Confirmation and Significance of Caledonian Metallogenic Epoch for Gold Deposits in South China

Caledonian gold deposits are widely distributed in South China.They are developed in both South China Caledonian fold belt and adjacent Proterozoic Jiangnan uplift.The host rocks are Proterozoic metamorphosed microclastic rocks in the Jiangnan uplift and Proterozoic and Cambrian strata,as well as Chengjiang and Caledonian igneous bodies in the South China flod belt.The distince differences between the Caledonian and the most developed Yenshanian glod deposits in South China are reflected in age and host-rock type,relations to Yenshanian magmatic activities,element association,mineral assemblage and glod deposit type.The studies have proven hat the Caledonian epoch is a principal metallogenic period of gold deposits in South China.This conclusion is of very important enlightening significance in exploration of Caledonian gold deposits in South China as well as in other Caledonian fold belts and adjacent uplifts in China.     

Ore—Search Perspective for Superlarge Gold Deposits in the Jiaolai Basin of the Jiaodong Gold Metallogenetic Domain

There are three types of gold deposits in the Jiaodong gold metallogenetic domain.The strata-bound gold deposits are a new type,which occur in a hydrocarbon-dled double-source bed enriched in gold(Au 174ng/g) and organic carbon(0.007-4.225%),At diagenetic a d hydrotherrmal stages water and oil were simultaneously activated and the stratabound gold deposits were formed from interactions between water ,oil and rocks.In the late Yanshanian period,gold oreboides were enriched and enlarged in response to tectonmoagmatism and action of complex ore-forming hydrothermal solutions.As a results,it is highly expected to find suparlarge gold deposits and the Yanzi area is expected to be a perspective target area.     

Reworking Intensity—A Key Factor Leading to the Formation of Superlarge Gold Deposits in Greenstone Belts and Metamorphosed Microclastic Rocks in China

The greenstone belt and metamorphosed microclastic rock-type superlarge gold deposits in China are hosted in metamorphic rocks and later intrusive bodies.Sedimentation.regional metamorphism and mineralization contributed a lot to the formation of the deposits,so did remelting magmatic process to some deposits,but the deposits were finally formed by reworking processes.The key factor leading to the formation of superlarge gold deposits is the reworking intensity,which for superlarge gold deposits is reflected by the large-scale reworked source rocks and even ore materials of various sources,strongly oxidized ore-forming fluids with a long and repeated active history and stable geothermal heat current.The factor which decides the reworking intensity is the network consisting of structures of different classes.     

Red Clay Type Gold Deposits in China

<正>Red clay type gold deposits,located in the south of China,are situated not only in orogenic belts,but also in inner cratons,where climate is tropical-subtropical with clear arid and humid.The lateritic weathering crust often can be divided into five zones,including topsoil,siliceous duricrust zone,multi-color zone(or red clay zone in some deposits),pallid zone and saprolite zone from surface to the base rock,several of which are absent in some deposits.The base rocks are composed mainly of carbonate rocks with minor clastic rocks,intermediate-basic volcanic rocks and intermediate-acid and alkalic intrusions.The orebodies are mainly located in the multi-color zone with part of them in the pallid and saprolite zones.The ore sources include orebodies of Carlin-type gold deposits and porphyry gold deposits,as well as gold-rich base rocks.The red clay type gold deposits experienced early-stage endogenic gold mineralization and laterization during the Tertiary and Quaternary.The areas with endogenic gold deposits,especially Carlin-type gold deposits and porphyry gold deposits in karst depressions on the plateau,structual erosional platforms in the middle-lower mountains,and intermountain basins in southern China are well worth studying to trace red clay type gold deposits.     

Organic Geochemistry of Sedimentary Rock-hosted Disseminated Gold Deposits in Southwestern Guizhou Province, China

Sedimentary rock-hosted disseminated gold (SRHDG) deposits in the Youjiang-Nanpanjiang Basin,southwestem Guizhou Province are commonly hosted by the same fold crests that commonly contain a remarkable amount of organic material. The total organic carbon (TOC) contents of the ores and host rocks are usually less than 1%. The reflectance of vitrinite and pyrobitumen in the ores and the host rocks ranges from 1.5% to 4.5%, often in the range of 2% to 3%. In the Lannigou deposit, the reflectance of vitrinite and pyrobitumen in the ores is usually somewhat higher than those within the host rocks, indicating a hydrothermal impact on the organic matter in the altered host rocks. On the contrary, the estimated maximum paleotemperatures of the Getang and Zimudang deposits are higher than the homogenization temperatures of the fluid inclusions in the ores, signifying that the organic matter maturation predated Au mineralization. No correlation between the organic matter contents and Au concentrations were recognized in the ores.However, the most striking observation is that there is a positive correlation between the $2 (a parameter of Rock-Eval analysis), Au and As contents of the ores in the Lannigou deposit. Organic matter maturation and migration is apparent from the TOC vs. HCI diagram. Furthermore, group analysis of the dichloromethane extractable organic component of the ores and host rocks shows that the maturation degree of the organic matter in the ores is slightly higher than that of the host rocks in the Lannigou gold deposit. However, the compositions of their alkanes, steranes and terpenes, which serve as biomarkers, are quite similar; this suggests that the organic matter found in the ores and host rocks has a common marine source. Organic matter probably contributed to the preconcentration of Au in the host rocks. Hydrocarbons in the system,on the other hand, clearly contributed to the emplacement of the gold mineralization through thermal sulfate reduction.Organic matter in the solution might have increased the potential of the hydrothermal solution to transport Au.     

