沙尘暴电效应的实验观测研究

利用国内大型风沙物理风洞实验模拟沙尘暴电现象,研究风沙起电机理,结果表 明,不同风速下不同沙粒会产生不同极性的电场强度和电位效应,风沙电随风速增大而增强 ,且随沙粒度增大而减小. 在沙漠区的16m,8m,4m和1m高度上观测到27次不同沙尘暴天气 过程的电场和风速随时间变化. 结果表明, 在晴天4个高度上的电场均为小正电场值,电场 随高度降低而减小,最大电场强度在5kV/m以下,日风速变化对各层电场起伏没有较大影响 . 有沙尘天气,各高度上的电场强度随风速变化而变化. 16m高度上电场均为负值,平均值 为 -20kV/m;中层8m 电场一般为较高正电场值,达到10～40kV/m,与16m高度上电场呈反相 关;下层1m 电场值变化一般很小,在1kV/m以下. 在强沙尘暴天气4个高度上的电场均为负 电值,电场值随高度降低而减小,16m高度上最大平均电场强度达到-200kV/m以上,瞬时值 超过 -2500kV/m,与晴天电场矢量相反.     

Desert evolution and climatic changes in the Tarim River basin since 12 ka BP

Climatic changes in the Tarim River basin since 12 kaBP were divided into four stages based on the analyses of sedimentary phase, the features of some climatic and environmental biomarks in the sedimentary strata and desert evolution. During the Holocene, cool-dry and temperate-dry climates resulted in apparent alluvial-fluvial and weak aeolian activities. During 10–8 kaBP, the climate was dry and cold, large-scale sand dunes activities led to regional deeert expansion. During the hypsithermal (8–3 kaBP), the climate was dry and warm, shifting sand areas decreased and a lot of sand dunes were fixed along the banks of the Tarim River and its tributaries, lowlands and lakes. As a result, fluvial-alluvial areas increased. Since 3 kaBP, the aeolian activity and sandstorms have been enhancing due to the combined influences of climatic warming and illogicill exploitation of land and water resources. The climate in the Tarim River basin have been persistently dry and alternated by warm and cold periods. Consequently, the sedimentary environments have varied fmm desert steppe to desert, and strongly influenced by periphery mountains and global climatic fluctuations.     

DC-induced acoustic emission in saturated sand models of sedimentary rock

The results of laboratory experimental studies of the DC-induced acoustic emission (AE) in saturated sand models of sedimentary rock are presented. It is shown that direct current acting on a geological medium generates acoustic vibrations in it. The experimental methodology is based on recording acoustic pulses generated by the rock model (sample) when the electric field is applied. The amplitude-frequency parameters of the AE signals depend on petrophysical properties of the solid phase, on the salinity of porous medium, and the electric field (current intensity and voltage). The above research is the first step towards the full identification of the characteristics of the AE signals generated by rocks in a DC electric field.     

Dynamic characteristics of spring sandstorms in 2000

Systematical analyses of spring sandstorms in 2000 affecting Beijing area are carried out. Results revealed the key dynamic mechanisms of dust storm during its mobilization, lifting, horizontal advection and deposition processes. It turns out that in the processes of sandstorms influencing Beijing area in March–April 2000, the dynamic conditions for dust mobilization are significantly correlated with phenomena, such as cold air-related climatic activities, clay soils area of North China and surface friction velocity anomaly. The characteristics of sandstorm can be described by composite mode of dust particles mobilization-lifting-long-range transport. This paper will provide scientific evidences for further studies, prediction and harness of sandstorms in China.     

水平螺旋度与沙尘暴的动力学关系研究

应用2002～2006年高空流场和地面观测资料,计算近地面至500 hPa水平螺旋度的大小.结果表明：水平螺旋度负值中心值越大,500 hPa到近地面风速越大,西风增强,风速垂直切变越大,辐合上升运动越强,形成沙尘暴的强度就越强.水平螺旋度负值中心常常在河西走廊附近最强,导致其下游东南方发生沙尘暴.水平螺旋度负值中心与其下游沙尘暴发生强度有一致的对应关系：当水平螺旋度负值中心≤-200 m²/s²时,未来24小时内该区下游将有沙尘天气出现,当≤-600 m²/s²时,6小时内该区下游将有能见度小于500 m的强沙尘暴天气出现,当≤-1000 m²/s²时,6小时内该区下游将有能见度小于50 m的特强沙尘暴天气出现.     

