三峡库区树坪滑坡变形失稳机制分析

树坪滑坡自2003年三峡水库蓄水以来,就一直持续变形。为了对其稳定性及变形发展趋势进行评价和预测,有必要对其变形失稳机制进行深入研究。为此,采用现场地质调查和勘探的方法确定了滑坡的形态和性质;充分挖掘变形监测数据,详细分析了滑坡的变形特征。在此基础上,深入研究了变形失稳机制及影响因素,并对滑坡的稳定性进行了计算和预测。结果表明,滑坡区地形、岩性及地质构造等地质因素控制了树坪滑坡的形成和发展;库水位下降和大气降雨进一步激励了滑坡的变形。库水位下降,坡体内地下水位随之下降,但其速度远小于库水位下降速度,导致坡体内水力梯度和渗透力明显增大,从而使滑坡稳定性急剧下降,并且库水位下降速度越快,滑坡的位移速率也越大,是典型的水库下降型滑坡。在库水位下降过程中,若出现明显的降雨过程,更加剧了滑坡的变形,有产生大规模滑动的可能性,须采取防护治理措施。     

顺层缓倾型水库滑坡稳定性物理模拟试验研究—以向家坪滑坡为例

深入研究顺层缓倾型水库滑坡的变形破坏规律、影响因素以及失稳条件, 以三峡库区向家坪滑坡为典型实例, 基于相似理论建立地质物理模型, 考虑水位升降、降雨(含汛期)等诱发因素, 通过监测滑坡模型的位移、土压力及孔隙水压力的时空演化规律, 掌握滑坡的变形特征和规律。结果表明:库水位上升, 坡体前缘不断被浸没, 致使土体结构松散, 前缘发生滑移式滑塌; 库水位下降, 其位移、土压力和孔隙水压力在坡体中部和后缘均无变化, 但前缘破坏范围扩大, 延伸至中部; 库水位的独立变动仅影响下伏滑床水位, 但当其与后缘的基岩裂隙水耦合作用时, 可改变滑床的承压水头; 汛期降雨较小, 对滑坡稳定性影响不大, 仅土压力和孔隙水压有小幅度的变化, 没有位移变形; 在暴雨作用下, 中部和后缘先后发生变形, 土体应力累积和释放。库水位下降时, 强降雨将改变坡体原始应力状态, 坡体产生微小变形; 在极端条件下向家坪滑坡发生滑动的可能性较大, 库水位的下降、暴雨和后缘水位相互耦合作用导致坡体变形破坏。研究结果可为库区地质灾害防治和减灾提供科学依据。     

基于离心模型试验的库岸滑坡变形特征研究

三峡库区蓄水后，大量库岸滑坡发生复活变形，为研究滑坡随库水位升降的变形特征和机制，以库区典型直线形滑面形态滑坡为地质原型，概化设计了大尺度离心模型试验，通过模拟两个水位升降过程，布设高速相机和传感器，获取了滑坡变形演化全过程高清影像、孔压和土压?时间变化曲线，可得以下研究结果：在水位首次下降时，孔压和土压逐渐减小，当下降15 min后滑坡发生整体蠕滑变形，首先是前部产生横向张拉裂缝，中后部则是以竖直位移为主的蠕滑压密变形过程，水位停止下降2 min后变形停止，表明变形对库水位变化具有一定滞后性；当水位再次下降时，前部沿原破裂面再次下滑并失稳，中后部则无变形，变形演化具有典型牵引式特征。在库水首次入渗滑坡时，坡体孔隙水压力对库水位升降具有明显的滞后性，而在下一次水位升降过程中，这种滞后性明显减弱。该类滑坡受水位下降的动水压力效应影响较大，在滑坡变形过程中，中后部滑体变形在竖直方向的蠕滑压密行为使得中后部稳定性有所提高，因此，在后期蓄水过程中不再发生变形，试验现象与实际库岸滑坡吻合。试验揭示了三峡库区该类滑坡在水位升降条件下的变形破坏模式及长期演化趋势，为库区地灾防治提供了参考依据。     