The Discovery of Native Ruthenium in Nuanquanzi and Tuling—Shihu Gold Deposits：Implications for Source of Gold

Native ruthenium and platinum-bearing hedleyite were recognized two gold deposits contained in Archaean metamorphic rocks in northern China.They are coexistent with native gold,quartz and pyrite.The high W content of native ruthenium may reflect the precipitation of ores in a W-rich hydrothermal system at moderate to high temperatures,The presence of platinum-group minerals(PGM)in the two deposits suggests that Au and PGE were both derived from mantle-source rocks.     

碳酸岩分散有机质的基本存在形式、演化特征与碳酸岩地层油气评价

Two major characters are recognized with respect to the evolution of organic matter during diagenesis of carbonate rocks; (1) expellation of organic matter from carbonate minerals through crystallization, which could reduce the amount of organic matter significantly in the early stage of diagenesis; (2) protection of organic matter by the minerals, especially in the late stage of diagenesis. According to their nature and relations to the protection during diagenesis, three majer forms of disseminated organic matter in carbonate rocks can be distinguished: adsorbed, ctystallization-trapped organic matter and organic inclusions. Owing to the protection by minerals the maturation process of disseminated organic matter proceeds very slowly, and the matority of crystallization-trapped organic matter may play an important role in carbonate source rocks. Most of the organic inclusions are migrated organic matter, such as hydrocarb ons; so organic inclusions may be a good indicator which can be used to study the primary,secondary migration and the concentration of oil and gas in carbonate source rocks and carbonate reservoir strata,     

40^Ar／39^Ar Ages of Auriferous Quartz Veins from the Fengyang and Zhangbaling Regions and Their Geological Significance

Geotectonically the Fengyang and Zhangbaling regions belong to the North China craton and the Dabie-Sulu oragene, respectively. Neo-Archean gneiss and amphibolite and metamor-phosed sea-facies sodic volcanic rocks axe the main outcrops in the two regions, respectively. The Zhangbaling terrane strike-skipped along the Tancheng-Lujiang fault zone in Mesozoic and Cenozo-ic eras and got close to the Fengyang terrane. Mesozoic Yanshanian intrusions occur broadly in thetwo regions. Gold-beating quartz veins occur in the metamorphic rocks in the Fengyang region and in the granodiorite and metamorphosed sea-facies sodic volcanic rocks in the Zhanghaling region.Generally, the formation of the auriferous quartz veins involved three stages. At the first stage,gold-poor sulfide quartz veins were formed; at the second stage gold-rich quartz sulfide veins wereformed; and at the third stage gold-poor barite and/or carbonate veins were formed. The 40^Ar/29^Ar step-heating plateau ages of the first-stage and the second-stage quartz aggregates from the Zhuding, Maoshan and Shangeheng gold deposits range between 116.1 0.6 Ma and 118.3 0.5 Ma and are pretty close to their least apparent ages and isoehronal ages, respectively. All plat-eau, least apparent and isoehronal ages range between 113.4 0.4 Ma and 118.3 0.5 Ma,which are considered as the formation age range of the quartz. It is reasonable and reliable to takethe 40^Ar/39^Ar age range of the quartz as the formation age range of gold-bearing quartz veins onthe basis of spatial relationship between gold-bearing quartz veins and their country rocks. Thegold deposits in the two regions were formed in Aptian, Cretaceous, when the Tancheng-Lujiangfault zone moved as a normal fault with slightly right-lateral strike-skip, was extensional and expe-rienced very strong magnmtic process. It is shown that the magnmtic hydrothermal fluid is a veryimportant part of the gold ore-forming hydrothermal fluid in the Fengyang and Zhanghaling re-gions. The formation of the gold ore deposits in the Fengyang and Zhanghaling regions had genetic relations with the extensional movement of the Tancheng-Lujiang fault zone and magmatic activities and took place under the extensional dynamic condition in Late Cretaceous. Therefore, the exten-sional movement of the Tancheng-Lujiang fault zone presented the energy and space for magmatic and gold ore-forming processes.     

