非饱和紫色土三轴试验颗粒流宏细观参数关系研究

为确定非饱和紫色土颗粒流宏细观力学参数间关系,采用三维颗粒流软件(PFC3D)并结合控制变量法与莫尔-库仑破坏准则,对不同含水率(8%、10%、12%、14%、16%、18%)及围压(100kPa、200kPa、300kPa、400 kPa)条件下的非饱和紫色土三轴固结不排水试验进行了数值模拟,并与室内结果进行对比。结果表明:重塑紫色土黏聚力随含水率增加呈先增后减的趋势,且存在临界含水率12%;内摩擦角与含水率呈一阶线性负相关。紫色土的宏观强度参数黏聚力与细观参数切向黏结强度呈线性正相关,而内摩擦角值由颗粒切向黏结强度及摩擦系数共同决定。建立了紫色土含水率与颗粒切向黏结强度、摩擦系数之间的定量关系,通过细观参数切向黏结强度及摩擦系数的改变来模拟不同含水率下紫色土的黏聚力与内摩擦角的变化,将数值模拟的应力-应变曲线与室内试验曲线进行对比,验证了该关系的正确性。利用PFC3D内置的切片工具对含水率为12%,围压为200kPa的数值试件进行剖切,可以较好地观察到紫色土三轴微观颗粒的运动情况及颗粒间接触力的分布特征,为深入探究紫色土的抗剪强度特性及应力-应变性状提供参考。     

黏性材料细观与宏观力学参数相关性研究

岩土工程数值模拟技术中参数选取的正确性是反应材料真实力学特性的基本前提。借助于颗粒离散元分析软件PFC2D,对黏性土类材料样本开展了大量的平面双轴压缩试验。通过记录不同围压下样本的轴向应力峰值,并依据摩尔-库仑强度准则对数值试样的剪切强度参数（内摩擦角、黏聚力）进行标定。着重探讨了黏性材料细观参数中颗粒刚度比kn /ks（0.5～10共12组）、颗粒粘结强度SBS（0～50 kPa共12组）、颗粒摩擦系数?（0～6共16组）以及颗粒粘结强度比K（0.1～10共15组）和材料宏观剪切强度参数以及材料剪切特性之间的相关性。研究结果表明：颗粒粘结（法向、切向）强度同对材料黏聚力呈线性相关;颗粒摩擦系数与材料内摩擦角呈近似对数相关;颗粒刚度比大小对材料剪切强度参数变化亦有微弱的影响;此外,K值（切向粘结强度/法向粘结强度）是影响材料的剪切破坏形态的重要因素。最后,采用了两个多元非线性拟合公式,定量地描述了以上各细观参数和材料宏观剪切强度参数的联合关系,并给出了K值的建议取值,为后续的研究提供重要的理论基础。     

Effects of Material Composition and Water Content on the Mechanical Properties of Landslide Deposits Triggered by the Wenchuan Earthquake

Abundant landslide deposits were triggered by the Wenchuan earthquake, providing a rich source of material for subsequent debris flows or slope failures under rainfall conditions. A good understanding of the physical and mechanical properties of the landslide deposits is very important to the research on slope failure mechanisms and the initiation of debris flow. Laboratory biaxial compression tests are used to study the material compositions and water content impacts on the mechanical properties of landslide deposits, and a discrete element method (a bond-contact model) is used to study the particle stiffness, bond force, friction coefficient and confining stress impact on the mechanical behaviors and the relationships between the numerical and experimental parameters. The experimental results show that the failure stress of landslide deposits is decreased with increasing content of fine particles and also with increased water content, especially at the initial increasing stage. Cohesion of the saturated landslide deposits is increased, but the friction angle is decreased with the increase in the fine particle content. Shear strength parameters (the cohesion and friction angle) are decreased with the increasing water content at the initial increasing stage, and then, they slowly decrease. There is a critical value of the water content at 5%–7% (in weight) for the failure stress and shear strength parameters of the landslide deposits. Quadratic equations are presented to describe the relation between the bond force and cohesion, and the numerical friction coefficient and the experimental friction angle.     

