基于SWCC试验数据的坝体非饱和非稳态渗流与稳定性研究

饱和-非饱和状态是土存在于自然界的真实状态,描述和解释这种状态的非饱和土力学理论在土石坝渗流、污染物传输、冻土渗流相变、边坡和路基稳定性分析等领域有着广泛的应用。非饱和土的土水特征曲线(SWCC)是非饱和土力学研究的基本内容之一,对非饱和土体渗流和稳定性分析至关重要。采用Python语言开发了非饱和渗流与稳定性分析软件包USSA和非饱和土土水特征曲线试验数据处理和模型拟合界面。对非饱和土的土水特征曲线数据进行处理,以模型拟合参数作为基本输入进行非饱和渗流场的模拟,再到非饱和土的稳定性分析,详细呈现了非饱和土渗流与稳定性分析及软件开发的全过程。基于SWCC模型的拟合参数对坝体渗流稳定性进行了分析,分析结果表明水位变化过程中坝体两侧斜坡具有明显不同的稳定性演化规律。当采用有限元强度折减法进行非饱和土斜坡稳定性分析时,最终安全系数为所有边坡安全系数演化曲线的最低包络线。     

降雨入渗条件下非饱和土边坡稳定分析

针对降雨入渗土坡的稳定问题,建立一个考虑水力渗透系数特征曲线、土-水特征曲线以及修正的Mohr-Coulomb破坏准则的非饱和土流固耦合有限元计算模型,进行雨水入渗下非饱和土边坡渗流场和应力场耦合的数值模拟,得到非饱和土边坡变形与应力的若干重要规律。研究成果为降雨入渗条件下非饱和土边坡的稳定分析提供了基础。     

雨水入渗对非饱和土坡稳定性影响的参数研究

很多国家和地区的斜坡失稳与雨水入渗有密切关系。通过参数分析研究可以深化对这种关系的认识和理解,因而对滑坡灾害的预测和预防有重要意义。针对香港地区一种典型非饱和土斜坡,用有限元法模拟雨水入渗引起的暂态渗流场,然后将计算得到的暂态孔隙水压力分布用于斜坡的极限平衡分析。计算中采用延伸的摩尔－库伦破坏准则以便考虑基质吸力对抗剪强度的贡献,研究了降雨特征、水文地质条件及坡面防渗处理等因素对暂态渗流场和斜坡安全因数的影响。数值模拟结果表明：降雨强度、降雨历时和雨型对暂态渗流场及斜坡稳定性有明显的影响;土体的渗透系数,尤其是渗透系数各向异性的影响特别显著;斜坡中相对隔水层的存在以及斜坡防渗护面的效果等因素的影响均不容忽视。     

膨胀土边坡非饱和渗流及渐进性破坏耦合分析

膨胀土边坡受降雨影响产生膨胀变形,是典型的非饱和土多场耦合问题。为探究降雨入渗对其渐进性破坏的失稳过程,基于饱和-非饱和渗流理论、膨胀土弹塑性本构关系和应变软化理论,利用应变软化模型、FLAC3D二次开发平台和内置FISH语言,提出了一种综合考虑非饱和渗流、膨胀变形和应变软化的多场耦合数值分析法。结合工程实例,通过该方法探讨了降雨入渗条件下膨胀土边坡非饱和渗流、位移响应及渐进性破坏的变化规律。结果表明:膨胀变形和应变软化受控于非饱和渗流的时空分布,对边坡位移响应过程影响显著,也易导致饱和-非饱和分界带形成剪应力集中区。膨胀土边坡渐进性破坏由局部破坏转变为整体性失稳,其塑性破坏区首先随悬挂型暂态饱和区的变化向坡内扩展,雨后逐渐形成第二条由坡脚向坡顶扩展的滑动带,呈现出多重滑动性和后退牵引式的破坏特征。     

降雨条件下滴水崖Ⅰ号滑坡瞬态稳定性分析

根据选定的实测月降雨资料,利用径流渗流耦合理论,对滴水崖Ⅰ号滑坡进行了降雨入渗坡体渗流场数值计算。利用非饱和土强度理论,基于GLE通用条分法,分别利用天然状态强度参数和饱和状态强度参数计算了其安全系数,并对其稳定性进行了评价,为瞬态稳定性分析提供了基准。然后调用不同降雨时段的径流渗流计算结果对滑坡瞬态稳定性进行了计算和分析,研究了水分在坡体内的运移对滑坡稳定性的时间空间影响,同时分析了降雨入渗对坡体岩土渗透特性造成的影响和对坡面径流的影响。     

