考虑颗粒棱角影响的直剪试验的离散元模拟

为了研究颗粒棱角对颗粒材料力学行为的影响,建立了具有不同棱角度的对称多面体颗粒,采用了一种简单并适合任意颗粒形状的接触本构模型,对三维离散元开源程序YADE进行了修改,研究了颗粒棱角度在模拟直剪试验中的影响以及接触力各向异性在剪切过程中的演化规律。研究结果表明,颗粒棱角度越小,颗粒间相互咬合自锁的作用越小,颗粒受剪更易转动,致使颗粒体系的剪切强度和剪胀性下降;竖向加载力越大,颗粒棱角度的影响越明显;法向接触力的各向异性在剪切过程中表现为先增后减最后趋向稳定的趋势;法向接触力的各向异性变化程度随颗粒棱角度的增大而增大。     

Evaluation of stress strain non-uniformities in the laboratory direct simple shear test specimens using 3D discrete element analysis

The direct simple shear (DSS) device is one of the commonly used laboratory element testing tools to characterize the shear behaviour of soil. The interpretation of results from an element test requires understanding of the degree of stress and strain non-uniformities in a given test specimen. So far, studies on stress and strain non-uniformities in the DSS test have been conducted using direct boundary measurements of stresses in laboratory specimens supported by a continuum based analytical approach. Discrete element modelling now provides a means of modelling the soil behaviour in a realistic manner using a particulate approach. Accordingly, the performance of a DSS specimen was modelled using discrete element modelling with emphasis on assessing stress and strain non-uniformities in the specimen during shearing. The approach allowed for the numerical determination of stresses not only at the boundaries, but also within the DSS specimen. It was shown that mobilised stress ratio distribution throughout the shearing phase for the majority of specimen volume at locations near the central planes parallel and perpendicular to the direction of shearing is fairly uniform. Finally, it was noted that the potential for particle slippage at locations near the specimen centre can result in non-uniform shear strain distributions.     

考虑转动阻抗的粗粒土离散元模拟

转动阻抗被定义为作用颗粒接触上的一对对称力偶,用来抵抗颗粒之间的相互转动。将转动阻抗引入到离散元模拟中是对传统离散单元法的重要改进。开发出考虑颗粒转动阻抗的接触模型,并将其嵌入到PFC2D中,利用该模型进行粗粒土的双轴剪切数值模型试验,研究剪切过程中转动阻抗对粗粒土的宏细观力学性质的影响。结果显示,在宏观方面,颗粒转动阻抗对粗粒土的宏观力学行为（应力-应变及体应变-轴应变行为）有重要的影响,随着转动阻抗的增加,粗粒土的剪切强度和最大摩擦角随之增加,这与已有的研究结果一致,证明所建模型是可靠的;在微观方面,考察转动阻抗对粗粒土内部微观结构的影响发现,随着转动阻抗的增加,粗粒土的内部的接触数目减少,而粗粒土的剪切强度增加,表明转动阻抗能够提高粗粒土力链网络的稳定性,同时发现随着转动阻抗的增加,粗粒土的各向异性增加主要是强力链各向异性的增加,说明转动阻抗增强了强力链的传递力的能力以及抵抗力链屈曲破坏能力。数值模拟结果表明,增加颗粒转动阻抗,粗粒土出现组构与轴应变非共轴的现象。     

Discrete element modelling of material non‐coaxiality in simple shear flows

We investigate the quasi‐static simple shear flow of a two‐dimensional assembly of cohesionless particles using discrete element method (DEM) simulations. We focus on the unsteady flow regime where the solid would experience significant evolution of stresses, mobilised shear strength and dilation. We construct the DEM model using a discretised‐wall confined granular cell where the apparent boundary is allowed to dilate or contract synchronously with the confined solid. A rather uniform simple shear field is achieved across the whole assembly, which benefits rheological studies in generalising constitutive laws for continuum methods. We examine two aspects of the simple shear behaviour: macroscopic stress and strain rate evolution, particularly the non‐coaxiality between the principal directions of the two; and micromechanics such as evolution of fabric. For an initially anisotropic specimen sheared under constant normal pressure, the direction of principal stress rotates towards that of the principal strain rate, gradually reducing the degree of non‐coaxiality from about 45° to fluctuating around 0°. The rate in approaching coaxiality is slower in samples with larger initial porosity, stress ratio and mean stress. Generally, a faster rate in approaching coaxiality in simple shear is observed in a more dilatant sample, which often shows a larger degree of mobilised fabric anisotropy, suggesting the possible important role of instantaneous internal friction angle. The evolution of principal fabric direction resembles that of the principal stress direction. © 2013 The Authors. International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