各向异性对软土力学特性影响的离散元模拟

软土预压工程中,初始和诱发各向异性对软土力学性质的影响十分显著,而现有研究缺乏对初始和诱发各向异性的统一研究方法。采用离散单元法,以颗粒长宽比作为定量评价指标,构建真实形态的颗粒模型,生成5组不同沉积角的初始各向异性试样,并进行竖直和水平两方向加载的双轴模拟实验,研究了初始各向异性和诱发各向异性对软土力学特性影响;在细观层面,以颗粒为对象研究了颗粒接触形式和转动角度的变化规律,以接触为对象研究了配位数和接触法向各向异性的发展趋势,在此基础上探究抗剪强度指标与各向异性关系。结果表明:初始和诱发各向异性共同影响试样力学性质,当加载方向和软土沉积方向垂直时,土体有最大的峰值强度。颗粒接触形式中面面接触的比例随加载的进行逐渐增大,并影响着试样初始模量和抗剪强度,配位数和接触法向各向异性受颗粒接触形式的影响有不同的演化规律,并在加载后期趋于稳定;同时,初始各向异性试样相较各向同性试样有更大的黏聚力,诱发各向异性主要影响试样内摩擦角,进而影响试样抗剪强度。     

粗粒料强度及变形特性的细观模拟

粗粒料是一定级配的岩石颗粒集合体,具有独特的物理力学特性。以粗粒料室内三轴固结排水试验成果为基础,基于离散元颗粒流理论,从细观角度出发,以PFC3D为工具,通过自编程及二次开发,得到按级配生成的粗粒料三轴试验数值模型。引入clump颗粒考虑颗粒形状对粗粒料强度及变形的影响,分析剪胀、颗粒形状、颗粒重排的关系。结果表明：颗粒形状是影响粗粒料强度与变形的主要因素,在其他细观参数一定的情况下,改变颗粒形状,可以显著影响粗粒料的力学行为;BPM模型的应力-应变关系只在低围压下与试验值吻合,随着围压的增大,偏差越来越大;而引入clump颗粒的PFC3D数值模型能很好地模拟粗粒料室内三轴固结排水试验的应力-应变特性,但由于BPM及clump都是刚性颗粒,没有考虑颗粒变形及破碎,造成应变剪胀偏大。     

掘削卵砾石地层颗粒离散元模拟中的细观参数取值讨论

卵砾石地层被掘削时,其主要破坏模式并非一般的宏观整体剪切破坏,而是刀具切入卵砾石间的缝隙,将卵砾石颗粒剥离出原始地层,该过程较为契合颗粒离散元的物理力学假设。为确定掘削工况下的颗粒材料最优细观参数,对不同的颗粒接触法向刚度、接触刚度比、粒间摩擦系数、颗粒形状、颗粒尺寸等的颗粒材料开展了截割三维仿真试验,并分析研究了不同细观参数对掘削效果的影响。计算结果显示：颗粒接触法向刚度、接触刚度比的多种细观参数组合可以对应同一个宏观弹性模量值,接触刚度比大的细观参数组合的抗掘削能力更大。颗粒形状、粒间摩擦系数的多种细观参数组合可以对应同一个内摩擦角值,形状复杂的颗粒材料具有更大的抗掘削能力。在宏观参数相同的情况下,平均粒径更大的颗粒材料抗掘削能力更大。因此,利用颗粒离散元模拟掘削卵砾石地层问题时,除需保证虚拟颗粒材料的宏观整体剪切破坏响应与真实材料基本一致外,还需根据材料的抗掘削能力进一步标定细观参数,以获得更贴近实际情况的模拟效果。文章提出的方法可以为其他颗粒离散元掘削工况数值模拟中的参数标定提供参照依据。     

堆石料大三轴试验的细观模拟

采用三维颗粒流计算程序,对堆石料的大三轴排水剪切试验过程进行了数值模拟。在数值模型的生成过程中,使堆石料集合体达到规定密度和级配;采用动态松弛算法迭代求解,并引入粒间阻尼,以吸收颗粒填装的多余动能使其稳定;颗粒间引入黏结力来提高试样的峰值强度;确定堆石料的细观力学参数,拟合室内试验应力应变曲线。模拟不同围压下堆石料的试验,得到的应力-应变曲线与室内试验基本一致,说明颗粒流方法可以较好的模拟堆石料的大三轴试验过程。由于没有考虑颗粒形状及颗粒破碎的影响,造成大应变剪胀偏大。     