Reef-controlled Mineral Deposits in Southern China

Reef-controlled mineral deposits in southern China are divided into three types in this paper based on the relative importance of organic reefs in the ore-forming processes; they are: the direct type, indirect type, and passive type. The case histories of several typical deposits are discussed. In studying reef-controlled deposits, more attention should be paid to the function of synsedimentary faults in reef construction and mineralization and the importance of oil-gas palaeoreservoirs in reef rocks for the formation of sulfide deposits, in addition to analysing the favourable sedimentary facies of mineralization.     

The Major Ore Clusters of Super-Large Iron Deposits in the World,Present Situation of Iron Resources in China,and Prospect

Abstract: The metamorphosed sedimentary type of iron deposits (BIF) is the most important type of iron deposits in the world, and super-large iron ore clusters of this type include the Quadrilatero Ferrifero district and Carajas in Brazil, Hamersley in Australia, Kursk in Russia, Central Province of India and Anshan-Benxi in China. Subordinated types of iron deposits are magmatic, volcanic-hosted and sedimentary ones. This paper briefly introduces the geological characteristics of major super-large iron ore clusters in the world. The proven reserves of iron ores in China are relatively abundant, but they are mainly low-grade ores. Moreover, a considerate part of iron ores are difficult to utilize for their difficult ore dressing, deep burial or other reasons. Iron ore deposits are relatively concentrated in 11 metallogenic provinces (belts), such as the Anshan-Benxi, eastern Hebei, Xichang-Central Yunnan Province and middle-lower reaches of Yangtze River. The main minerogenetic epoches vary widely from the Archean to Quaternary, and are mainly the Late Archean to Middle Proterozoic, Variscan, and Yanshanian periods. The main 7 genetic types of iron deposits in China are metamorphosed sedimentary type (BIF), magmatic type, volcanic-hosted type, skarn type, hydrothermal type, sedimentary type and weathered leaching type. The iron-rich ores occur predominantly in the skarn and marine volcanic-hosted iron deposits, locally in the metamorphosed sedimentary type (BIF) as hydrothermal reformation products. The theory of minerogenetic series of mineral deposits and minerogenic models has applied in investigation and prospecting of iron ore deposits. A combination of deep analyses of aeromagnetic anomalies and geomagnetic anomalies, with gravity anomalies are an effective method to seeking large and deep-buried iron deposits. China has a relatively great ore-searching potential of iron ores, especially for metamorphosed sedimentary, skarn, and marine volcanic-hosted iron deposits. For the lower guarantee degree of iron and steel industry, China should give a trading and open the foreign mining markets.     

变质细碎屑岩型金矿床的三阶段模式

变质细碎屑岩型金矿床在国内外分布广泛，其中部分矿床具有超大型规律。矿床由三个阶段形成，构成了金的矿源层；区域变质阶段随温度、压力增高，有机质破坏，粘土矿物消失，金被释出、归并、定向迁移、集中得到初步富集；成矿阶段的构造热液事件使金从变细碎屑中淋出、迁移，或与其他来源的金汇集、沉淀构成矿床。矿床可分活化带及造山带型，成矿主要为改造作用产物，少数床可能有岩浆叠加作用发生。     

华南加里东期金矿床的基本特征

华南加里东期金矿床分布广泛,既可产在华南加里东褶皱带内,也可发育在毗邻的江南隆起上。其共同特征是矿床产在加里东期构造变形带或变质带中,受深大断裂带及其分支构造所控制,成矿物质主要来自赋矿围岩。产在隆起上的矿床赋矿围岩时代较老,均为元古宙变质细碎悄岩类;矿物及元素组合比较简单,常见单金型。产于褶皱带中者其围岩除元古宙－寒武纪变质细碎屑岩外,还有火山岩、侵入岩及沉积岩,时代为元古宙－－志留纪;矿物及元     

改造强度──中国绿岩带及变质细碎屑岩系中大型及超大型金矿床成矿的关键条件

改造强度是形成中国绿岩带及变质细碎屑岩系中大型及超大型金矿床的关键条件。以超大型金矿床的形成作用作为讨论对象,并对一些特大型金矿床形成超大规模的前景进行了评估。该类矿床产在变质岩及晚期侵入体中,矿床经历了沉积、区域变质及成矿等多次形成作用,有的还经历了重熔岩浆作用阶段,但矿床最终为改造作用所形成。控制超大型矿床成矿的改造作用强度主要反映在被活化的矿源岩石规模大并有多种来源、成矿流体规模大且具较强氧化性、流体长期多次活动以及有稳定的热源等。决定改造强度的因素为多级构造组成的连网。玲珑超大型金矿床是改造强度巨大的产物,形成金山及河台等矿床的改造强度也很巨大,因此有发展成为超大规模的潜力。     