连续降雨作用下非饱和土边坡的稳定性分析

在边坡稳定性研究中,吸力的影响经常被忽略。基于非饱和土的渗流理论,利用数值分析方法研究了一个由于连续降雨导致的非饱和土边坡失稳的工程实例。研究结果表明:非饱和土的吸力对于维持边坡稳定具有重要影响,而吸力与降雨频率、降雨量、降雨时间、蒸发量等密切相关。对于工程实践而言,吸力的监测对于维持土坡稳定具有重要意义。     

渗透性与降雨强度对堆积层滑坡稳定性的影响

本文基于非饱和渗流理论及非饱和土的Fredlund双应力变量强度理论,对一沿岩土接触面滑动的堆积层滑坡模型,分别进行了8种条件下的降雨入渗数值模拟试验,研究了不同土体渗透性及降雨强度对滑坡稳定性的影响。结果表明:(1)堆积层滑坡的稳定性与土体的渗透性有密切关系,在降雨后的短期内,土体渗透性越好,滑面孔隙水压力升高越明显,滑坡的稳定性降低程度越大;(2)降雨期间,埋深较浅的滑面,入渗雨水能够较快到达,对滑坡稳定性的影响较大;(3)在相同的降雨时间内,降雨强度越大,滑坡稳定性降低速率越快;(4)降雨强度影响着滑坡发生的滞后性,在降雨总量一定的条件下,若降雨强度较大,雨停后,滑坡稳定性继续下降的程度较大;(5)降雨总量控制着滑坡的最终稳定性。     

Strength reduction FEM in stability analysis of soil slopes subjected to transient unsaturated seepage

The instability of soil slopes induced by the fluctuation of water level or rainfall has received much attention in the literature recently and the failure mechanism is closely related to the change of matric suction of unsaturated soils. Such a change is basically induced by unsaturated transient seepage. The traditional approach for estimating the stability of slopes subjected to unsaturated transient seepage is based on the limit equilibrium method (LEM). The limit equilibrium approach is limited by assumptions about analysis method and failure mechanism. In order to overcome those limitations, a finite element method with shear strength reduction technique (SSRFEM) has been successfully applied to the slope stability analysis in absence of seepage. The main objective of this paper is to extend the use of the strength reduction FEM to include the effects of unsaturated transient seepage and some primary numerical results concerning the stability of an earth dam under rapid drawdown are presented. Emphasis has been given to comparison of the safety factors obtained by LEM and SSRFEM. Topics for the further research in this area are also suggested.     

降雨作用下煤系土路堑边坡稳定分析

基于掌握的降雨气象资料,利用非饱和瞬态渗流有限元程序对开挖后和风化后两种情况下的煤系土路堑边坡进行了降雨入渗坡体渗流场数值计算和分析。依据非饱和土力学强度理论,基于Morgenstern-Price方法,调用不同降雨时间的渗流计算结果,对两种情况下煤系土路堑边坡的瞬态稳定性进行了计算和分析。研究结果表明,水分在风化煤系土路堑边坡体内的渗透迁移对路堑边坡稳定性和最危险滑动面有时空影响;在煤系土路堑边坡降雨入渗和稳定性分析中考虑风化层较为合理。     

考虑前期降雨过程的边坡稳定性分析

基于三峡库区实测降雨资料,研究了不同初始条件对不同土体边坡稳定性影响,建议了能够反映边坡含水状态的初始条件选取方法。在此基础上,采用非饱和渗流分析方法研究了前期降雨对不同土体边坡稳定性影响,以典型的砂土和黏土边坡为例初步探索了前期降雨对边坡稳定性影响规律。结果表明：初始条件对不同土体边坡稳定性影响不同;建议将多年平均降雨量对应的稳态渗流场作为初始条件进行非饱和渗流分析。边坡土体渗透系数越低,边坡稳定性受前期降雨的影响越大、影响时间也越长。砂土和黏土边坡稳定性分析时建议至少考虑15 d以上的前期降雨,对于砂土边坡还应根据这15 d前面5 d的降雨情况确定是否需要增加计算天数。短历时高强度前期降雨对砂土边坡稳定性影响更大,而长历时低强度前期降雨对黏土边坡稳定性影响更大。累积前期降雨量可以作为判断边坡最小安全系数出现时刻的依据。砂土边坡出现最小安全系数时刻与10 d累积前期降雨量最大的时刻较为吻合,而黏土边坡则与15 d累积前期降雨量最大的时刻较为吻合。     