强度变化对崩坡积体堆积机制及稳定性影响研究

利用颗粒流PFC2D建立了岩土体物理模型,在此基础上设计了均以物理模型折减计算初始模型和以前一折减计算结果为下次折减计算初始模型两类计算条件,每一类又设计了只对凝聚力折减、仅对内摩擦角折减、强度参数同时折减3种计算方案,每种计算方案又包含折减1.0、0.50、0.10、0.01、0.0倍等5个计算工况。经对坡面演替、监测点x方向速度变化曲线等计算结果的对比分析发现：凝聚力对于岩土体的直立特性起控制作用,破坏模式多为崩塌倾倒模式;内摩擦角对于稳定坡角具有重要影响;强度参数同时衰减时,强度参数弱化幅度较大情况下岩土体呈散体物质破坏模式,为滑移渐进破坏模式,其中凝聚力弱化0.1倍前后（约10 kPa）后,破坏模式由崩塌破坏转变为滑移破坏。     

On the use of discrete element modelling to simulate the viscoelastic deformation behaviour of an idealized asphalt mixture

The use of discrete-element modelling (DEM) to simulate the behaviour of a highly idealized bituminous mixture under uniaxial and triaxial compressive creep tests is investigated in this paper. The idealized mixture comprises single-sized spherical particles (sand) mixed with bitumen and was chosen so that the packing characteristics are known and the behaviour of the mixture is dominated by the bitumen. The bitumen is represented as shear and normal (tensile and compressive) contact stiffnesses. Numerical sample preparation procedures for specimens containing spherical particles or clumps have been developed to ensure that the final specimen is isotropic and has the correct volumetric proportions. An elastic contact was used for the compressive normal contact stiffness and a viscoelastic contact was used for shear and tensile normal contact stiffness. Simulation results show that the idealized mixture is found to dilate when the ratio of compressive to tensile contact stiffness increases as a function of loading time. Uniaxial and triaxial viscoelastic simulations have been performed to investigate the effect of stress ratio on dilation and the numerical results have been verified with experimental data. The effects of introducing a proportion of frictional contacts and a more complex particle shape (clump) on dilation have been examined.     

Structural features and mechanical behaviour of a pyroclastic weak rock

The results of an extensive programme of laboratory testing on intact and reconstituted samples of a pyroclastic weak rock from the volcanic complex of the Colli Albani (Central Italy) are presented. The deposit is known as Pozzolana Nera and may be assimilated to a bonded coarse grained material. The nature of bonds and the micro‐structural features were examined by means of diffractometry, optical and electron microscopy. As bonds are made of the same constituents of grains and aggregates of grains, bond deterioration and particles breakage upon loading are indistinguishable features of the mechanical behaviour. The testing programme consisted mainly of one‐dimensional and drained and undrained triaxial compression tests in a wide range of confining pressures up to 58 MPa. As confining stress increases, the mechanical behaviour of the material changes from brittle and dilatant to ductile and contractant; for both brittle and ductile behaviour failure is associated with the formation of shear surfaces separating the sample in several parts at the end of test. The experimental stress–dilatancy relationships are compared with the classical stress–dilatancy theories for a purely frictional material and for a material with friction and cohesion between particles. The analysis of the data indicates that peak strength results from the interplay between degradation of inter‐particle bonds, increasing friction between particles and increasing rate of dilation. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Son, Ltd.     

平行黏结模型宏细观力学参数相关性研究

采用变量控制法较全面地分析了各细观参数与宏观参数的定量关系,表明：弹性模量E随颗粒模量Ec、黏结模量 、平行黏结半径乘子 呈线性增长,随颗粒刚度比kn /ks、黏结刚度比 呈对数减小;泊松比则主要受kn /ks和 的影响,两者之间呈对数关系;颗粒键的黏结强度决定了材料的强度,室内材料黏聚力c和抗拉强度 主要受法向平行黏结强度 、平行黏结强度比 的影响,随 线性增长,随 对数减小;摩擦角 主要受颗粒摩擦系数u影响,两者呈对数关系。分析裂隙扩展特征,表明材料法向黏结强度 和切向黏结强度 的相对大小决定裂纹分布规律,随 增大,岩样的拉破坏区域减少,而压剪破坏区域增加,破坏面由剪切破坏向共轭破坏发展;材料的强度离散性越小,岩样破坏趋于集中,破坏面明显,强度均值标准差比值 >3.5为宜; 增加,宏观破坏形式向共轭破坏发展。细观参数的选取除了匹配强度参数,同时还需要考虑破坏形式的一致,考虑多参数相互影响,建立了宏细观参数之间的经验公式,对细观参数进行优化选择,并做了实例验证。室内试验和数值模拟获得的峰值荷载、变形参数、剪切强度等数值接近,应力-应变演化规律相同,破坏形态一致,表明细观参数结果是可靠的。     