全方位自然电场观测方法和观测技术研究

自然电场是一种物理意义比较明确, 变化(孕震)机理相对明晰的地球物理场, 在矿产资源勘探、 水文地质勘测等领域有着比较广泛的应用, 在地震监测领域也有了多年的探索和实践. 本文在初步研究全方位自然电场观测方法的基础上, 重点分析和讨论了基于全方位自然电场观测技术, 包括一种Pb-PbCl₂不极化电极、 多测道高精度数据测量、 网络控制与数据通信等组件和模块的基本原理和技术实现方法, 便携式设计和环境温度适应能力的技术实现途径等, 并对天津市静海地震台的自然电场试验观测系统及观测数据进行了简要介绍和分析讨论. 结果表明: ① 全方位自然电场观测方法能够捕捉到各个方向自然电场及其随时间的变化; ② 自然电场观测技术系统能够配合全方位自然电场观测方法, 在360°范围内开展自然电场及其随时间变化的动态变化测量, 具有较高的观测精度、 较强的抗干扰能力和观测环境适应能力; ③ 天津市静海地震台的试验观测系统记录到了可能与周边水系的季节性变化有关的自然电场全方位变化.      

Electric Field Effects on Animals:Mechanism of Seismic Anomalous Animal Behaviors (SAABs)

Electric field effect on animals has been studied to investigate its relation with seismic anomalous animal behaviors(SAABs)in China.Freshwater eel,crucian carp,catfish,and soft-shelled turtle responded to the threshold electric field of 1-10 V/m,while duck,goose,cat,sheep,pig,dog,and chicken all responded to the ground electric field of about tens of V/m,depending on the species as well as on individuals.Most of the behaviors caused by electric field were similar to those reported as SAABs such as alignment,sudden movement,panic,and convulsion.The intensity of electric field due to a major earthquake would have been over these threshold values.Numerical estimation based on an electromagnetic model of a fault has been made to induce SAABs as electric shocks to pulsed electric fields in electro-physiology.The seismic electric signals(SES)intensity might be estimated from the observation of SAABs.     

Weimer电场模式在地球磁层内的特征

地球磁层中的电场是研究磁层物理的重要参数,目前常用的对流电场有均匀晨昏电场和投影电场.电离层电场可以看做磁层电场沿磁力线在电离层的投影,本文选取的电离层电场模型为Weimer(2001模式)电场.利用T96磁场模式,沿磁力线将电离层电场投影到磁层空间,得到一个新的磁层电场模式,并讨论了磁暴、行星际磁场(IMF)、太阳风参数和亚暴等对磁层电场的影响.利用该模型计算的电场结果与卫星探测结果相符.     

A model for simulating the response of runoff from the mountainous watersheds of inland river basins in the arid area of northwest China to climatic changes

The subaerial tidal sand area in the northern Jiangsu Province (Subei), stretching from Dongtai towards east with a fan shape, is an early developing stage of radial sand ridges distributed in the South Yellow Sea. Since 5000–6000 a BP, after the Holocene transgression maximum in the northern Jiangsu Province, subaqueous tidal sand bodies were exposed and changed into land gradually. The environmental magnetism analysis shows that subaerial tidal sand strata are formed by the convergent-divergent paleo-tidal current field. The sediment source of tidal sand strata came early from the Changjiang River and late from the Yellow River. Sea floor erosion by tidal currents also served as an important sand source. Drilling cores and ground-penetrating profile show that there exists no probability of sand supplying directly by a large river through the apical area of tidal sand ridges either on land or in the sea. Fluvial deposits supplied the tidal sand bodies by alongshore transportation, which corresponds to the conclusions obtained by the analyses of provenance and paleocurrent field. Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 43236120 and 49676288).     

DInSAR沙漠形变监测应用研究(英文)

浑善达克沙地是我国主要的沙尘暴源区之一,近代浑善达克沙地的生态环境脆弱,沙化日益严重,已成为困扰北京沙尘的主要源头之一,严重影响了京津、乃至整个华北地区的生态安全以及当地生态、社会和经济的可持续发展,这一问题引起广泛的关注。DInSAR技术是重要的监测沙漠高程变化的技术,本文利用DInSAR技术,在对比分析6景ERS-2和EnviSat雷达图像基础上,对2004年10月26日和2005年10月11日两幅EnviSatASAR影像进行了干涉处理,经过配准、平地效应改正、滤波、相位解缠和地理编码,得到高程形变模型。根据研究结果,大部分地区高程是降低的,少数地区高程是升高的,这与2005年春天沙尘暴高强度发生的情况相一致,推广利用DInSAR技术实现沙漠地表形变监测具有重要作用。     