空心圆柱扭转仪定向剪切试验离散元模拟

为分析砂土在复杂应力条件下的剪切力学特性,采用商业离散元软件PFC3D对单粒组中密砂的空心扭剪试验进行了仿真模拟,分析了数值试样的应力-应变关系,研究了不同剪切方向下离散介质的强度、体积应变特性以及中主应力比对它们的影响,再现了力链在加载过程中的演化,并对剪切带的倾角做了深入分析。同时,从细观上看,以颗粒接触数和纯转动率变量为中心,观察了试样内部颗粒的运动状态,对比了不同剪切方向下剪切带内外颗粒接触数与纯转动位移的变化。最后,将数值试验结果与已有的室内试验结果进行了对比。此研究实现了复杂应力条件下空心扭剪试样的三维离散元模拟,加深了对空心扭剪试验过程和结果的理解和解释。     

用快剪试验推求先期固结压力

土体先期固结压力是判断土体应力历史的关键性指标。依据Wroth在一维固结条件下提出的不排水强度与超固结比（OCR）的关系式,利用快速直剪的剪切强度计算临界状态孔隙水压力系数Λ₀,从而计算出OCR以及先期固结压力。对南京某黏土的重塑饱和黏土的试验分析结果表明,快剪试验确定的超固结比与设计超固结比基本一致,因此可作为求解土体先期固结压力的一个途径。     

Discrete element method analysis of non‐coaxial flow under rotational shear

This study focuses on non‐coaxial flow behavior of cohesionless soil undergoing cyclic rotational shear, with a special interest in the effects of particle‐scale characteristics. To this end, we perform a series of 2D discrete element simulations with various particle shapes, inter‐particle coefficient of friction, initial density, and stress ratios. The validity and efficacy of the numerical model is established by systematically comparing numerical simulation results with existing laboratory testing results. Such comparison shows that the numerical simulations are capable of capturing mechanical behavior observed in laboratory testing under rotational shear. We further demonstrate and quantify a strong yet simple relationship between the deviatoric part of the normalized strain increment and the non‐coaxial angle, denoted by and ψ, respectively. This quantitative correlation between ψ and is independent of applied stress ratio, initial and current void ratio, and the number of cycles applied, but dependent on the principal stress orientation and particle‐scale characteristics. At the same , specimens with higher inter‐particle friction angle or smaller particle aspect ratio show greater non‐coaxial angles. A simple model is able to fit this ψ‐ relationship well, which provides a useful relationship that can be exploited in developing constitutive models for rotational shearing. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于多尺度直剪试验的岩石模型结构面抗剪强度特征研究

开展岩石模型结构面抗剪强度特征的多尺度（尤其大尺寸）直剪试验研究对于理解岩石结构面力学特性具有重要的理论价值和实践意义。首先,基于多尺度直剪试验仪(MSJ-DST),对20 cm×20 cm、40 cm×40 cm、60 cm×60 cm、80 cm×80 cm和100 cm×100 cm的岩石模型结构面试样采用法向应力分别为200～1 000 kPa进行直接剪切试验;然后,研究不同尺寸岩石模型结构面抗剪强度的特征。结果表明：不同法向荷载作用下模型的受力变形特点相近,峰值剪切位移总体上随着某一数值附近上下浮动;在同一法向应力作用下,不同尺寸结构面试样的峰值抗剪强度表现出在某一数值附近上下浮动的特征,残余抗剪强度则表现出随尺寸的增加有小幅度增加;5级法向应力作用下,不同尺寸的峰值抗剪强度和残余抗剪强度随着法向应力的变化规律均近似相同,抗剪强度残余值与峰值的比值随着法向应力的增大逐渐增大并趋于稳定。     

