东营市东辛2-4井磁性地层划分对比研究

本文通过东辛2—4井岩心样品的古地磁学研究,整段岩心呈现以正极性为主的混合极性特征。自上而下划分的布容、松山、高斯和吉尔伯特极性时和布容极性时内清晰显示出的哥德堡和布莱克亚时的界限分别位于井深28.0m、161.0m、274.5m和452.0m。据黄河口南北5个钻孔磁性地层的划分对比,长江口、苏北盆地和东营地区,吉尔伯特、高斯和布容极性时的沉积速度较快,松山极性时较慢或近于缺失;黄河口以北至河北地区,高斯极性时地层不发育,吉尔伯特、松山和布容极性时则较厚,表明它们所处的构造单元、地质基础和沉积环境有较大的不同。     

南黄海中部隆起晚新近纪—第四纪沉积序列的地层划分与沉积演化

CSDP-2孔位于南黄海中部隆起,其孔深超过2 800 m。该孔中下部中—古生代的固结成岩地层已被深入研究,但其最上部592 m未固结成岩的沉积序列尚未有研究报道。为了确定这部分沉积序列的地层划分,揭示其沉积演化历史,我们对其开展了古地磁测试、光释光测年、底栖有孔虫鉴定和沉积相分析,并与南黄海及其邻近海岸地区以往钻孔岩心分析成果进行对比研究。结果表明,CSDP-2孔0～592.00 m沉积序列最初形成于约5.2 Ma,其第四系底界位于孔深约227.91 m(年龄为2.59 Ma),下/中更新统界线位于孔深约65.23 m(年龄为0.78 Ma),中/上更新统界线位于孔深47.34 m(年龄约128 ka);自晚更新世以来形成的地层又可划分出MIS 5、MIS 4、MIS 3和MIS 1的沉积层段,MIS 2沉积缺失。南黄海中部隆起区在新近纪的剥蚀止于约5.2 Ma,从约5.2 Ma至约1.7 Ma发育河流沉积;由于浙闽隆起的逐渐沉降,约1.7 Ma发生自新生代以来的首次海侵,直至约0.83 Ma,发育潮坪—滨岸沉积与河流沉积的互层;从约0.83 Ma开始至今,浙闽隆起进一步沉降使得南黄海中部隆起区在间冰期高海平面时期的海洋环境基本接近现今环境;南黄海西部陆架在MIS 5发育范围比现今更广的冷水团沉积,在MIS 4、MIS 3早期、MIS 3晚期至MIS 2和MIS1分别依次发育河流、三角洲、河流和滨岸—内陆架环境。该沉积序列主要受控于区域构造沉降和海平面变化,其全新统、更新统及整个地层序列的沉积速率呈现依次明显下降的趋势,主要归因于地层时代越老其连续性越差,特别是晚更新世之前的地层有显著侵蚀的现象。本文的研究成果为深入理解南黄海西部陆架区晚新近纪以来的沉积环境演化进程和沉积地层的形成机制提供了新证据。     

南黄海前陆盆地系统及沉积—构造特征

典型的前陆盆地一般位于造山带和稳定克拉通之间的狭长槽地,而南黄海盆地则主要为华北—扬子地块陆陆碰撞及后期太平洋系构造运动叠加形成的"再生"陆内前陆盆地,因此具有其"特殊性"。虽然南黄海前陆盆地经过多期构造运动叠加改造及破坏,但仍然保存了比较完整的楔顶、前渊、前隆及隆后各带,故划分了各带分布的位置,认为其楔顶沉积带位于千里岩隆起、前渊带位于北部坳陷东北凹、前隆带位于其乳山凸起、隆后沉积带位于乳山凸起与中部隆起间;并从地震、沉积、构造3方面分析了各带的结构构造和沉积特征。     

三门峡地区的红粘土磁性地层及环境记录

位于黄土高原东南缘的三门峡红粘土地层，以陕县指望剖面为其典型代表。厚度为74．3m的指望剖面由上部厚34m的黄土地层和下伏厚40.3m的红粘土沉积组成，黄土为L24－L33的连续风尘沉积，下部红粘土为RS1－RS5的沉积。磁性地层研究显示：M／Ga界线位于33.8m处，黄土与红粘土界线之上20cm，Ga/Gi界线位于56.25m处的RS3中下部。该区红粘土近5Ma至2.6Ma的风尘沉积夹河湖相沉积。指望剖面的红粘土地层磁化率较黄土高原内部偏高，总体特征一致，说明近5Ma来东亚季风在区域演化上的一致性。     

西沙礁序列的磁性地层学研究

利用西沙群岛西琛一井３３０ｍ以上井段的１４９块岩心标本，用美国２－Ｇ型超导磁力仪进行了古地磁测定，获得了一个从更新世至中新世晚期包括布容，松山，高斯和吉尔伯特四个极性时及若干亚极性的磁性地层柱，为礁序列的划分对比，提供了新的依据。     

南海北部深水区盆地特征及其动力学背景

南海北部陆缘深水区指水深〉300m的陆缘盆地区,包括琼东南盆地中央坳陷带及其南部隆起区、神狐隆起南侧、珠江口盆地珠二坳陷及其南部的西沙-中沙隆起和一统暗沙隆起区（图1）,总面积超过120000km^2。2006年,从南海北部陆缘珠江口盆地白云凹陷水深1480m的荔湾构造上钻探的LW3—1—1井获得天然气重大发现,     

