我国经度原点经度改正值的重新归算

本文用１９７６年天文常数系统，１９８０年章动模型和ＦＫ５星表，重新归算了我国经度原点对应于不同极原点的经度改正值，计算中考虑了星表、固体潮、海潮的影响，其结果为（观测的平均历元为１９７５年３月２９．３０日）Δλ（ＣＩＯ）＝２６．７ｍｓ±１．４ｍｓΔλ（ＪＹＤ）＝３０．９ｍｓ±１．４ｍｓΔλ（ＭＰ）＝３１．３ｍｓ±１．４ｍｓ     

基于天文水准的GPS跨障碍高程传递

GPS水准无法直接应用于跨障碍高程传递，其关键原因在于障碍物两侧的高程基准不一致。为解决这一问题，文中提出了一种基于天文水准原理的新方法：首先以常规数值方法分别拟合障碍物两侧的似大地水准面形状，由此求得相对于WGS-84的地面垂线偏差值；然后根据天文水准原理，进一步计算出跨障碍的高程异常差。理论研究和实验表明，新方法克服了单纯GPS水准无法连接不同高程系统的困难，是一种有效的高精度方法。     

动态GPS用于工程测图的实例研究

研究区位于乔治亚州东北拉奥尼亚镇附近,场地为中等起伏地形（高程在２２１ｍ～２５７ｍ）,面积１．０ｋｍ×０．７ｋｍ,场地是具有许多森林的牧场。试验是为了选择使用ＧＰＳ各种测量方法,来进行工程（大比例尺）测图并采集野外数据。该工程使用现有的乔治亚高精度参...     

武汉基准台超导重力仪重力潮汐观测结果

本文采用重力残差信号对武汉基准台超导重力仪的原始观测数据（２０秒采样）作预处理，将原始观测信号分解成重力潮汐和残差两部分，在残差信号中消除一些已知的干扰因素的影响。利用ＥＴＥＲＮＡ软件作调和分析，两主波（Ｏ１和Ｍ２）的重力潮汐参数（振幅因子和相位滞后）为：Ｏ１：１．１７８８±０．０００６，－０．５９７５°±０．０２８°；Ｍ２：１．１７１３±０．０００２，－０．５８７３°±０．００８°经海潮改正以后，Ｏ１和Ｍ２波的潮汐参数与Ｗａｈｒ－Ｄｅｈａｎｔ潮汐模型值相比，振幅因子的偏差优于０．１％。     

联合多种测高数据确定中国边缘海及全球海域的垂线偏差

联合多种测高资料,基于EIGEN_CG01C重力场模型,采用沿轨迹加权最小二乘方法确定了中国边缘海和全球海域格网垂线偏差（IGG2006_DOV）,中国海域整体精度优于1.2″,满足了反演高分辨率、高精度海洋重力场对测高垂线偏差的精度要求。在南海海域,基于测高垂线偏差解算的重力异常与船测重力进行了外部检核,精度达到7.75 mGal。     

中国新一代高精度、高分辨率大地水准面的研究和实施

采用移去恢复技术，利用我国高分辨率DTM和重力资料推算我国大陆重力大地水准面;然后再和我国GPS水准所构成的高程异常控制网拟合,推算了具有dm级精度、15′×15′分辨率的我国大陆大地水准面。利用全国地壳运动监测网络的80余个高精度GPS水准点进行外部检核，检核结果证实和原设计精度完全一致，即该大陆大地水准面的绝对精度,在东经102°以东高于±0.3m，在东经102°以西、北纬36°以北为±0.4m，36°以南为±(0.4～0.6)m。利用卫星测高数据计算垂线偏差，反解我国海域大地水准面。为了检核，由测高垂线偏差反演为重力异常，与海上万余点船测重力值进行了外部检核；同时用上述反演的重力异常推算大地水准面，与直接解得的相应结果进行比较作为内部检核。由重力和GPS水准数据推算的上述大陆大地水准面，和主要由卫星测高数据确定的海洋大地水准面，二者之间一般都存在以系统误差为主的拼接差。顾及这一现象并结合我国在陆海大地水准面拼接区重力资料稀疏的实际，研究提出了扩展拼接技术，即在沿海选取部分陆海毗邻的局部地区，在这局部地区内，陆地用实测平均重力格网数据，海洋用测高平均重力格网数据，统一推算这陆海局部重力大地水准面。然后利用这一局部大地水准面的陆地部分和已经用GPS水准校正的陆地大地水准面进行拟合。最后用拟合参数校正中国全部海域的测高重力大地水准面，从而保持陆地部分大地水准面不变，最大限度地削弱拼接点和测高海洋大地水准面的系统误差。     