颗粒形态对离散介质剪切强度的影响

自然条件下,颗粒介质大多以非规则单元形态存在。非规则几何形态对颗粒介质的宏观力学性能有很大影响。针对颗粒单元的不同几何形态,采用团颗粒单元对离散介质的直剪试验过程进行了离散元数值计算,详细地讨论了颗粒形态对离散介质剪切强度的影响。该非规则颗粒由不同形态、不同数目、镶嵌尺寸、组合方位和颗粒大小的球形颗粒进行随机构造,其在局部与整体坐标之间的转动、力矩和方位关系通过4元素方法进行确定,基本球体颗粒之间的作用力采用具有Mohr-Coulomb摩擦定侓的Hertz-Mindlin非线性接触模型,并考虑了非线性法向粘滞力的影响。通过构造7种具有相同的质量概率分布的不同形态的团颗粒,在不同法向应力下,对团颗粒的直剪试验进行了离散元模拟,分析了不同形态颗粒的剪切强度。通过对不同形态颗粒介质剪切强度的数值分析,进一步揭示了非规则颗粒间的咬合互锁效应,为分析非规则颗粒的宏观动力特性提供了依据。     

A comparison of direct shear box tests with triaxial compression tests for a residual soil

Summary Residual soils are known to be bonded. The mechanical behaviour of undisturbed residual soils depends, therefore, not just on initial porosity and stress history but mainly on these bonds. This paper compares the stress-strain behaviour obtained from sets of drained triaxial compression tests and direct shear tests, both from undisturbed samples of residual soil. It shows how the same undisturbed bonded structure behaves differently when tested using the two different procedures.     

基于大型直剪试验的强风化粗粒料剪胀特性试验研究

剪胀性是岩土材料的重要特性之一,为研究不同工况条件下粗粒料室内大型直剪试验中的剪胀特性,采用新型室内大型直剪仪对3组不同含水率、4组不同剪切速率、5组不同含砾率等3种不同影响因素的试样进行了室内大型直剪试验,分析了剪切时试样的垂直位移与水平剪切位移及垂直应力的关系。试验结果表明：在保持其他影响因素相同条件下,垂直应力的增加导致相同水平剪切位移对应的剪缩量增加;试样的最大剪缩量随着含水率的增加有一定程度的增大,而随着剪切速率的增加而减小;含砾率低于30%试样的最大剪缩量较含砾超过于30%试样的剪缩量大很多,最大剪缩量差别为3倍。当试样含砾率小于50%时,由于试样中富含细颗粒的影响,使得应力-应变曲线具有应变软化属性以及剪胀性趋于一固定值。峰值强度前的应力比-位移增量关系采用非线性的二次项拟合比线性关系的拟合度更好,认为Matsuoka提出的二维剪胀公式不适用于粗粒料,将其修正成二次多项式并给出试验中的经验参数μ的取值区间。     

大型原位直剪试验设备改进研制与应用

大型原位直剪试验的试样尺寸大,对土体扰动小,是获取岩土体强度参数的有效方法。中国科学院武汉岩土力学研究所在参考室内、现场两用大型直剪仪后,又改进研制了一套大型原位剪切设备。与传统原位直剪设备不同,该设备采用上、下两个刚性剪切盒,可完成尺寸为50 cm×50 cm×41 cm,最大粒径为5 cm的原位土体试样的剪切试验。该直剪设备组装方便,采用高精度传感器可自动采集数据,更适合于复杂的现场试验环境。介绍了该设备的结构组成、工作原理、技术优点。结合实例详细介绍了大型原位直剪试验的试验方法及注意事项。将此大型原位直剪设备应用于向家坝库区两个滑坡现场试验,得到了滑坡滑带、滑体的原位抗剪强度参数,分析了不同试样大型原位直剪试验剪切曲线的特点,进一步论证了该直剪设备的优良工作性能。     

虎跳峡工程区松散堆积体原位直剪试验研究

松散堆积体型斜坡在虎跳峡工程区河段两岸普遍发育,研究其剪切强度对于此类库岸斜坡的稳定性评价具有重要意义。作者设计了堆载式加荷直剪试验方法,并经野外大面积现场试验,获得了堆积体直剪时的剪应力-应变关系曲线,对堆积体的剪切强度性质进行了相应的理论分析,同时为工程区堆积体稳定性评价提供了可参考的c、φ值。     

现场室内两用大型直剪仪研制(I)：结构设计

直剪仪是测定岩土体抗剪强度参数应用最为普遍的一种试验仪器。从直剪仪的结构和大型直剪仪的研制两个方面对直剪仪的研究现状做了介绍，在此基础上，对新近研制的现场室内两用大型直剪仪的结构组成、工作机理及其特点进行了详细分析。该大型直剪仪与常规直剪仪相比，具有较大的优越性，其测试结果更加准确。适用范围广，测试精度高，可应用于现场和室内试验。     

