Nematode response to metal, PAHs and organic enrichment in tourist marinas of the mediterranean sea

The structure of nematode assemblages was investigated in the sediments of two different tourist marinas in the Mediterranean Sea and related to pollution variables. Nematode densities and generic compositions were determined, as were concentrations of heavy metals, PAHs and organic matter. Results showed different assemblages at the two marinas, with a dominance of the genera Paralongicyatholaimus and Daptonema. Significant correlations between nematodes and concentrations of environmental contaminants were found. In particular, Paralongicyatholaimus showed a significant negative correlation with Cu concentrations and was almost absent at the stations where higher Cu concentrations were found. The presence of sensitive/tolerant nematode genera represents a promising tool to identify areas subjected to a higher level of disturbance and to define the correct environmental management strategy for harbors.     

Application of groundwater hydraulics to a basaltic water-table aquifer

Analysis of pump-test data of open wells in a basaltic water-table aquifer is made with methods based on both equilibrium and non-equilibrium formulae. The study has indicated that the Thiem's equilibrium formula and the ratio method of Narasimhan appear to be more suitable as compared with Jacob's and Chow's methods. Of the two, Narasimhan's ratio method, which does not require the graphical procedure, is more reliable than the Thiem's method since the latter involves an assumption of the value for the radius of influence. From the value of T (coefficient of transmissibility) obtained by Narasimhan's method it is also possible to calculate the value of the radius of influence by Thiem's method, which can be used in determining the required spacing between wells in the basaltic terrain in order to avoid mutual interference.     

Ecological risk of Irgarol 1051 and its major metabolite in coastal California marinas and reference areas

The objective of this study was to use a probabilistic approach to determine the ecological risk of Irgarol and its major metabolite (GS26575) in coastal California marinas and reference areas by using monitoring data collected during the summer of 2006. Distributions of environmental exposure data were compared with the distribution of plant species response data from laboratory toxicity studies and the no observed effect concentration (NOEC) from a microcosm study to quantify the likelihood and significance of ecological risk. Toxicity testing indicates plants are much more sensitive to Irgarol than animals; therefore, the conservative effects benchmark used to characterize risk was the plant 10th centile for both Irgarol (193 ng/L) and GS26575 (5622 ng/L). In addition, the microcosm NOEC of 323 ng/L was also used to characterize risk. Irgarol concentrations from 15 California marinas ranged from 1.45 to 339 ng/L while GS26575 concentrations ranged from non-detected to 74 ng/L. The probability of exceeding the Irgarol plant 10th centile of 193 ng/L for 15 marinas sampled in coastal California in 2006 was 7.3% while the probability of exceeding the microcosm NOEC of 323 ng/L was even lower (5.5%). In general, this probability of exceedence for either effects benchmark and subsequent ecological risk is considered to be low for these marinas as only one marina (Kings Harbor marina in Redondo Beach) had measured concentrations of Irgarol exceeding 193 ng/L. Irgarol exposure is concentrated within marinas and ecological risk from Irgarol exposure in adjoining reference areas was judged to be very low. Ecological risk from GS26575 exposure was also low in both marina and reference areas in California.     

Monitoring of Irgarol 1051 concentrations with concurrent phytoplankton evaluations in East Coast areas of the United States

The objectives of this study were to measure: (1) Irgarol and GS26575 (major metabolite) during the peak 2004 boating season at selected marinas and reference areas in the Carolinian Zoogeographic Province of the Eastern United States; (2) Irgarol and GS26575 at selected stations during the summer months in the Back Creek/Severn River area in Maryland in 2003 and 2004; and (3) structural and functional characteristics of resident phytoplankton communities concurrently with Irgarol and GS26575 monitoring in Back Creek/Severn River area. Irgarol concentrations from 14 marinas in the Carolinian Province ranged from non-detectable (<1 ng/L) to 85 ng/L; concentrations were less than 16 ng/L at all reference sites. The probability of exceeding the plant 10th centile for Irgarol (251 ng/L) was less than 0.6% for all marinas and 0.01% for all reference areas. These data suggest low ecological risk from Irgarol exposure for both marina and reference areas in the Carolinian Province. Irgarol concentrations ranged from 5 ng/L at the Severn River reference site to 1,816 ng/L in Port Annapolis marina during the two year study. Ecological risk from Irgarol exposure was high for the Port Annapolis marina sites based on a probability of exceeding the plant 10th centile. However, risk was low for Severn River and Severn River reference sites. Functional and structural measures of resident phytoplankton communities in the Back Creek and Severn River did not suggest that these target species are impaired in the Port Annapolis marina area where probabilistic analysis predicted adverse effects from Irgarol exposure.     