基于颗粒离散元模型的花岗岩压缩试验模拟研究

基于颗粒流理论,以黄岛国家石油储备库地下洞库的花岗岩室内试验测试为背景,借助PFC2D（particle flow code）的黏结颗粒模型（bonded particle model, BPM）建立双轴压缩模型。以花岗岩室内试验的宏观力学参数和破坏形态为参照,通过“试错法”得出黏结颗粒模型相对应的细观物理力学性质参数。模拟试验的弹性模量、泊松比与室内试验值吻合较好,BPM模型由于选用圆形颗粒导致黏聚力和内摩擦角与室内试验值相比有一定偏差。模拟试验与室内试验的试件破坏形态均以单斜面剪切破坏为主。采用校准的细观物理力学性质参数,应用BPM模型再现花岗岩压缩试验全过程,深入分析微裂纹萌生演化及能量变化规律。研究表明,压缩过程中岩石试件内裂纹扩展主要经历平稳发展-急剧增加-平稳发展3个阶段;变形过程中,花岗岩试件边界能、应变能、黏结能、摩擦能及动能在各个阶段的变化很好地解释花岗岩受力破坏的细观力学机制。     

Micromechanical aspects of the shear strength of wet granular soils

This paper presents a micromechanical model for the analysis of wet granular soils at low saturation (below 30%). The discrete element method is employed to model the solid particles. The capillary water is assumed to be in a pendular state and thus exists in the form of liquid bridges at the particle‐to‐particle contacts. The resulting inter‐particle adhesion is accounted for using the toroidal approximation of the bridge. Hydraulic hysteresis is accounted for based on the possible mechanism of the formation and breakage of the liquid bridges during wetting and drying phases. Shear test computational simulations were conducted at different water contents under relatively low net normal stresses. The results of these simulations suggest that capillary‐induced attractive forces and hydraulic hysteresis play an important role in affecting the shear strength of the soil. These attractive forces produce a tensile stress that contributes to the apparent cohesion of the soil and increases its stiffness. During a drying phase, capillary‐induced tensile stresses, and hence shear strength, tend to be larger than those during a wetting phase. The proposed model appears to capture the macroscopic response of wet granular materials and revealed a number of salient micromechanical mechanisms and response patterns consistent with theoretical considerations. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

祁连山南北麓明长城夯土抗剪强度指标与分维值相关关系

夯土是具有明显时代、地域、工艺和取材属性的土体,其抗剪性能评价和参数获取是干旱、半干旱地区夯土遗址稳定性评价和控制领域所面临的基础性问题。选取了分布于祁连山南北两麓的我国规模最大的线性遗址明长城18处段落的原状夯土作为研究样本,在建造地点、年代和工艺调查的基础上,采用直接剪切试验、土-水特征曲线测试、颗粒分析试验、相关与回归拟合分析对夯土抗剪强度指标、孔隙和颗粒特征及其联系进行了系统的研究。研究结果表明：18处不同属地夯土依据黏聚力和内摩擦角的取值大小可划分为抗剪性能弱型和抗剪性能强型,颗粒及孔隙的组成与分布具有良好分形特征;黏聚力和内摩擦角值与粒度分维值和孔隙分维值存在量化对应关系,以分维值为变量建立数学模型预测的抗剪强度指标与实测值的误差不超过7.5%,为有效获取抗剪参数和评价抗剪性能提供了新途径。     

基于细观统计的砂土摩擦特性与破坏机制研究

砂土是一种典型的颗粒材料,其力学特性和变形机制是细观颗粒在荷载作用下的宏观表现,鉴于砂土具有显著的颗粒性和碎散性,使得对其进行细观颗粒层面的研究非常必要。将土颗粒简化为空间椭球体,假设方向角满足正态分布规律,应用细观统计的方法,从颗粒层面对砂土的摩擦特性和破坏机制进行研究。砂土剪切面上的摩擦特性主要是颗粒在剪切荷载作用下,克服垂直于剪切面应力抬升所遇到的阻力。颗粒运动方向与剪切面滑移方向的夹角可视为单个颗粒的摩擦角,颗粒摩擦角满足与方向角同样的正态分布规律;砂土的剪切破坏是颗粒重排列和应力重分布的过程,该过程中一部分颗粒摩擦角不断弱化,而承载颗粒数量逐渐增多,土体内部应力分布渐趋均匀;随着垂直于剪切面荷载的增大,砂土内摩擦角随之弱化减小,内摩擦角与荷载之间具有对应关系,可进行量化计算。     