现场室内两用大型直剪仪研制(I):结构设计

直剪仪是测定岩土体抗剪强度参数应用最为普遍的一种试验仪器。从直剪仪的结构和大型直剪仪的研制两个方面对直剪仪的研究现状做了介绍,在此基础上,对新近研制的现场室内两用大型直剪仪的结构组成、工作机理及其特点进行了详细分析。该大型直剪仪与常规直剪仪相比,具有较大的优越性,其测试结果更加准确。适用范围广,测试精度高,可应用于现场和室内试验。     

月壤双轴试验的剪切带离散元数值分析

土体的破坏问题一般都是从其剪切带入手进行研究的。针对真实月壤所处的环境（无水、低重力场、低气压等）和内摩擦角较大的特点,采用最近提出的1种考虑粒间抗转动作用与粒间范德华力2个因素的月壤散粒体力学接触模型,用离散单元法模拟了柔性边界条件下月球环境（含范德华力）与地球环境（不含范德华力）2种试样的双轴压缩试验,通过试样局部变形、速度场、孔隙比及转动场的变化情况研究了2种试样剪切带形成与发展。研究结果表明,剪切带的形成是试样内部应变局部化的结果,同时也伴随着试样内部颗粒相对转动的局部化,月面环境对试样的破坏形式与性状（剪切带的倾角及厚度）有显著的影响,探月工程中必须考虑到月面环境对月壤力学性质的影响。     

不同粗糙度的节理直剪颗粒流分析

利用二维颗粒流程序生成5种不同粗糙程度的节理模型,并对5种节理模型进行了5种不同法向恒定荷载作用下的直剪试验,从细观角度分析了不同粗糙程度的节理模型在法向荷载下的形貌损伤情况和裂纹演化机制。与此同时,分析了节理JRC值和节理面颗粒摩擦系数对节理抗剪强度影响,并反推出了节理面抗剪强度参数Cj与?j与JRC值的关系。结果为：法向恒定荷载越大时,节理峰值抗剪应力越大,剪胀现象越小,节理形貌损伤范围越大。随着剪切的进行,上下节理面接触范围减小,微裂纹开始主要沿节理面产生,随着剪切位移的继续增加微裂纹数量显著增加,并且不局限于节理面附近而深入到模型内部。随着节理粗糙程度（JRC值）和节理面颗粒摩擦系数的增加节理峰值抗剪应力也增大。节理抗剪强度参数Cj与?j随着JRC值的增大而增大。所得结果可以为室内试验和工程应用提供参考和依据。     

含应变软化本构关系的岩-土接触元直剪试验数值模拟

关于含应变软化本构关系的岩-土接触面特性的研究手段较为有限,基于FLAC可实现具有应变软化接触的本构数值分析。利用该模型对接触面直剪试验进行模拟,并对接触单元剪切强度参数演化与剪切应力-位移关系变化特征进行深入研究。模拟结果再现了接触面的渐进性破坏过程及内部剪应力变化特征,研究表明了摩擦角的增减变化主控剪切应力-位移关系曲线的形式特征。     

Effects of non‐uniform traction and specimen height in the direct shear test on stress and deformation in a rock fracture

In the direct shear test (DST), an internal moment is distributed within the rock specimen by non‐coaxial shear loads applied to the specimen, which cause non‐uniform distributions of both the traction on the loading planes and the stress and deformation in the specimen. To examine the validity of the DST for a rock fracture and to clarify the effect of specimen height, both the stress and deformation in a fracture in the DST were analyzed for specimens with three different heights using a three‐dimensional finite element method with quadratic joint elements for a fracture model. The constitutive law of the fracture considers the dependence of the non‐linear behavior of closure on shear displacement and that of shear stiffness on normal stress and was implemented in simulation code to give a conceptional fracture with uniform mechanical properties to extract only the effect of non‐uniform traction on the stress and deformation in the fracture. The results showed that both normal and shear stresses are concentrated near the end edges of the fracture, and these stress concentrations decrease with a decrease in the specimen height according to the magnitude of the moment produced by the non‐coaxial shear loads. Furthermore, although closure is greater near the end edges of the fracture, where normal stress is concentrated, this concentration of closure is not so significant within the range of this study because of the non‐linear behavior of closure, that is, closure does not significantly increase with an increase in normal stress at large normal stresses. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.