基于天文水准的GPS跨障碍高程传递

GPS水准无法直接应用于跨障碍高程传递,其关键原因在于障碍物两侧的高程基准不一致.为解决这一问题,文中提出了一种基于天文水准原理的新方法:首先以常规数值方法分别拟合障碍物两侧的似大地水准面形状,由此求得相对于WGS-84的地面垂线偏差值;然后根据天文水准原理,进一步计算出跨障碍的高程异常差.理论研究和实验表明,新方法克服了单纯GPS水准无法连接不同高程系统的困难,是一种有效的高精度方法.     

中国陆海任意点垂线偏差的快速确定及精度分析

采用全国 14 89个高精度天文大地点作为外部精度检核点 ,对由 1′× 1′垂线偏差数字模型快速确定我国任意点垂线偏差的精度进行了估计。结果表明 ,我国垂线偏差子午和卯酉分量的精度 :东部地区分别为±0 .94″和± 0 .99″ ,西北地区分别为± 1.71″和± 1.2 8″ ,西南地区分别为± 1.95″和± 2 .0 0″。全国垂线偏差总体精度优于± 1.5″。由 1′× 1′垂线偏差数字模型及相应软件确定任意点结果一般只需 2s     

关于卫星测高中几个相关问题的讨论

一、引言７０年代发展起来的卫星测高技术和ＧＰＳ一样,是空间大地测量的一场革命。例如,运行时间只有三个月的Ｓｅａｓａｔ卫星,仅１６８４小时的测高结果就在纬度±７２°的范围内提供了分辨率为０．６°×０．６°,精度优于０．５ｍ的海洋大地水准面,使传统测量手...     

论我国米级精度大地水准面的实现

国家测绘局用ＧＰＳ水准技术布设全国高异常控制网，其中Ａ级网２７个点，Ｂ级网７６０个点，根据这些成果的初步计算，相对西安大地原点，我国东部和中部地区的高程异常控制网点的精度和分辨率有可能分别达到±０．７ｍ和１°量级，西部地区则相应±１．１ｍ和２．５°量级，因此我国具有米级精度的新一代似大地水准面是可能实现的。     

阿克苏河-塔里木河水系水质污染遥感监测与评价

 采用Landsat TM数据分析了阿克苏河—塔里木河断面水质污染状况,通过波段的DN值和常规监测数据建立能反映水质状况的 污染物监测模型。结果发现,将2000年常规监测数据代入模型后,与遥感数据的结果基本吻合| 重建阿克苏河—塔里木河的连续水体 污染变化曲线,得出污染物浓度随着远离上游而增加。     

Monitoring drought dynamics in the Aravalli region (India) using different indices based on ground and remote sensing data

The hard-rock hilly Aravalli terrain of Rajasthan province of India suffers with frequent drought due to poor and delayed monsoon, abnormally high summer-temperature and insufficient water resources. In the present study, detailed analysis of meteorological and hydrological data of the Aravalli region has been carried out for the years 1984–2003. Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI) has been used to quantify the precipitation deficit. Standardised Water-Level Index (SWI) has been developed to assess ground-water recharge-deficit. Vegetative drought indices like Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) and Temperature Condition Index (TCI) and Vegetation Health Index (VHI) have been computed using NDVI values obtained from Global Vegetation Index (GVI) and thermal channel data of NOAA AVHRR satellite. Detailed analyses of spatial and temporal drought dynamics during monsoon and non-monsoon seasons have been carried out through drought index maps generated in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) environment. Analysis and interpretation of these maps reveal that negative SPI anomalies not always correspond to drought. In the Aravalli region, aquifer-stress shifts its position time to time, and in certain pockets it is more frequent. In comparison to hydrological stress, vegetative stress in the Aravalli region is found to be slower to begin but quicker to withdraw.     