降雨和库水位联合作用下库岸滑坡模型试验研究

受库区水位波动和降雨影响,库岸大量老滑坡体变形加剧,地质灾害问题十分突出。为研究库岸滑坡影响因素、变形演化规律及失稳条件,以大型物理模型试验为手段,选取三峡库区黄土坡滑坡临江Ⅰ号崩滑体为对象,通过考虑水位波动、降雨及其组合作用等诱发因素,开展了一系列的库岸滑坡模型试验研究。试验结果表明：水位升降,变形主要集中于模型坡体前缘,其中,水位抬升过程中,滑坡模型变形较小,变形加速阶段出现于水位下降期间,且变形速率与水位下降速率成正比,即临江Ⅰ号崩滑体为典型的动水压力型滑坡;降雨影响下坡体变形在时间和空间上存在明显分区现象,时间上,变形发展主要集中于坡体浅表层饱和之后,即短时降雨对坡体变形未产生显著影响,空间上,坡体前缘和后缘变形剧烈;库水位下降和强降雨联合作用下坡体前缘产生局部流滑破坏,并溯源发展至前缘整体破坏,为典型的牵引式破坏模式。试验揭示处于临滑阶段坡体,其孔隙水压力、土压力变化呈现异常频繁的波动现象,可为滑坡预警预报提供一定参考依据。     

长江三峡库区木鱼包滑坡地表变形规律分析

三峡库区木鱼包滑坡自2006年实施专业监测以来,一直持续变形,对三峡大坝工程和长江航道造成巨大威胁。通过多次野外地质调查资料、长期现场巡查、人工GPS位移监测数据、近1年的全自动监测数据等,深入分析该滑坡在库水涨落及降雨条件下的变形特征、演化规律及变形机制。结果表明,滑坡坡体结构、岩性及地质构造等地质因素控制了木鱼包滑坡的变形,库水位是主要的驱动因素。库水位上升过程中,库水位由145 m升到155 m左右,月位移量为最小值;动水压力向坡内,滑坡变形最小;库水位155 m上升至175 m期间,库水入渗前部坡体,对滑坡前部抗滑段形成浮托减重效应,变形有所增加。库水位由175 m下降到170 m左右,累积位移形成阶跃,坡受向坡外动水压力和浮托减重效应作用,月位移达最大值。库水位由170 m降到145 m期间,浮托减重效应作用减小,月位移量降低。目前,木鱼包滑坡变形趋势减小,产生大规模滑动的可能性较小,但须进一步加强监测和机制研究。     

Deformation and mechanism of landslide influenced by the effects of reservoir water and rainfall, Three Gorges, China

Since the impoundment of the Three Gorges Reservoir in June 2003, numerous preexisting landslides have been reactivated. This paper seeks to find the factors influencing landslide deformation and the relationship between displacement and fluctuation of the reservoir water level, while the displacement and the intensity of rainfall based on monitoring data; 6 years of monitoring were carried out on the Shiliushubao landslide, a old landslide, consisting of a deep-seated main block and two shallow blocks, with a volume of 1,180 × 10⁴ m³ and located on the left bank of the Yangtze River, 66 km upstream of the Three Gorges dam. This landslide was reactivated by the impoundment and since then the landslide body has been experiencing persistent deformation with an observed maximum cumulative displacement of 8,598.5 mm up to December 2009. Based on the monitoring data, we analyzed the relationship between the fluctuation of the reservoir water level and displacement, rainfall and displacement, and found that the rainfall is the major factor influencing deformation for two shallow blocks and the displacement has a positive correlation with the variation of rainfall intensity. The fluctuation of the reservoir water level is the primary factor for main block, and the deformation rate has a negative correlation with the variation of reservoir water level, declined with the rise of the water level and increased with the drawdown of the water level.     

黄土坡滑坡形成与变形的地质过程机制

巴东黄土坡滑坡是三峡库区重大滑坡之一, 规模大, 而且形成与变形地质过程机制复杂.是与三峡库区构造强烈隆升、河流急剧下切、斜坡重力卸荷等各种作用相伴生的地质过程的结果; 其中的Ⅰ号崩滑堆积体在回水条件下深层蠕动变形较明显, 受到多方面的关注.采用地质过程类比分析方法, 通过对滑坡形成、回水前变形破坏、回水条件下变形的地质过程机制分析, 预测了深层蠕动变形使其中部和前部产生较大变形的发展趋势, 目前发现Ⅰ号崩滑堆积体的深层蠕动变形问题, 主要是库水升降的动态过程与降雨效应耦合作用的结果.      