Rainfall thresholds for landslide early warning system in Nakhon Si Thammarat

Transient seepage in unsaturated soil slope is one of the significant triggering factors in rainfall-induced landslides. Rainfall infiltration leads to the decrease in stabilizing effect because of increased positive pore-water pressures. SEEP/W and SLOPE/W used in this study have been widely employed to describe frameworks for understanding transient seepage in soil slope, and to perform slope stability analyses, respectively. The study area is in Sichon District in Nakhon Si Thammarat Province, southern Thailand. A landslide there was investigated by modeling the process of rainfall infiltration under positive and negative pore-water pressures and their effects on slope stability. GIS (Geographic Information System) and geotechnical laboratory results were used as input parameters. The van Genuchten’s soil water characteristic curve and unsaturated permeability function were used to estimate surface infiltration rates. An average rainfall was derived from 30-year monthly rainfall data between 1981 and 2011 in this area reported by the Thailand Royal Irrigation Department. For transient condition, finite element analysis in SEEP/W was employed to model fluctuations in pore-water pressure during a rainfall, using the computed water infiltration rates as surface boundary conditions. SLOPE/W employing Bishop simplified method was then carried out to compute their factors of safety, and antecedent precipitation indices (API) calculated. Heterogeneous slope at the site became unstable at an average critical API (API_cr) of 380 mm, agreeing well with the actual value of 388 mm.     

考虑吸湿膨胀及软化的膨胀土边坡稳定性分析

膨胀土是一种具有显著的吸水膨胀和失水收缩特性的特殊黏性土,暴露于大气中的膨胀土边坡处于连续的干湿循环过程中,在降雨条件下极不稳定。基于饱和-非饱和渗流理论,对降雨条件下膨胀土边坡的非饱和渗流过程和吸湿过程进行了数值模拟。编写了相应的FORTRAN语言程序,考虑了渗流过程中基质吸力变化、渗流软化和吸湿膨胀的影响,分析了强度衰减、渗流软化和湿胀对膨胀土边坡整体稳定性的影响。结果表明,在降雨作用下,经过多次干湿循环后,膨胀土边坡的破坏模式为浅层牵引式崩塌,破坏面位于风化区,与普通黏性土边坡的深层圆弧滑坡有较大区别。在考虑湿胀软化效应后,边坡最大位移增大了一个数量级,稳定性系数显著降低,膨胀性是边坡浅层滑坡的主要原因。研究结果较好地解释了膨胀土滑坡特有的牵引性、反复滑动性和浅层破坏性。     

降雨入渗对土坡稳定性影响分析

在饱和-非饱和渗流理论基础上,从降雨强度、前期降雨总量、不同的土坡坡度以及是否考虑植被护坡等方面对大气降雨条件下土坡的稳定性进行了探讨.分析结果表明,在土体饱和渗透系数一定的条件下,强降雨对土坡稳定系数影响显著;土坡越陡,降雨强度大小对土坡安全性影响就俞显突出;土坡表层植物根系的存在影响非饱和区渗流场分布,可以延缓非饱和区含水量的增大,土坡稳定系数得到提高.     

Influence of the spatial variability of shear strength parameters on rainfall induced landslides: a case study of sandstone slope in Japan

Rainfall-induced landslides frequently occur in humid temperate regions worldwide. Research activity in understanding the mechanism of rainfall-induced landslides has recently focused on the probability of slope failure involving non-homogeneous soil profiles. This paper presents probabilistic analyses to assess the stability of unsaturated soil slope under rainfall. The influence of the spatial variability of shear strength parameters on the probability of rainfall-induced slope failure is conducted by means of a series of seepage and stability analyses of an infinite slope based on random fields. A case study of shallow failure located on sandstone slopes in Japan is used to verify the analysis framework. The results confirm that a probabilistic analysis can be efficiently used to qualify various locations of failure surface caused by spatial variability of soil shear strength for a shallow infinite slope failure due to rainfall.     

基于FLAC3D平台的边坡非饱和降雨入渗分析

为研究降雨入渗条件下三维边坡渗流场的变化过程,在全面研究FLAC3D软件渗流分析模块功能及算法的基础上,通过编写FISH函数完善了FLAC3D软件的非饱和渗流计算功能。基于降雨入渗机制的分析,编写了降雨入渗及停雨出渗边界的FISH函数,实现边坡三维降雨入渗过程的模拟。通过降雨条件下算例边坡的饱和非饱和渗流场变化过程的数值计算,研究了降雨入渗引起的边坡暂态饱和区变化过程,并与已有研究成果进行对比分析,从而验证了自编FISH函数实现边坡三维非饱和渗流计算结果的正确性。研究成果表明,文中提出的边坡三维非饱和降雨入渗分析是可行的,同时也为三维边坡非饱和渗流场的研究提供了一条有益的途径。     