Landslide risk analysis between Giri and Tons Rivers in Himachal Himalaya (India)

The area around Sataun in the Sirmur district of Himachal Pradesh, India (falling between the rivers Giri and Tons; both tributaries of the Yamuna River) was studied for landslide vulnerability on behalf of the inhabitants. The study was made using extensive remote sensing data (satellite and airborne). It is well supported by field evidence, demographic and infrastructural details and aided by Geographic Information System (GIS) based techniques. Field observations testify that slope, aspect, geology, tectonic planes, drainage, and land use all influence landslides in the region. These parameters were taken into consideration using the statistical approach of landslide hazard zonation. Using the census data of 1991, vulnerability of the populace to the landslide hazard was accessed. As most of the infrastructure in the region is concentrated around population centres, population data alone was used for vulnerability studies.     

Gravity Changes Before Large Earthquakes in China: 1998-2005

Although it is well known that coseismic gravity changes take place during an earthquake, previous research has not yielded convincing evidence demonstrating that significant gravity changes occur before large earthquakes. Furthermore, even if we suspect that gravity changes occur before large earthquakes, we have yet to demonstrate how to consistently observe these changes for useful earthquake forecast that would bring benefits to society. We analyzed ground gravity survey data obtained in 1998, 2000, 200...     

GNSS系统及其技术的发展研究

阐述了国际上卫星导航系统的总体发展,对美、俄、欧、中的四大全球系统,以及相关的区域系统和增强系统进行了简单的介绍,研究分析了GNSS系统及其技术的发展趋势,同时分析了我国Compass全球系统面临的机遇和挑战,并提出了我国未来工作的建议.     

“4D”技术及其应用

介绍“４Ｄ”（即数字地面模型、数字正射影像、数字栅格地图和数字线划地图）系列产品的生产流程、关键技术、及其在耕地保护、防灾减灾救灾和城市规划等方面的应用方法。     

Virtual Australia: its key elements – know,think, communicate

Abstract

Virtual Australia is not a well-defined or agreed concept. This discussion paper conceptualises Virtual Australia as a ‘virtual [digital] model containing and representing all non-trivial objects and their contextual environment – from blue sky to bedrock – in real world Australia’. It describes a scenario for Virtual Australia, one or two decades from now, in which the locations and conditions of non-trivial objects and their environment are updated automatically through a combination of remote sensing and wireless communication technologies in support of a ‘Supranet’. It then examines the concept of the ‘Supranet’ – a pervasive information network based largely on wireless technology linking the physical world to a virtual model in real time – and develops and discusses three principal characteristics of the Supranet: the ability to have or collect specific information (know); the ability to process information (think); and the ability to communicate that information. If, in the near future, any or all non-trivial devices are to some extent able to know, think and communicate, the potential for object autonomy will be realised.     

Toward seamless indoor-outdoor applications: Developing stakeholder-oriented location-based services

Location-Based Services (LBS),an emerging new business based on smartphone and mobile networks,are becoming more and more popular.Most of these LBSs,however,only offer non-seamless indoor/outdoor applications and simple applications without giving stakeholders the chance to play an active role.Our specific aim is to solve these issues.This paper presents concepts to solve these issues by expanding the Open Location Services Interface Standard (OpenLS) to allow seamless indoor/outdoor positioning and to extend the content of the services to include information recommended by stakeholders.     

GIS空间数据的采集误差及其分析

本文详细阐述了GIS数据采集过程中的误差来源，重点分析了通过地图、遥感和摄影测量等方式采集数据所产生的误差及其特性，分析了其对GIS数据的影响与消减方法。     

地理数据库的关系模型及其实现

本文从以图论观点分析地理实体入手,系统阐述了地理数据库关系模型的设计法和过程。作者于1984年4～9月间在微型机上设计建立了关系型地理数据库的实方验系统(RGDB)。该系统采用了本文提出的关系模型,采用了可动态扩库的子库组合结构,这种结构具有灵活性和提高空间利用率的优点。RGDB含有多种功能的数据操作命令,除了具有一般检索功能外,还能进行“开窗”选取和十分“自由”的映象选取。本文对RGDB系统的主要性能和实现途径作了扼要介绍。