冻结-冻融过程中水分运移机理

为研究冻结-冻融过程中水分运移机理,在天山北麓平原通过人为控制潜水不同埋深条件下的模拟试验和田间土壤水分运移观测试验,分析了土壤水势分布和土壤含水量分布特征,发现冻结过程不同潜水埋深条件下的土壤水分运移机理、土壤水与潜水之间的相互转化关系有明显差异.在冻结过程中,潜水浅埋条件下,冻结层下界面与潜水面之间土壤水分运移状态呈上渗型,土壤水向冻结层下界面处运移、积累,同时引起潜水蒸发损耗使潜水位下降,表现出地下水向土壤水转化的基本特征.潜水深埋区,土壤水分运移状态呈上渗-入渗型,同样土壤水向冻结层下界面处运移、积累,同时潜水得到一定的入渗补给并使潜水位上升,表现为土壤水向地下水转化的特征.冻融过程中对于不同潜水埋深,由原来各自的土壤水分运移状态均逐渐转变为入渗型,形成潜水入渗补给,表现为土壤水向地下水转化的特征.冻融期是土壤水资源、地下水资源形成的重要时期,对于干旱少雨的西北地区而言,冻融水的形成、运移和入渗补给地下水具有重要的生态环境意义.     

西北内陆盆地降水入渗补给季节性变化——以新疆昌吉地下水均衡试验场为例

西北内陆盆地降水稀少,一年中有较长时间的冻结期,了解其降水入渗补给规律的季节性变化对于准确评估其地下水资源量和解释气候变化对其地下水补给的影响非常重要。采用新疆昌吉地下水均衡试验站27套地中蒸渗仪1992—2015年试验资料,应用拉依达法则筛选出长系列观测资料中的异常值,结合昌吉试验场相关气象要素观测资料划分西北内陆盆地冻结期、冻融期和非冻结期的时间区间,分析不同时期影响降水入渗补给地下水的主要因素;计算不同时期多年平均降水入渗补给量占多年平均年降水入渗补给量的百分比,确定不同季节对年降水入渗补给的重要性;依据多年平均降水入渗补给量随潜水埋深的变化规律,确定冻融期、非冻结期不同土质降水入渗的最佳潜水埋深。结果表明:在试验条件下,砂卵砾石和细砂非冻结期最佳潜水埋深为0.5 m,轻黏土非冻结期最佳潜水埋深0.1 m;细砂冻融期最佳潜水埋深为1.0 m,砂卵砾石冻融期最佳潜水埋深为0.5 m,轻黏土冻融期最佳潜水埋深为0.1 m;冻结期地下水位埋深对土壤入渗能力的影响十分明显,潜水埋深和降水入渗补给量之间没有显著的线性关系;冻融期是西北内陆盆地浅埋型地下水降水入渗补给的重要时期,冻结期是西北内陆盆地深埋型地下水降水入渗补给的重要时期。     

土壤冻结期潜水蒸发规律分析

通过对冻结期地中蒸渗计实验资料的分析,探讨冻结期地下水蒸发规律,得出冻结期地下水蒸发量与地下水埋深的数理统计关系,给出冻结期发生潜水蒸发的临界值。这对浅层地下水分析研究具有重要意义。     

巴丹吉林沙漠潜水蒸发的数值模拟研究

为了确定巴丹吉林沙漠潜水蒸发强度与地下水埋深的关系,基于巴丹吉林沙漠的气候背景、砂土特征和不同地下水埋深时的典型植被特点设计了54种情景,利用Hydrus-1D建立不同情景下的SPAC水分运移模型,对周期性气象条件驱动下的潜水蒸发开展数值模拟。模拟结果表明:多年平均潜水蒸发量有着随地下水埋深增大而非线性减小的趋势;不同情景的极限埋深都大于3m,在埋深等于3m时潜水蒸发量都小于最大值的5%;当地下水埋深为0.5~1.5m时,潜水蒸发量对地下水埋深的变化最为敏感;当地下水埋深为1m时,潜水蒸发量对包气带岩性的变化也很敏感;在地下水埋深小于0.5m和大于1.5m的区间,气候、岩性、地下水埋深的变化对潜水蒸发量的影响变得微弱。另外,多年平均潜水蒸发量和地下水埋深的这种非线性关系可以用一个新提出的经验公式进行较为准确的拟合,将这个研究结果用于评价巴丹吉林沙漠湖泊集中区地下水的蒸发消耗,发现潜水蒸发总量显著大于湖面蒸发总量,前者约为后者的2.5~2.6倍,必须在沙漠水分平衡的分析中加以考虑。     