Electric field variations measured continuously in free air over a conductive thin zone in the tilted Lias-epsilon black shales near Osnabrück,Northwest Germany

Common studies on the static electric field distribution over a conductivity anomaly use the self-potential method. However, this method is time consuming and requires nonpolarizable electrodes to be placed in the ground. Moreover, the information gained by this method is restricted to the horizontal variations of the electric field. To overcome the limitation in the self-potential technique, we conducted a field experiment using a non conventional technique to assess the static electric field over a conductivity anomaly. We use two metallic potential probes arranged on an insulated boom with a separation of 126 cm. When placed into the electric field of the free air, a surface charge will be induced on each probe trying to equalize with the potential of the surrounding atmosphere. The use of a plasma source at both probes facilitated continuous and quicker measurement of the electric field in the air. The present study shows first experimental measurements with a modified potential probe technique (MPP) along a 600-meter-long transect to demonstrate the general feasibility of this method for studying the static electric field distribution over shallow conductivity anomalies.Field measurements were carried out on a test site on top of the Bramsche Massif near Osnabrück (Northwest Germany) to benefit from a variety of available near surface data over an almost vertical conductivity anomaly. High resolution self-potential data served in a numerical analysis to estimate the expected individual components of the electric field vector.During the experiment we found more anomalies in the vertical and horizontal components of the electric field than self-potential anomalies. These contrasting findings are successfully cross-validated with conventional near surface geophysical methods. Among these methods, we used self-potential, radiomagnetotelluric, electric resistivity tomography and induced polarization data to derive 2D conductivity models of the subsurface in order to infer the geometrical properties and the origin of the conductivity anomaly in the survey area. The presented study demonstrates the feasibility of electric field measurements in free air to detect and study near surface conductivity anomalies. Variations in Ez correlate well with the conductivity distribution obtained from resistivity methods. Compared to the self-potential technique, continuously free air measurements of the electric field are more rapid and of better lateral resolution combined with the unique ability to analyze vertical components of the electric field which are of particular importance to detect lateral conductivity contrasts. Mapping Ez in free air is a good tool to precisely map lateral changes of the electric field distribution in areas where SP generation fails. MPP offers interesting application in other geophysical techniques e.g. in time domain electromagnetics, DC and IP.With this method we were able to reveal a ca. 150 m broad zone of enhanced electric field strength.     

热传导测井方法检测油气

本文通过对孔隙介质中热源传热的数学物理方程分析，并结合沙桶中热源传热物理试验，发现在对储层加热过程中，油气层中点热源处的温度与水层（或干层）中点热源处的温度相比增温的速度明显地快，而在加热过程后，油气层中点热源处的温度与水层（或干层）中点热源处的温度相比降低的慢。据此提出用人工热源（炸药热源、电热源等）对地层进行加热，然后测量井中温度的动态变化，据此思想，提出了一种从孔隙介质传热出发解释油气层、预测油气产能的传热测井新方法。     

Redevelopment of liftoff rates of saltating sand grains based on a simple optimization model

This paper is a redevelopment result of liftoff rates of saltating sand grains based on our previous work.Aeolian sand flow is a complex multi-phase flow because of a special two-phase gas-solid flow near ground surface.Despite extensive research on the movement of blowing sand,no model fully characterizes aeolian sand flow,and large differences often exist between simulations of aeolian sand movement and field observations.One key problem is a few of sufficient research on liftoff rates of saltating sand g...     

地震电磁波发射的一种机制

本文介绍用天然石英岩块等所进行的电磁波发射实验.得到了频段范围和强度.提出岩层突然破裂和断层两侧岩石剧烈摩擦是产生地震电磁波的一种重要机制,其机理是石英晶体破碎时,电偶极子群的产生和消失.      

地震废墟中人体心脏电场信号的提取

基于人体心脏电场信号的生命探测仪是目前最先进的生命探测仪,其困难之处在于从地震废墟中提取微弱的心脏电场信号。本文主要分析地震废墟中可能出现的对人体电场有干扰的信号情况,提出如何接收废墟中微弱的超低频心脏电场信号,并根据人体心脏电场的特征设计特殊滤波器滤除干扰信号,只保留因人体心脏跳动而产生的360度扩展的超低频非均匀电场。     

A field experiment on the role of small scale wind gustiness in aeolian sand transport

Estimates of aeolian sand transport generally use an average wind speed to assess the wind energy. To determine if variation in small-scale wind gustiness (on the order of several seconds duration) has a significant effect on sand movement, detailed field measurements were made of wind speed and transport rate. Average wind speed and several gust parameters were derived from the wind data. The results indicate that small-scale gust information does not improve prediction of transport rates.     