Extent and magnitude of copper contamination in marinas of the San Diego region, California, USA

Marinas are areas of special water quality concern because of the potential for pollutant accumulation within their protected waters. Perhaps the largest contaminant source to marinas is antifouling paints that leach copper to prevent the growth of encrusting organisms on vessel bottoms. Very little monitoring of marinas is typically conducted despite the potential environmental risk, particularly in the San Diego region of California, USA where as many as 17,000 recreational vessels are berthed. The objective of this study was twofold: (1) determine the extent and magnitude of dissolved copper concentrations in marinas throughout the San Diego region, and (2) determine if elevated copper concentrations in marinas of the San Diego region are resulting in adverse biological impacts. A probabilistic study design was used to sample water column copper concentrations and toxicity (using Mytilus galloprovincialis) at 30 stations. Results indicated that exceedence of state water quality objectives was widespread (86% of marina area), but that toxicity was much less prevalent (21% of marina area). Toxicity identification evaluations (TIEs) conducted at the most toxic sites indicated that toxicity was largely due to trace metals, most likely copper. Toxicity was reduced using TIE treatments that chelated trace metals such as cation exchange column, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), and sodium thiosulfate (STS). Moreover, increasing dissolved copper concentrations correlated with increasing toxicity and these copper concentrations were high enough to account for virtually all of the observed toxicity.     

湖泊制图发展趋势的探讨

随着我国湖泊科学的发展,湖泊制图也有了巨大的发展。它主要表现在以下几个方面：1)制图形式由单页插图发展到专题图集和综合图集;2)制图区域范围由湖泊水域或盐湖扩大到湖泊周围地区乃至整个湖泊流域;3)制图对象由单纯地表示湖泊水体、沉积物和水生物扩大到同时表示湖泊周围地区的有关要素,使湖中和陆上连城一气;4)以表示自然要素为主发展到以表示经济要素为主;5)反映湖泊环境质量的图幅日益受到重视;6)由单纯地表示湖泊现状发展到既表示现状又表示它的形成、演化过程和趋势;7)图幅内容选题体现为国民经济建设和环境保护服务的宗旨;8)由单要素制图发展为综合制图。     

A new technique to estimate initial spill size using a modified fay-type spreading formula

Estimating oil spill size is important for a variety of economic, environmental and legal reasons. One attempt to determine oil spill size by visually assessing the extent of colour regimes in the spill and multiplying the areas of these regimes by thickness values leads to unsatisfactory results. Previous efforts to estimate oil spill size by inverting spreading using formulae like those of Blokker and Fay have also incurred difficulties related to environmental conditions which influence spill spread rate. Data obtained during a series of field experiments, conducted off the Saudi Arabian coastline during the fall of 1982, were used to devise a modification of Fay's spreading formula. The results agree significantly better with the observed areas of the oil spill than Fay's original formula. The modified area formula is then inverted to obtain a formula for initial volume spilled.     

Dating of meteorite falls using thermoluminescence: application to Antarctic meteorites

The date of fall of a meteorite may be estimated from its thermoluminescence (TL) and in this paper the principle of a method of utilising TL to determine the terrestrial ages of eight Antarctic meteorites (Allan Hills-77) is described. The TL in a meteorite is primarily induced by cosmic ray irradiation in space and once the meteorite is on the Earth's surface, it is shielded from further cosmic ray irradiation. Under these conditions the TL will decay at a rate governed by the thermal stability of the TL and by the environmental temperature.An estimate of the decay rate may be arrived at by using recently calculated data for the trapping parameters associated with meteorite TL. A major problem is the environmental storage temperature. The “effective” storage temperature of the Antarctic meteorites is unknown, but appears to be greater than the mean annual temperature of the region of the meteorite find.Only upper limits to the terrestrial ages can be calculated because the TL at the time of the fall to Earth is highly variable from sample to sample.     

Evaluation of butyltin compounds in Maryland waters of Chesapeake Bay

A monthly sampling programme for dibutyltin (DBT), tributyltin (TBT) and tetrabutyltin (TTBT) was initiated for a period of one year (July 1985–June 1986) in the Maryland waters of Chesapeake Bay. Concentrations of the above butyltin species were evaluated in the microlayer and water column of eight sampling stations representing two small and two large marinas, a large harbour, two major river systems and a heavily used shipping channel. DBT concentrations in the microlayer were generally higher in the four marinas when compared with the other stations. The highest DBT concentration reported in the microlayer was 1156 ng l⁻¹. Mean microlayer TBT concentrations ranged from 54–310 ng l⁻¹ in the four marinas. Three TBT concentrations ranging from 1049–1171 ng l⁻¹ were reported in the microlayer of the marinas. TBT concentrations of 41 and 29 mg l⁻¹ were detected in the microlayer of a heavily used shipping channel (C & D Canal) during May and June. TTBT concentrations were not detected in the microlayer at most stations during the 12 month sampling period.Mean DBT concentrations in the water column ranged from 23–145 ng l⁻¹ in the four marinas. DBT concentrations in the water column of the other stations were < 35 ng l⁻¹. Mean water column concentrations of TBT ranged from 51–408 ng l⁻¹ in all four marinas. Peak concentrations of TBT were reported in May and June for the various marinas. The highest TBT concentration reported in the water column was 998 ng l⁻¹. TBT concentrations of 20–24 ng l⁻¹ were reported in one of the river systems (Potomac River). TTBT concentrations were not detected in the water column at most of the stations.     

