中尺度数值模式的资料同化系统：（二）伴随模式系统的检验？…

在《中尺度数值模式的资料同化系统－－－（一）伴随模式的设计》一文的基础上,进一步对伴随模式码地检验问题做了讨论。表明采用共轭码方法是可行的。其的伴随模式与理论推导的共轭方程是相容的。试验发现该同化系统有消除随机干扰的能力,同化效果好。在同化过程中,系统是先同化大尺度信息,然后逐渐同化中小尺度信息。     

中尺度数值模式的资料同化系统——(二)伴随模式系统的检验与试验

在《中尺度数值模式的资料同化系统——（一）伴随模式的设计》一文的基础上,进一步对伴随模式码的检验问题做了讨论。表明采用共轭码方法是可行的。其导出的伴随模式与理论推导的共轭方程是相容的。试验发现该同化系统有消除随机干扰的能力,同化效果好。在同化过程中,系统是先同化大尺度信息,然后逐步同化中小尺度信息。     

数值模式初值的敏感性程度对四维同化的影响

用著名的Ｌｏｒｅｎｚ系统作了共轭变分同化的数值试验。发现随着模式对初值敏感性程度的增加，用这种方法得到和模式相协调的初始场愈来愈困难，直到某些情况下的完全失败。这表明四维同化和可预报期限是联系在一起的。另一方面，随着方程不精确程度的增加，变分同化的效果愈来愈差，直到所做的预报无任何意义可言。如果在做变分同化的同时对模式参数也进行反演，就可使得基于Ｌｏｒｅｎｚ系统所做的预报效果大大提高。     

动态权重粒子群算法在含“开关”过程四维变分资料同化中的有效应用

粒子群优化算法(Particle Swarm Optimization,PSO)由于其编码简单,易于实施而发展迅速,PSO的性能取决于两个重要因素:惯性权重和学习因子.通过合理设计这两个参数,将动态权重的PSO应用于含有不连续“开关”过程的变分资料同化.为检验算法的有效性,针对一个简化的含不连续开关过程的偏微分方程,操作了3种比较同化数值试验,即基于传统伴随方法,遗传算法(GA)和动态权重的PSO的变分同化.结果显示,当控制方程含有开关时,使用PSO的变分同化结果的质量上明显优于其他两种方法,且PSO的性能更加稳定.对观测误差及模式误差的敏感性试验结果显示PSO方法具有更强的鲁棒性.PSO同化的效果与算法中参数的选取有关,采用好的参数设置能获得更好的同化结果.     

对中尺度遥感资料进行四维同化的共轭方法及其数值研究

本文探讨了数值天气预报过程中对非定时观测的常规遥感气象资料进行四维同化，形成预报初始场的新途径，把数值预报初始场的形成提为数学上的一类反问题，运用数值模式及其共轭方程对象气资料进行变分同化的共轭方法，使众多观测资料的四维同化与时变的动力模型在初始场的形成过程中统一考察，克服了以往一些方法的局限性，从理论和数值角度证明该方法的可行性，表明该方法有可能作为发展一个新的初值方案的雏形，有潜在的应用价值。     

一种同时修正模式方程中参数的变分同化方案：基于Lorentz系统的研究

本文用Ｌｏｒｅｎｔｚ系统作了共轭变分同化的数值试验。结果表明，随着方程中误差的增加，变分同化的效果会越来越差，直到所作的预报试验无任何意义，在做变分同化时，对模式参数同时进行了反演，即在求得最佳初值的同时对模式方程中的一些系数也进行了某些修正，使得基于Ｌｏｒｅｎｔｚ系统所做的预报效果大大提高。     

有限区域变分四维同化系统的设计和试验

使用共轭码技术，构造了中尺度模式的伴随模式，研究了模式侧边界条件。基于伴随模式技术的原理，设计了伴随同化和Derber同化方法两套方案；下降算法采用共轭梯度法，使用准真实资料，进行子同化数值试验和预报试验。结果表明，两套同化方案都取得了一定的同化效果，Derber同化方法比伴随同化更令人满意。证明了变分同化是提高预报准确率的一种非常有效的手段。     

非线性滤波在含“开关”过程的资料同化中的应用研究

利用一个描述实际数值天气预报模式中比湿在单格线上随时间发展的偏微分方程作为控制方程,研究分析了非线性滤波方法在含开关过程的资料同化中的有效性和可行性。首先在贝叶斯理论框架下,讨论了一般情形的非线性滤波方法,然后对基于粒子滤波(PF)和基于集合卡尔曼滤波(EnKF)的两种同化方法进行对比,由于EnKF是通过对集合成员的统计分析得到的误差分布的一阶矩和二阶矩来近似真实误差分布的,所以当用高斯分布近似真实误差分布所产生的误差较大时,基于EnKF的同化方法得到的结果也会有较大的误差。最后分别从观测算子为线性和非线性、观测误差为高斯型和非高斯型4种情形进行数值试验,结果显示当观测误差为高斯型时,无论观测算子为线性还是非线性,基于PF和基于EnKF的同化方法都能克服由开关过程给资料同化带来的困难,给出满意的同化结果;而当观测误差为非高斯型时,EnKF出现滤波不稳定,产生了非理想的同化结果,但PF方法仍然能够有效地发挥作用,给出满意的同化结果。     

多普勒雷达资料四维变分同化

文章从理论上分析了多普勒雷达资料的四维同化。阐述多普勒雷达资料四维同化的主要过程及其基本思路。着重论述多普勒雷达资料四维变分分析系统(4D-VDRAS)的原理和方法,以及价值函数,共轭方程、伴随方程和多普勒雷达数据处理、Barnes插值技术和4D-VDRAS的应用。     

天气预报和气候模拟的数值模式的计算问题(续)

五、数值积分方法 1.微分方程的类型流型的演变可以从某个t=t_0时刻的初始条件出发,通过将有关的预报方程对时间的积分来决定。因为这些微分方程是非线性的,不容易求出解析解,所以我们必须借助于数值方法。数值方法是随微分方程的类型而异的。微分方程有两种主要类型——常微分方程和偏微分方程。前者只含一个自变量及其全导数,后者有几个自变量和偏导数。大尺度预报方程的一些重要的数值问题包含在形式为     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;