极光区离子分布函数视线方向上的解析解及其饱和现象

以弛豫碰撞模式下Boltzmann方程的解为基础，从极光区视线方向上离子的非Maxwell一维速度分布函数的Raman等人的积分解出发，导出了一维速度分布函数的解析形式解，给出了它的一些特性，并研究了该分布函数随电场增强而出现的饱和现象，给出了物理解释，计算了几种情况下的饱和电场值．     

VLF RESISTIVITY MAPPING AND VERTICALIZATION OF THE ELECTRIC FIELD1

For over 20 years, powerful VLF transmitters have been used as electromagnetic sources for subsurface investigations in mining exploration. Measurements initially concerned the vertical component of the magnetic field or the inclination of the field and were later extended to measurement of the horizontal electric field in the direction of the transmitter, to determine the resistivity of the terrain. Measurement of the electric field is usually performed with electric lines, grounded or not, with lengths of at least 5 m. This paper presents the concept of a VLF resistivity meter with a very short electric sensor (1 m) and the results obtained with it. This technique improves the measurement of the electric field, which is in principle a point value. It also permits a higher spatial sampling rate and, by closely linking the electric sensor with the magnetic sensor on a lightweight mount, makes it possible for the instrument to be used by a single operator. In addition, transformation of the electric field data, analogous to reduction to the pole in magnetism, is proposed to correct the horizontal deformation of the anomalies created by polarization of the primary field. Comparison with direct current electrical measurements shows highly satisfactory correlations. This transformation, validated for VLF, can be extended to any electrical or electromagnetic method using a uniform primary field, i.e. gradient array in direct current or low-frequency magnetotellurics. We call this verticalization of the electric field. Resistivity measurements and mapping using the VLF frequency range can be applied not only to mining but also to a wide range of shallow geophysical studies (hydrology, civil engineering, etc.) and are not limited to problems concerning the location of conductive targets     

A convection-conduction model for analysis of the freeze-thaw conditions in the surrounding rock wall of a tunnel in permafrost regions

The results of simulated tidal current field, wave field and storm-induced current field are employed to interpret the depositional dynamic mechanism of formation and evolution of the radial sand ridges on the Yellow Sea door. The anticlockwise rotary tidal wave to the south of Shandong Peninsula meets the following progressive tidal wave from the South Yellow Sea, forming a radial current field outside Jianggang. This current field provides a necessary dynamic condition for the formation and existence of the radial sand ridges on the Yellow Sea seafloor. The results of simulated “old current field (holocene)” show that there existed a convergent-divergent tidal zone just outside the palaeo-Yangtze River estuary where a palaeo-underwater accumulation was developed. The calculated results from wave models indicate that the wave impact on the topography, under the condition of high water level and strong winds, is significant. The storm current induced by typhoons landing in the Yangtze River estuary and turning away to the sea can have an obvious influence, too, on the sand ridges. The depmitional dynamic mechanism of formation and evolution of the radial sand ridges on the Yellow Sea seafloor is “tidal current-induced formation—storm-induced chang—tidal current-induced recovery”. Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 49236120).     

基于电场总场矢量有限元法的接地长导线源三维正演

电磁场数值模拟的背景场/异常场算法是三维正演的有效策略之一,优点为采用解析法计算电磁场背景场代替场源项、克服了场源奇异性,缺点为不适用于发射源布置于起伏地表或背景模型复杂的情形.总场算法是直接对电磁场总场开展数值模拟,其难点是有效加载场源、保证近区与过渡区数值解精度.本文以水平电偶源形式分段加载接地长导线源,并以电场总场Helmholtz方程为矢量有限元法控制方程,实现了基于非结构化四面体网格剖分的接地长导线源频率域电磁法三维正演.通过与均匀全空间中水平电偶源产生的电场解析解对比,验证了本文算法的正确性,并分析了四面体外接圆半径与其最短棱边的最大比值和四面体二面角最小值对数值解精度的影响规律.通过与块状高导体地电模型的积分方程法、有限体积法和基于磁矢量势Helmholtz方程的有限元法数值解对比,进一步验证了本文算法正确性,同时说明了非结构化四面体网格能够更加精细地剖分电性异常体,利于获得精确数值解.