On the activation volume for creep and its variation with depth in the Earth's lower mantle

This activation volume ΔV for creep may be derived from Keyes's elastic strain energy model or from Weertman's empirical relationship between viscosity and the melting temperature. These formulations are shown to be equivalent if the anharmonic Grüneisen parameters γ of all acoustic modes are equal and if the pressure dependence of the melting temperature follows Lindemann's law, both of which assumptions are valid for the close-packed mineral structure of the lower mantle. The pressure derivative of ΔV depends only on the bulk modulus and the acoustic γ, both of which are directly available from seismic models. Using the data of Brown and Shankland, we show that ΔV decreases by almost 50% between the top and the bottom of the lower mantle, which makes it easier to maintain a constant viscosity in this region. The isoviscous temperature profile can be adiabatic in the deep lower mantle only below 1700 km depth; it is super-adiabatic in the top 1000 km of the lower mantle.     

Bearing the burden of boat harbours: heavy contaminant and fouling loads in a native habitat-forming alga

Boat harbours are an increasingly common form of artificial habitat. This paper presents a comparative study of contaminants and foulers of a habitat-forming native kelp (Saccharina latissima) in four marinas and four reference locations along the south-west coast of the UK. Fouling of algal laminae was light (<2% cover) in reference locations, while epibiota cover ranged from 25% to 80% of laminae in marinas. Metals associated with antifouling paints were up to six times more concentrated in algal tissues from marinas than from the reference locations. Marinas also carried the greatest cover and diversity of non-indigenous epibiota on the kelp laminae. This indicates not only a potential stress to kelps in these environments, but also the possibility that detached laminae will act as vectors for the dispersal of non-indigenous species. The development of boat harbours creates habitats that are high risk source localities for pollution-tolerant fouling organisms.     

Paleointensity determination by a modified thellier method

It has been frequently observed that the ferromagnetic minerals in volcanic rocks may undergo some physical/chemical changes when they are heated in a laboratory. For paleointensity determinations, it is therefore desirable to use the Thellier method, in which internal consistency of the data assures that such undesirable changes did not take place in a particular sample. The most serious drawback of this method is that it requires a considerable number of heatings and coolings and measurements of the remanent magnetization. Following a suggestion of Kono, a modified version of Thellier's technique was developed and applied to a historical lava flow of Hawaii and Oligocene rhyolites and welded tuffs of San Juan volcanic field, Colorado, U.S.A. Samples were heated only once to each temperature and cooled under a magnetic field applied perpendicular to the NRM directions. Results were compared to those obtained by the conventional Thelliers' technique. It was found that the modified method gives results as satisfactory as the original method. With the selection of appropriate samples, the modified method will cut down the time required for the experiment to almost half of what is required in the original method, without losing the merits of Thelliers' technique.     

Measurement of environmental trace-metal levels with transplanted mussels and diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT): a comparison of techniques

Transplanted mussels and diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) were used to assess levels of cadmium, copper, lead and zinc at four sites situated inside and outside of two enclosed marinas, near Melbourne, Australia. Mussels accumulated all metals except cadmium. Over one year, there were large temporal differences in tissue metal levels in mussels, but differences between sites were only apparent for copper and lead. DGT showed temporal differences of the same kind as those seen in the mussels, but appeared to have more power to discriminate between sites. DGT found higher copper levels inside marinas than outside, and high levels of zinc were found inside one marina. Levels of copper and zinc were high enough to be of environmental concern for one site. The effect of fouling on DGT measurements will have to be quantified, or avoided by the use of multiple short-term exposures, if the technique is to become a widespread in situ monitoring tool.     

The variation of temperature with time and hydrocarbon maturation in sedimentary basins formed by extension

When a sedimentary basin is formed by extension both the subsidence history and the temperature gradient can be calculated. Hence the time-temperature history of any stratum can be obtained. Three types of behaviour occur. The temperature of material which never reaches depths greater than about 4 km increases at all times. The time-temperature history of material which finally sinks to greater depths reaches a maximum during the subsidence history. The time at which this maximum occurs decreases as the depth increases. At greater depths the maximum temperature occurs at the time the basin is formed. The time-temperature history is then used to calculate Lopatin's maturation index for each stratum as a function of time, and the index plotted as a function of depth and time for different amounts of extension. The maximum temperature at a given depth, and hence Lopatin's index, is almost independent of the amount of extension when the age of the basin is greater than about 150 Ma. Similar calculations taking account of sediment compaction show the same behaviour, though the maturity of the material at a given depth is increased. Because both Lopatin's index and its calibration are empirical it is important to develop new maturation indices based on individual molecular reactions whose activation energies can be determined in the laboratory.     