基于数据挖掘的三峡库区特大滑坡变形关联规则研究

从实测数据中分析滑坡灾害的成因机理,对于准确识别潜在危险区与及时制定防治措施十分重要。由于现场监测数据的数量庞大、来源多样,常规的数据处理方法难以从海量监测数据中提取出有用的信息,进而对滑坡变形演化趋势作出正确评价和预测。本文基于经典数据挖掘方法中的两步聚类法与关联规则分析,提出了滑坡变形行为的关联分析挖掘技术,并以长江三峡库区新铺滑坡为例,对库水位波动及降雨影响下的特大滑坡位移速率进行了关联分析。结果表明:该滑坡的变形受库水位高程水平、库水位波动速率与降雨强度等因素的多重影响,水位下降、强降雨与滑坡变形密切相关;滑坡不同空间位置处的变形影响因素存在差异,由坡脚至坡顶,库水位波动的影响水平依次降低,降雨强度的影响水平逐渐增强。本文提出的数据挖掘方法可定量分析滑坡变形的控制因素,并通过与实测数据的对比验证了相关规则的可靠性,这对于海量监测数据条件下滑坡灾害的成因分析有重要意义。     

三峡库区藕塘滑坡变形失稳机制研究

三峡库区藕塘滑坡是巨型顺层基岩古滑坡,滑坡面积1.78km2,体积约9.0107m3,威胁3900余人的生命财产安全,涉及场镇整体搬迁,同时对长江航道形成潜在堵塞隐患,是近年来三峡库区重大滑坡灾害之一。基于大量的现场地质调查及工程地质勘探,详细介绍了滑坡地质地貌及地质结构特征; 充分利用现场监测数据,深入分析了滑坡变形特征; 在此基础上,从地质成因和环境成因两方面对滑坡变形失稳机制展开系统研究,并结合滑坡稳定性计算对其变形发展的趋势进行了预测。相关的结论主要包括:(1)该滑坡具有多级多期次滑动特征,主要表现为三级滑动,且空间形态具有视向倾斜滑动的特征; (2)特殊的地形地貌、地层岩性及地质构造等因素是滑坡长期孕育形成的地质内因; (3)库水位周期性波动及集中降雨是诱发滑坡复活变形的环境外因,研究表明该滑坡变形与库水位下降及集中降雨的相关性显著; 库水位下降导致坡体内外地下水落差形成指向坡外的渗透压力,促进滑坡体变形; 集中降雨则增加滑坡体自重和下滑力,并使得大量的水富集于易滑软层,软化滑带土,促使滑坡蠕动变形加速; (4)三级滑坡体与西侧变形区在极端工况下存在欠稳定状态可能性,推断现阶段滑坡以局部失稳破坏形式为主。鉴于此,建议进一步加强监测,采取相应的工程防治措施。     

库水位涨落条件下不同结构边坡的变形破坏机制分析——以千将坪滑坡和树坪滑坡为例

三峡水库自2003年蓄水后,在长江干流和支流发生了不同程度的边坡变形和破坏.有些变形缓慢并对房屋和道路造成损坏,有些产生高速运动并引发涌浪,造成惨重人员伤亡.本文从库岸边坡的结构着眼,以千将坪滑坡和树坪滑坡为例,通过现场调查、现场长期观测、室内简易模型试验,分析库水位涨落条件下不同结构边坡的变形破坏机制,为库区运营过程...     

Deformation response regularity of Liujiaba landslide under fluctuating reservoir water level condition

Due to the periodic rising and falling of the reservoir water level, the rock–soil body of bank slope is constantly changing between the saturated and unsaturated status, which changes the limit equilibrium condition of the slope body, resulting in a large number of dormant landslide reactivation and new landslide generation after water impounding operation of the three gorges reservoir. Based on the long-term monitoring data of pore-water pressure, water content, reservoir water level, rainfall and landslide deformation, the deformation response regularity of Liujiaba landslide under the fluctuating reservoir level combined scenario is studied in this paper. The results show that the landslide deformation is mainly in the lower section affected by the fluctuation of the reservoir water. The slide deformation appears in the mid-early stage of the water level declining and during the running of 175 m water level. The deformation is gradually increasing from a slowly to rapidly stage, then slows down and gradually reduces to a relative stopped state. Considering that the variation of the saturation line in the landslide will be influenced by the water level fluctuation rate, the SEEP and SLOPE modules are used with Geo-studio software for the fluctuant reservoir level and response pattern of landslide deformation analysis. The study can be provided as a reference for landslides study of debris aggradational landslide.     

