major erosional unconformities. The last two unconformities were attributed to the regressional periods of the last and previous glaciations. Based on the distribution of the sequences deposited during periods of high sea level, the Malaysian peninsula is subsiding.