Antifouling herbicides in the coastal waters of western Japan

Residue analyses of some antifouling herbicides (Diuron, Irgarol 1051 and the latter's degradation product M1, which is also known as GS26575), were conducted in waters collected along the coast of western Japan. In total, 142 water samples were collected from fishery harbours (99 sites), marinas (27 sites), and small ports (16 sites) around the Seto Inland Sea, the Kii Peninsula, and Lake Biwa, in August 1999. A urea-based herbicide, Diuron, was positively identified for the first time in Japanese aquatic environments. Diuron was detected in 121 samples (86%) up to a highest concentration of 3.05 microg/l, and was found in 86% of samples from fishery harbours, 89% from marinas, and 75% from ports. Four freshwater samples out of 11 collected at Lake Biwa contained Diuron. Neither Irgarol 1051 nor M1 was found in the lake waters, but both were found in many coastal waters. Irgarol 1051 was found in 84 samples (60%) at a highest concentration of 0.262 microg/l. The concentrations detected were of similar magnitude to those in our previous surveys, taken in 1997 and 1998. M1 was found in 40 samples (28%) up to a highest concentration of 0.080 microg/l. The concentrations detected were generally lower than those found in our previous surveys. The detection frequency among fishery harbours, marinas, and ports was 57-70% for Irgarol 1051 and 25-30% for M1. Ninety-five per cent of the coastal waters in which M1 was detected also contained Irgarol 1051, and 93% of the samples in which Irgarol 1051 was detected also contained Diuron. These results clearly suggest that commercial ship-bottom paints containing both Diuron and Irgarol 1051 are used extensively in the survey area.     

Occurrence and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediments of San Diego Bay marinas

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have garnered much attention due to their bioaccumulation, carcinogenic properties, and persistence in the environment. Investigation of the spatial distribution, composition, and sources of PAHs in sediments of three recreational marinas in San Diego Bay, California revealed significant differences among marinas, with concentrations in one site exceeding 16,000 ng g^? 1. ‘Hotspots’ of PAH concentration suggest an association with stormwater outfalls draining into the basins. High-molecular weight PAHs (4–6 rings) were dominant (> 86%); the average percentage of potentially carcinogenic PAHs was high in all sites (61.4–70%) but ecotoxicological risks varied among marinas. Highly toxic benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) was the main contributor (> 90%) to the total toxic equivalent quantity (TEQ) in marinas. PAHs in San Diego Bay marina sediments appear to be derived largely from pyrogenic sources, potentially from combustion products that reach the basins by aerial deposition and stormwater drainage from nearby streets and parking lots.     

Coaxial deformed and magnetic fabrics without simply correlated magnitudes of principal values

Results of a detailed strain analysis of accretionary lapilli in the Borrowdale Volcanic sequence of England indicate a bedding-memory component to the rock's fabric. A simple, new strain analysis method uses variation in thickness of lapilli rims and appears not to be influenced by the bedding fabric. The orientations of the principal magnetic susceptibilities show a strong correlation with the principal strain orientations, as in other studies, but we can detect no correlation between strain magnitudes and principal susceptibility magnitudes in the same small specimens.     

Organotins (TBT and DBT) in water, sediments, and gastropods of the southern Venice lagoon (Italy)

The release of tributyltin (TBT) from maritime traffic represents one of the main problems of direct, diffuse, and continued contamination of the marine environment. In the present survey, the concentrations of TBT and dibultytin (DBT) in brackish waters, sediments, and the gastropods Nassarius nitidus were evaluated in order to estimate the contamination of the southern part of the Venice lagoon. TBT and DBT were determined by GC-MS/MS. Recent contamination of TBT was found in brackish waters near marinas, whereas the highest concentrations of TBT and DBT were observed in surface sediments at dockyards and harbours. High content of organotin in the gastropods sampled near the dockyards, harbours, and marinas showed a mobilisation from the sediments through the food web. The present study allowed assessment of whether, despite the ban on the use of TBT paints, waters, sediments, and biota were still being contaminated by organotin compounds in the southern Venice lagoon.     

Infiltration efficiency in sprinkler irrigation

The term ‘infiltration efficiency’ is proposed to incorporate the losses due to surface runoff in sprinkler irrigation. Infiltration efficiency is calculated analytically using Kostiakov's empirical equation. A dimensionless graph for computing infiltration efficiency and a numerical application of the theory to sprinkler design are also included.