低层大气烃类检测预测南黄海盆地油气远景

为了预测南黄海盆地油气远景,利用最新采集的383个站位的低层大气烃类检测数据进行评价。烃类检测结果为:高值甲烷异常区主要分布在南黄海北部坳陷西南,次高值甲烷异常区主要分布在中部隆起带西部和南部坳陷中部,而南北向带状分布的甲烷异常带位于南黄海的东部。结合南黄海盆地航磁异常和部分浅地层剖面资料,认为中部隆起带东侧及紧邻的北部坳陷西南具有较好的油气远景。     

莺歌海盆地新生代构造沉积演化及动力学机制分析

南海西北陆缘构造演化极其复杂,受到红河断裂、海南地幔柱和南海形成演化等多种因素的控制。莺歌海盆地位于南海西北部,发育了巨厚的新生代沉积物,详细记录了南海西北陆缘新生代的演化历史。但是莺歌海盆地新生代以来主要受到何种构造因素的控制目前还不太清楚。本文在莺歌海盆地较为均匀地选择了7口钻井和23口模拟井,通过空盆构造沉降方法重建了莺歌海盆地的构造沉降量、构造沉降速率和沉积速率,同时运用重力反演方法模拟了莺歌海盆地深部地壳结构,并结合前人研究成果进行了综合分析。结果发现莺歌海盆地在裂陷期（45～23 Ma BP）,盆地北部和中部沉降速率较大,南部沉降速率较小;在裂后期（23～0 Ma BP）, 盆地北部和中部沉降速率存在两期“台阶式”上升,分别为23～11.7 Ma BP和11.7 Ma BP至今,北部裂后期构造沉降速率最大可达80 m/Ma,中部最大可达110 m/Ma;南部地堑和隆起裂后期分别在11.7～5.7 Ma BP和15.9～11.7 Ma BP构造沉降速率最大可达70 m/Ma。莺歌海盆地新生代整体上表现为沉降速率与沉积速率变化基本一致,说明构造沉降对沉积速率具有显著的控制作用。重力反演发现莺歌海盆地可能存在下地壳高密度异常体,结合盆地沉积物内部钻遇玄武岩,我们推测下地壳高密度异常体为基性侵入体。通过与南海周边其他沉积盆地沉降速率对比发现,几乎所有盆地都在中中新世−晚中新世（15.9～11.7 Ma BP）发生了加速沉降事件,我们认为这可能跟南海海盆停止扩张导致大陆边缘次生地幔对流消失有关。莺歌海盆地5.7 Ma BP至今的加速沉降则可能与红河断裂右旋走滑活动有关。     

渭南阎村W7孔岩心样品的古地磁学研究

对渭南阎村W7孔岩心地层样品的磁性地层学研究,确定了黄土组、三门组地层的时代。这一地区的黄土/古土壤层形成始于松山反极性时晚期,约为1.1MaB.P.。按照地层样品的剩磁特征和岩性特征对黄土/古土壤层作更精细地划分,这一地区的黄土/古土壤层相当于马兰黄土、离石黄土层,缺失午城黄土。地层的剩磁极性资料表明,三门组地层形成于高斯极性时晚期—松山极性时中期,按照奥尔都维正极性亚时为第四纪下限的年代准则,确定三门组地层的时代为晚上新世。 W7孔岩心的地层样品的剩磁极性序列与已有的地磁极性年代表的磁极性序列大体相当,本项研究也揭示了二个短周期极性事件的存在,位于第5黄土层的安比拉事件(Emperor)发生的年代约为0.445—0.458Ma B.P.。位于第9黄土层的后期哈拉米洛事件(Post-Jaramillo)发生的年代约为0.77—0.81MaB.P.。 磁性地层学研究表明这一地区在松山反极性时中晚期出现过沉积间断,持续时约0.5Ma。 根据W7孔的地层学研究认为,选择以奥尔都维正极性亚时末期的年代(1.60MaB.P.)作为第四纪下限是有利于第四纪地层的划分和对比的。     

南海北部白垩系发育特征及构造意义

通过综合分析研究发现,晚中生代时期南海北部构造隆升带存在随时间由北向南逐步迁移:中晚侏罗世广东沿岸开始逐步隆升,大部分地区遭受剥蚀,火山碎屑岩发育,而南海北部则接受了滨浅海相到深海相沉积;早白垩世隆升带向海迁移,广东沿岸发育山间盆地,接受河湖相沉积,在南海北部深海相沉积消失,仅存在海陆过渡相沉积;进入晚白垩世,南海海域整体发生抬升,广东沿岸地区山间盆地范围扩大,陆相地层发育,以陆相洪积扇及河湖相沉积为特征,南海海域大部分地区缺失上白垩统,但在潮汕坳陷发育了一套杂色砂泥岩夹砾岩沉积,含蒸发岩,砂岩中的锆石FT年龄均在75 Ma左右,故地层形成时间应在75 Ma之后,由于上覆新生代地层的约束,该套地层应属晚白垩世,此时潮汕坳陷属前陆盆地,礼乐盆地、巴拉望及民都洛均位于潮汕坳陷南侧或西南侧,属于隆升山脉的一部分。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.