干旱区高盐度潜水蒸发溶解性总固体折算系数分析

为分析干旱区高盐度潜水蒸发与淡潜水蒸发间的关系,提出了干旱区潜水蒸发溶解性总固体(TDS)折算系数(KM)。2012年4月1日—2014年3月31日在新疆昌吉地下水均衡试验站开展了不同TDS(30和100 g/L)、不同包气带岩性(细砂和粉质黏土)和不同潜水水位埋深(0.5、1.0、2.0、3.0 m)的蒸渗仪潜水蒸发试验,利用实测的高盐度潜水蒸发数据计算不同条件下的KM。对潜水蒸发系数和KM进行分析,初步得出了以下结论:高TDS潜水蒸发系数冻结期大于非冻结期,在其他条件一定的情况下,潜水TDS越高,潜水蒸发系数越小;非冻结期高盐度潜水蒸发量小于淡潜水蒸发量,且随着观测时间的延续高盐度潜水蒸发量有减少趋势;冻结期高盐度潜水蒸发量大于淡潜水蒸发量,潜水埋深越大,两者的差值越大,且随着观测时间延续,高盐度潜水蒸发量与淡潜水蒸发量间的差值有变大的趋势;在其他条件一定的情况下,潜水TDS为100 g/L的全年潜水蒸发量小于潜水TDS为30 g/L的全年潜水蒸发量。     

西安市潜水埋深与降水量的关系分析

降水入渗是地下水重要的补给来源,研究地下水与降水的关系,可为区域性城市降雨“蓄、渗、用、排”的有机协调提供重要的依据。根据已有的西安市潜水埋深和降水量数据分析了潜水埋深与降水量的关系。从年际间关系来看,1983～2003年洪积平原地区潜水埋深和降水量的相关性最大,相关系数为0．6799,而黄土台塬地区仅为0．228。从潜水变化量与降水变化量间的关系来看,2002～2003年潜水埋深的年变化量与年降水变化量之间的相关性为0．482;对比99组潜水埋深月变化与月降水量变化的数据发现,仅有40组能说明潜水埋深的月变化与降水的月变化有一定的关系。     

塔里木盆地北东缘潜水蒸发研究

通过试验,分析了潜水蒸发的特征,潜水蒸发的影响因素有气候条件(如温度、湿度、风速等),潜水埋深和土壤质地、结构及作物植被情况等。运用灰色系统等理论建立了潜水蒸发与埋深关系的GM(1.1)模型和潜水蒸发与面积关系的衰减幂函数模型。     

地中蒸渗计水分运移机理及其监测误差分析

对地中蒸渗计与自然潜水水分运移机理存在的差异及误差进行了分析。结果表明：地中蒸渗计与自然潜水在水位动态、水分存储、水分运移等方面存在一定的差异，使得利用地中蒸渗计监测的潜水蒸发量、降雨入渗补给量与自然潜水的实际情况产生了一定的误差，这种误差随着潜水埋深的变化而变化，潜水埋深越浅，误差越大，潜水埋深越深，误差越小。特别对于潜水埋深小于1．5m的地中蒸渗计，使用其资料时一定要作适当的技术处理，如果直接引用，将会给计算成果带来较大的误差。     

干旱区高盐度潜水蒸发规律初步分析

为分析干旱区高盐度潜水蒸发规律,于2012年4月1日~2014年3月31日在新疆昌吉地下水均衡试验站开展了不同总溶解固体 (0.8 g/L、30 g/L和100 g/L)、不同包气带岩性(细砂和粉质黏土)和不同潜水埋深(0 m、0.5 m、1.0 m、2.0 m和3.0 m)潜水蒸发量的监测工作。结果表明:当潜水埋深大于0.5 m时,包气带岩性对高总溶解固体(Total Dissolved Solids, TDS)潜水蒸发量的影响与淡水基本一致;潜水埋深0.5 m、TDS为30 g/L时,包气带岩性的差异对潜水蒸发量的影响远小于由于潜水的TDS和外界大气蒸发能力对潜水蒸发共同造成的影响;潜水位埋深为0 m、TDS为100 g/L、包气带为粉质黏土时,年内潜水蒸发趋势与大气蒸发能力E_Φ20的趋势相反;潜水埋深0.5~1.0 m时,在非冻结期随着TDS的升高,潜水蒸发量逐渐减小;当潜水埋深为3.0 m时,TDS的变化对潜水蒸发抑制作用存在滞后性。     

新疆三工河流域平原区潜水蒸发特征分析

分析三工河流域阜北地下水潜水均衡试验场多年资料,潜水蒸发量主要与潜水埋深及土质有关,潜水蒸发量随埋深的增加而减小,随土壤粘性的增加而减小,土壤岩性对潜水蒸发影响力随埋深增大而减小并趋于稳定,潜水蒸发与埋深具有较好的相关性。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861