南秦岭震旦系中发现微细浸染型金矿

南秦岭震旦系中发现微细浸染型金矿隗合明（西安地质学院，西安７１００５４）关键词震旦系，微细浸染型金矿，矿源层，韧－脆性剪切带，南秦岭８０年代以来，黔东南、桂西北、川西北、南秦岭等地区相继发现了微细浸染型金矿带和一批较大规模的金矿床，由此我国的金矿地质...     

中国北方磷矿成矿类型和找矿方向

笔者是在“五国编图项目”(中国、俄罗斯、哈萨斯坦、蒙古国、韩国)的中国北方磷矿床资料研究基础之上完成本论文的。中国北方磷矿床分为“沉积型”、“沉积变质型”和“岩浆型”三大类型。沉积型磷矿床主要产生于晚震旦纪陡山沱期和早古生代寒武纪早期,磷质来源以海洋生物磷为主;沉积变质型磷矿床主要产生于中元古代,磷质来源以火山磷质为主,也可能有生物磷质参与;沉积型和沉积变质型磷矿都包含陆地风化迁入盆地中的磷成分;岩浆磷矿床主要产生于海西期和加里东期的超镁铁岩浆岩,多与铁、钒、钛成为成矿系列。沉积型磷矿在华北地台南缘和塔里木地块北缘应重视,而沉积变质型在华北地台北缘有远景;岩浆型则主要勘查超镁铁岩系列。     

滇黔桂地区卡林型金矿热液矿物地球化学

滇黔桂卡林型金矿是产于热水沉积岩及碎屑岩系的热液矿床，载金矿物为黄铁矿、毒砂等热液矿物，而石英、碳酸盐、萤石及粘土等矿物则是主要的热液蚀变矿物。矿化产于蒙脱石、高岭石粘土到伊利石、绿泥石粘土矿物的转变带，成矿深度在2000m以上，成矿热液来源于粘土矿物脱水产生的异常高压流体或沿断裂带天水循环形成的成矿流体。这种流体形成的热液矿物稀土元素分配显示中稀土富集的分配模式，并明显富元素钇，这种流体中形成的黄铁矿中Co／Ni值显示沉积到热液成因的过渡类型，因此与砂岩铜矿中热液矿物的稀土分布模式有某些一致性。     

黔西南灰家堡金矿田有机岩相学和地球化学

灰家堡金矿田是黔西南卡林型金矿床的集中产地之一,对其中的水银洞、紫木凼、太平洞和簸箕田4个代表性金矿床进行了有机岩相学和地球化学研究。灰家堡金矿田的矿床中固体沥青主要产于矿石内,与矿化关系密切,产出形态受孔隙、构造裂隙控制;沥青与热液期矿物的共生组合关系表明其形成时间与成矿时间大致一致。矿石中普遍发育有机质包裹体。有机地球化学特征表明,金矿石和围岩中的有机质成熟度均较高,经历了类似的地质作用过程;有机质形成于强还原、中低盐度的沉积环境;有机质来源以海相菌藻类等低等生物为主,有少量陆源高等植物的输入。     

桐柏-商城地区金矿类型

本文将桐柏-商城地区金矿床划分为三种类型,即产于含碳泥质变质岩系中的岩浆热液型金矿床、产于花岗岩中的岩浆热液型金矿床和剪切带型主矿床,并分别论述了各类型主矿床特征及成矿条件。指出含碳泥质陆屑碎屑-碳酸盐岩夹火山沉积合金建造是区内主要含金建造,它为金矿成矿提供物质来源,金矿找矿工作的重点应放在这套合金建造的分布地段。     

有机质在微细浸染型金矿化中的作用—以黔桂地区为例

黔桂地区微细浸染型金矿主要产于碳酸盐岩—碎屑岩混合沉积层序中,溶矿岩石以泥质岩、粉砂岩和碳酸盐岩为主,富含有机质。矿石中有沥青分布,含金石英中存在有机质裹体。碳质含金量较高,可达53.60×10~(-6),在黄铁矿型矿石中,碳质含量与金的富集具有同步消长的正相关关系,有机质与金矿化关系密切。有机质中对金的迁移和富集起主要作用的是Au(CN)_2~-,Au(CN)_1~-,Au(HS_2)~-等化合物,含金有机络合物在岩石的孔隙或裂隙中运移沉淀。