New data and interpretations of the shallow and deep deformation of Huangtupo No. 1 riverside sliding mass during seasonal rainfall and water level fluctuation

The original Badong County, Hubei, China, was mainly below the highest water level of the Three Gorges Reservoir, which is 175 m above sea level. The new downtown of Badong was rebuilt in the Huangtupo area between 1982 and 1991. After detailed geological investigation in the Huangtupo area, four independent landslides were identified, making it one of the largest and most harmful landslide group in the Three Gorges Reservoir area. Since 2003, abundant data have been obtained from the Huangtupo No. 1 sliding mass about rainfall, water level, earth surface deformation and deep deformation. The monitoring data indicate that the earth surface and deep deformation of this landslide is closely related to the seasonal rainfall and water level fluctuation of the reservoir. During increases in the water level, the earth surface deformation velocity decreases, and then increases obviously in the subsequent water level decreasing stage. Because the water level drawdown period overlaps with the rainy season in this area, the earth surface deformation is affected by both rainfall and water level. The deformation velocity of the earth surface caused by rainfall is about 5 mm/month, while that caused by water level decrease is 5–7 mm/month. On the contrary, the deformation velocity of the deep sliding mass accelerates 2 to 3 times faster than average during water level increase. The distinction of surface and deep deformation regulations indicates that the effects of seasonal rainfall and water level fluctuation on the stability of reservoir wading landslides are different. Based on all monitoring data, we also found that the Huangtupo No. 1 riverside sliding mass is creeping seasonally during the seasonal rainfall and periodic reservoir water level fluctuation. The deformation velocities of the east regions of the sliding body indicate acceleration, making these regions even more dangerous.     

Physical modelling and numerical analysis of slope instability subjected to reservoir impoundment of the Three Gorges

Increasing attention is being given to investigations of failure mechanisms of unstable slopes influenced by water fluctuation during impoundment, such as in the case of reservoir landslides surrounding the Three Gorges, China. In this paper, two typical soil slopes with thin and thick rear edges are considered in a systematic investigation of the large-scale landslides triggered by reservoir impoundment. Physical model test, centrifugal modelling and numerical analysis are presented; these show the deformation evolution process and are aimed at obtaining the physical and mechanical laws that govern deformation and failure of such typical slopes during increasing water levels in a reservoir. The results indicate that deformation of the soil slopes triggered by impoundment can be divided into three stages: the rapid deformation stage, the slow development stage and the convergence creep stage. Moreover, deformation increases rapidly in the initial water level increase, and deformation growth slows with continued increase in water levels. Although the failure modes of the two typical slopes were not identical, the deformation in both started when soil softening occurred, suggesting that the initial phase of water level rise is likely the most dangerous phase with respect to soil slope stability. The results are likely to provide a foundation for further disaster mechanism studies, as well as disaster prevention and reinforcement design of reservoir soil slopes.     

蓄水与施工作用下滑坡变形机制与稳定性分析

向家坝水电站一期蓄水后,刚刚完成挖填方工程的307省道复建公路所途经的观音坪滑坡发生明显变形,滑坡变形究竟是蓄水触发还是复建公路施工触发存在着较大争议。本文基于滑坡变形特征与现场监测结果,探讨了该滑坡的变形机制。通过有限元数值模拟对该滑坡的稳定性进行分析,采用强度折减法计算出不同工况下滑坡的安全系数。计算结果表明:（1）复建公路施工和库水位上涨都不利于滑坡整体稳定,而且库水位上涨对滑坡稳定性的影响程度更大;（2）施工结束,且水库蓄水至354m后,滑坡已接近临界稳定状态;如不采取措施,库水位上升至二期蓄水位370m和正常蓄水位380m时,安全系数将进一步降低;（3）对该滑坡采取削坡减载治理措施后,滑坡在二期蓄水位和正常蓄水位的条件下安全系数均满足规范的要求,分析成果可为同类滑坡防治提供参考。     

白家包滑坡变形与库水位、降雨相关性定量化分析研究

白家包滑坡是具有滞后性"阶跃型"变形的滑坡代表,通过定性分析初步认为,库水位下降是白家包滑坡变形的主要影响因素,其影响程度大于降雨.为了进一步明确白家包滑坡变形对库水位波动和降雨的响应程度,本文根据库水位每年波动情况,将其划分为5个阶段,运用皮尔逊相关系数法对白家包滑坡变形与库水位、降雨的相关性进行定量计算,计算结果为...     

苗尾水电站赵子坪岸坡变形失稳的地下水动力作用分析

库水位变动是诱发库岸边坡变形失稳的主要因素。为探究库水位变动下倾倒变形岩体破坏后形成的堆积体斜坡的地下水动力作用,以云南澜沧江的苗尾水电站赵子坪滑坡为研究对象,通过现场地质调查和勘探确定了滑坡形态和坡体结构特征;再结合监测数据深入分析了滑坡在地下水动力作用下的变形失稳机制,并基于非饱和土力学理论和有限元法对其失稳机制进行进一步验证。结果显示:赵子坪岸坡为原始倾倒岩体变形破坏后上部强倾倒岩体沿着折断面发生滑动而形成的堆积体斜坡,内部呈层状堆积的片石表明其还保留了部分倾倒岩体的结构特征。水库蓄水后,由于松散的倾倒堆积体为库水渗入坡体创造了良好的条件,地下水位随库水位升高而快速升高,导致孔隙水压力增大而滑坡阻滑段有效应力减小,从而造成稳定性降低,滑坡易沿着由倾倒折断面演化而成的基覆界面发生滑动破坏。     