Parametric study of the smooth‐joint contact model on the mechanical behavior of jointed rock

The smooth‐joint contact model based on distinct element method has been widely used to represent discontinuity in the simulation of fractured rock mass, but there is rare efficient guidance for the selection of proper parameters of smooth‐joint contact model, which is the basement for using this model properly. In this paper, the effect of smooth joint parameters on the macroscopic properties and failure mechanism of jointed rock under triaxial compression test is investigated. The numerical results reveal that the friction coefficient of smooth joint plays a dominant role in controlling mechanical behaviors. The stiffness of smooth joint has a relative small influence on the mechanical behaviors. Poisson ratio decreases with the reduction of normal stiffness but increases with the reduction of shear stiffness. The reduction of smooth joint strength, which is determined by normal strength, cohesion, and friction angle of smooth joint, contributes to the breakage of bonded smooth joint and ultimately decreases the strength of the specimen. We proposed a detailed calibration process for smooth‐joint contact model according to the relationship between smooth‐joint parameters and mechanical properties. By following this process, the numerical results are validated against corresponding experimental results and good agreement between them can be found in stress‐strain curves and failure modes of different joint orientations. Further analyses from the microperspective are performed by looking at transmission of contact force, the nature and distribution of microcracks, and the particle displacement to show the failure process and failure modes.     

安哥拉Quelo砂抗剪强度特性试验研究

基于安哥拉Quelo（Muceque）砂原状土和重塑土的直剪试验,探讨了结构性、含水率、干密度对Quelo砂抗剪强度的影响。试验结果表明,结构性对Quelo砂的抗剪强度影响较为复杂,原状土与重塑土的抗剪力学指标具有明显差异;Quelo砂遇水软化特性显著,原状土和重塑土的黏聚力和内摩擦角随含水率的增大近似呈对数衰减;Quelo砂级配良好,压实后抗剪强度高,适宜用作回填材料,重塑土的黏聚力随干密度的增大近似呈线性增大,内摩擦角随干密度的增大分为稳定段和增大段,呈分段函数的特征。     

A study on mechanical properties and fracturing behavior of Carrara marble with the flat-jointed model

Overcoming two inherent limitations presented by the standard bonded-particle model (BPM), the flat-jointed model still lacks extensive application. This study hereby conducts a comprehensive investigation on the application of the flat-jointed model in rock mechanics study. First, after a careful examination on the mechanical behavior of the flat-joint contact, a systematic calibration has been conducted to build numerical models matching the mechanical properties of Carrara marble. Second, the validated model is used to simulate the fracturing behavior of marble specimens containing a single or en-echelon flaws. Finally, the appearance of particle flow code (PFC) models has been compared with the results obtained from optical observation in order to establish a possible correlation between PFC models and real marble regarding microcracking behavior. Discussions suggest that to remove the particle size effect, the model resolution (ratio of sample dimension to the average particle diameter) should be larger than 30 in the flat-jointed model and 150 in the BPM, respectively. Results from the above investigations suggest that the flat-jointed model is capable of matching both the mechanical properties and fracturing behavior of Carrara marble. The numerical model is more reliable to predict the fracturing path at the instant of initiation than at failure. Development of initial fractures is not only controlled by the magnitude of tension force but also influenced by the extent of distribution of tension force. The appearance and components of a fracture in flat-jointed models probably reveal not only its property (tensile or shear) but also the corresponding microcracking behavior of real rocks.     

Simulating fracture propagation in rock and concrete by an augmented virtual internal bond method

This paper develops a practical approach to simulating fracture propagation in rock and concrete based on an augmented virtual internal bond (VIB) method in which the cohesion of solid is modeled as material particles interconnected by a network of randomized virtual micro bonds described by the Xu–Needleman potential. The micro bond potential is used to derive macroscale constitutive relations via the Cauchy–Born rule. By incorporating different energy contributions due to stretch and shearing, as well as different energy levels under tension and compression of each micro bond, the derived macro constitutive laws are particularly useful for modeling quasi‐brittle materials such as rock and concrete which usually have different Poisson ratios and much higher compressive strength than tensile strength. The mesh‐size sensitivity associated with strain‐softening in the present constitutive model is addressed by adjusting material constants near the crack tip so that the biJ‐integral is kept equal to the intrinsic fracture energy of the material. Numerical examples demonstrate that the proposed VIB method is capable of simulating mixed mode fracture propagation in rock and concrete with results in consistency with relevant experimental observations. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.