Influence of Unsaturated Soil Properties Uncertainty on Moisture Flow Modeling

The quality of a numerical modeling solution of moisture flow through unsaturated soil, in part, depends on properly described unsaturated soil properties. The variability of the Soil Water Characteristic Curve, SWCC, is attributed to hysteresis and reproducibility of measurement. Because the unsaturated conductivity function is rarely directly measured, the variability of the unsaturated soil hydraulic conductivity function is attributed to the uncertainty associated with the estimation of this parameter with currently available fitting functions, and hence a range of reasonable variation was considered. One-dimensional modeling of expansive soil under dry initial conditions (suction of 1,500 kPa) was performed; both potential evaporation and infiltration boundary conditions were considered. It was found that small variations in the unsaturated soil hydraulic conductivity function result in significantly different modeling outputs, as expected, while substential variation in SWCC alone (assuming the same unsaturated soil hydraulic conductivity for all SWCCs) produced almost identical soil response in terms of soil suction when the slope of the SWCC is similiar. Thus, proper characterization of the slope of the SWCC is important to proper suction profile determination.     

土质边坡的饱和−非饱和渗流分析及特殊应力修正

基于连续多孔介质原理与混合体原理引入流?固耦合模型,采用FISH语言编制程序,建立了初始渗流场设置函数、饱和?非饱和渗流分析模块、特殊应力修正模块以及非饱和单元抗剪强度修正模块,实现了利用FLAC3D进行饱和?非饱和渗流分析,同时基于饱和?非饱和渗流场修正非饱和区土体单元的有效应力以及抗剪强度,完成了将FLAC3D中饱和土流?固耦合计算原理扩展到非饱和土中。在二次开发的分析模块基础上对Liakopoulos砂柱排水试验进行数值模拟,验证了计算模型和计算程序的正确性。同时也研究了降雨入渗对土质边坡的渗流场、位移场以及稳定性演变过程的影响,揭示了降雨诱发边坡失稳的机制。     

Response parameters for characterization of infiltration

Rainwater infiltration is of particular interest with respect to slope stability hazard management. The process of rainfall infiltration into unsaturated soil is complex due to the number of soil parameters involved and the random nature of moisture flux boundary conditions. In this paper, the effect of rainfall intensity on infiltration is investigated through the use of finite element seepage modeling for a 5 m high soil column subjected to various rainfall intensities. The numerical modeling study identified three response parameters that can be used to describe one-dimensional infiltration into an unsaturated soil. The response parameters are the depth of wetting front, the matric suction reduction depth, and the sectional infiltration rate. The practical application of the rainfall response parameters in slope stability analysis is illustrated.     

地下水位上升下黄土斜坡稳定性分析

黄土高原一些地区,由于塬上引水灌溉使得地下水位不断抬升,造成黄土滑坡频繁发生。地下水位变化严重影响着黄土斜坡的稳定性。基于饱和-非饱和渗流理论和延伸的摩尔-库伦破坏准则,结合室内饱和和非饱和试验结果,针对泾阳南塬一典型黄土斜坡,考虑地下水位上升情况下,对其进行了瞬态饱和-非饱和渗流分析;然后将计算得到的瞬态孔隙水压力分布用于斜坡的极限平衡分析。结果表明:地下水位上升对暂态渗流场和斜坡稳定性有明显影响;考虑非饱和渗流和吸力强度的边坡稳定分析方法更加符合实际情况。     

Water characteristic curve of soil with bimodal grain-size distribution

Soil–water characteristic curve (SWCC) is the most fundamental and important soil property in unsaturated soil mechanics. It has been used for analyzing slope stability due to the infiltration of rainfall into slopes and water flow in unsaturated embankments. Generally, SWCC is obtained by laboratory tests. However high cost, long duration and difficulty of the tests impede the application of unsaturated soil mechanics to practical design or analysis. Therefore, several equations have been developed to predict the SWCC using grain-size distribution (GSD) curve. However, most of the equations were limited to soils with unimodal characteristics and the parameters of the equations are not related to the physical properties of the soil. In this paper, an equation to predict SWCC for soils with bimodal characteristics is proposed. The parameters of the proposed equation are related to the physical properties of soil and the variables of SWCC closely. The proposed equation is evaluated with data from the literature and laboratory tests carried out in this study. In addition, the computer codes for the computation of the predicted bimodal SWCC are presented.