三峡库区藕塘滑坡变形特点及复活机制研究

为深入研究库区古滑坡变形特征及其复活机理,文章以三峡库区藕塘滑坡为研究对象,通过对钻孔、探槽及平硐等现场勘查资料和监测资料的深入分析,并结合数值模拟方法,探讨了藕塘滑坡的时-空变形特点及影响因素,并揭示其复活机制。电子自旋共振试验和现场勘查结果表明藕塘滑坡由三个次级滑体组成。监测数据显示:总体上,地表累计位移-时间曲线呈阶跃状变化,即雨季滑坡变形速率急剧加快,旱季则骤减;在空间上滑坡的变形速率随高程的增加而增加。库水和降雨是导致藕塘滑坡变形破坏的主要因素:滑坡下部区域变形主要受库水影响,而滑坡中、上部区域变形主要受降雨影响。数值模拟结果也进一步揭示了影响滑坡孔隙水压力响应的主控因素随滑坡高程的变化而变化。库水骤降使得坡体前部渗透压增大,同时强降雨使得坡体中部及上部孔隙水压力升高,二者共同作用下导致滑坡复活。此外库水位下降或降雨量增加,均会不同程度降低边坡的稳定性。以上结论对于指导实际工程及深化库区古滑坡的研究具有一定的理论意义,同时加强古滑坡的研究有助于丰富滑坡稳定性评价及预测预报方法,为古滑坡的治理提供一定的理论依据。     

贵州省水麻坨滑坡的复杂运动破坏机制探讨

思南县水麻坨堆积层斜坡受多期强降雨影响,从2011年初开始相继出现地表开裂、墙体倾斜、地坪及墙体裂缝变形加剧等地质灾害现象,危及大同社区93户509人、房屋556间,给当地社会稳定带来了极大的负面影响。一旦继续遭受强降雨等不利因素的影响,滑坡可能会变形滑动。基于现场调查和室内分析,本文在明确滑坡区地质结构和地形条件对坡体渗流场产生重要影响的基础上,立足于当地气象资料,利用SEEP/W模块和FLAC3D软件继续探究降雨工况下滑坡变形失稳的进程,初步阐述了多期降雨诱发该类推移式堆积层滑坡（H1）及其引发的次生牵引式滑坡（H2）的成因机理。研究成果表明,主滑坡受历史罕见的强降雨诱导开启失稳变形进程,但受制于地形条件,具有分段失稳、渐进破坏等特点。在滑坡长期蠕动变形过程中,多期降雨导致地下水位浮动变化,刺激滑体蠕变加剧。次级牵引式滑坡由于临空条件受主滑坡控制,其演化进程与主滑坡失稳变形表现出明显关联性和一定滞后性。推移式堆积层主滑坡受地形、地下水和荷载等因素影响,从滑带参数弱化到滑面蠕滑贯通需经历长期过程;而牵引式堆积层次级滑坡是由于关键阻滑体的缺失,导致坡体应力重分布产生的后退式滑动,一般历时较短。     

三峡库区大型单斜顺层新生滑坡变形特征与失稳机理研究

以三峡库区巫山轿顶峰2号滑坡为例,结合库水位变化、地质环境条件资料,通过现场调查测绘、无人机航空摄影测量、工程地质钻探、地表及深部位移监测等方法,详细分析了该滑坡的变形特征、成因机制与发展趋势.该滑坡体积约250×104 m3,为大型单斜顺层新生岩质滑坡.滑坡前后缘高差约380 m,前缘剪出口高陡临空,位于库区蓄水位以...     

千将坪滑坡三维极限平衡分析

千将坪滑坡位于长江南岸支流青干河左岸,是三峡水库蓄水一个月后发生的水库新生型滑坡。通过千将坪滑坡恢复到原貌,采用三维极限平衡法对滑坡的整体稳定性和失稳下滑的触发因素进行了分析,探讨了水库蓄水和连续降雨对滑坡稳定性的影响。计算分析成果表明,水库蓄水后的浸泡软化作用使滑坡体稳定条件急剧恶化,蓄水和强降雨的联合作用最终导致千将坪滑坡产生大规模深层滑动。