印尼贯穿流的诊断计算

利用全球大洋二维的自由表面诊断模型并采用气候态Levitus(2001)温盐资料及COADS风应力资料估算印尼贯穿流及其季节变化。结果表明,南海的Karimata海峡出流量对印尼贯穿流有显著的贡献,印尼贯穿流的平均流量为16.6Sv,流量在6月最大(18.5Sv),4月最小(12.7Sv)。与其它模式结果和观测结果一致的是,Makas-sar海峡流量在7月最大(13.8Sv),1月最小(0.2Sv),其年平均流量为6.7Sv;Karimata海峡是南海南部最大的出水口,年平均流量为2.6Sv,爪哇海水在5—9月之间流入南海,其它月份南海南部水流入爪哇海;Timor海峡是印尼贯穿流最大的出口;Lombok流量的季节变化表现为半年周期。通过模拟计算结果,结合动力计算,获取了Makassar海峡经向速度的垂向结构,结果显示Makassar海峡的经向速度有明显的垂向切变,100m层次的南向速度为30—35cm.s-1。     

卡里马塔海峡贯穿流与印尼贯穿流的相互作用

卡里马塔海峡贯穿流将中国南海的低盐水输运到爪哇海,与印度尼西亚贯穿流(印尼贯穿流)携带的西太平洋高盐水在印度尼西亚海(印尼海)交汇,二者通过混合、浮力强迫等过程相互作用.这改变了印度尼西亚海的水体热盐性质,影响局地海气交换和热带太平洋-印度洋之间的热盐交换.依据卡里马塔海峡、龙目海峡和望加锡海峡的实测表层海流数据,采用...     

太平洋—印度洋贯穿流南海分支研究综述

从海洋动力学角度,概述了太平洋-印度洋贯穿流南海分支的主要入流和出流通道—吕宋海峡和卡里马塔海峡的研究现状。太平洋-印度洋贯穿流南海分支是太平洋、南海和印度尼西亚海域进行水体和热盐交换的传输带,对西太平洋、南海、印尼海和东印度洋的环流系统有重要影响。吕宋海峡水交换和卡里马塔海峡贯穿流都呈现冬季大夏季小的季节变化特征,对维持南海的物质、能量和动量平衡起重要作用。太平洋通过吕宋海峡向南海输运水体和热盐,并传递ENSO等气候信号,对南海的环流、水体和海洋环境都产生重要影响。卡里马塔海峡向印度尼西亚海区的水体和热盐输运对印度尼西亚贯穿流有重要意义。太平洋-印度洋贯穿流南海分支和印尼贯穿流的年际变化趋势呈反位相,两者相互调制相互影响,维持了太平洋-印度洋两大洋间的平衡关系,对全球大洋环流的结构和长期的气候变化有重要作用。     

南海贯穿流季节变化数值模拟研究

本文采用美国伍兹霍尔研究所研发的海洋-大气-波浪-泥沙输运耦合模式COAWST(Coupled Dcean-Atmosphere-Wave-Sediment Transport)对南海及邻近海域进行了9 km分辨率的数值模拟研究。结果表明,南海贯穿流的季节变化再现了冬强夏弱的特征,在南海内部冬季呈现气旋环流结构,夏季呈现反气旋环流结构,尤其在冬季其流轴结构更为清晰和稳定,海水从吕宋海峡进入南海,从民都洛海峡、卡里马塔海峡、台湾海峡和巴拉巴克海峡流出,吕宋海峡断面流量与其他4个海峡流量合计在数量级上相当,保持南海海水总量不变。吕宋海峡、卡里马塔海峡、民都洛海峡的流量呈现明显相关性,吕宋海峡流量增大时,民都洛海峡和卡里马塔海峡的流量也相应增大,相关系数分别达到0.78和0.9。通过更适于分析中短期变化的简化绕岛环流理论,定量计算2019年吕宋海峡、黑潮和棉兰老流流量与北赤道流分叉点位置的关系,发现夏季北赤道流分叉点NECBL(North Equatorial Current Bifurcation Latitude)偏南,在13.6°N附近;冬季NECBL偏北,在15.6°N左右,同期黑潮流量减少,棉兰老流流量增加,作为南海贯穿流入流的吕宋海峡流量可达13.4 Sv。吕宋海峡输运补偿了北赤道流到达菲律宾海岸后的北向分支的流量,与棉兰老流的流量呈正相关,相关系数达到0.5361。     

琼州海峡中间断面冬季水量输运计算

琼州海峡是海南岛与雷州半岛之间重要交通通道,也是南海与北部湾两个海区水交换通道。最大涨落潮流速位于海峡北部和中部,且涨潮流速小于落潮流速;余流方向从东向西,最大余流位于北部;大潮期间向西输运从而进入北部湾的水体是0.0484Sv,小潮期间向西输运的水体则减少到0.0195Sv。向南的水量输运,大潮期间为0.1001Sv,小潮期间则降到0.0598Sv。向南输运的水量是由于海峡中间存在一个气旋环流引起的。     

太平洋-印度洋贯穿流南海分支在卡里马塔海峡的十年观测回顾

除印度尼西亚贯穿流之外,南海贯穿流也是太平洋向印度洋输送海水的重要分支。尽管基于数值模拟等方法的研究早已指出,南海分支在太平洋-印度洋洋际交换中有重要作用,但是直到2007年之前,南海分支在卡里马塔海峡处的观测几乎是空白。本文回顾了自2007年起,通过中印尼合作项目"南海-印度尼西亚海水交换及对鱼类季节性洄游的影响（SITE）"在卡里马塔海峡开展的近十年观测,以及在此基础上进一步开展的"印度尼西亚贯穿流海域水交换、内波和混合观测及其生态效应（TIMIT）"观测项目,并对SITE和TIMIT观测取得的成果进行了总结。     

渤海海峡水交换多时间尺度变化特征研究

基于长时间的FRA-JCOPE数据,本文着重对渤海海峡水交换的多时间尺度变化特征进行了分析。通过分析认为,渤海海峡水交换具有明显的季节(360天和180天周期)、季节内(120天周期)和年际变化特征,且空间分布呈现较为明显的“南出北进”特点。360天季节变化特征表现为夏强冬弱,局地风场、海峡两侧海表高度梯度、陆地径流的季节变化对其具有重要影响;180天周期的季节变化和120天周期季节内变化信号与局地风场关系不大,主要受到海峡两侧海表高度梯度的调制。同时,渤海海峡水交换受1997—1998年ENSO影响较为显著:正常年份时,渤海海峡水交换流入、流出量基本相当,但当1997—1998年ENSO显著年份时,流出量略大于流入量,这是由于黄渤海环流增强,进而导致渤海海峡水交换增强造成的。     

南极绕极流线性理论的一个摄动解

为了模拟南极绕极流区的流动，首先将环形条带区从Drake海峡处分开，并展成以经纬度为坐标的矩形区域。将模拟区划分为边界区和内部区。与Munk的大洋环流理论不同．在我们所考虑的线性化的涡度方程中保留了经向摩擦作用。这是基于绕极流流轴处的强剪切产生的经向摩擦项与β效应同等重要的判断。另外．内部区的北边界取为流线，而2个侧边界区的北边界视为南北水体交换的通道。基于巴西暖流穿过北边界流入和秘鲁寒流穿过北边界流出，以及常年有大于100Sv(平均约134Sv)的水体自西向东穿过Drake海峡的观测事实，引入了净通量条件。计算出了不同于Sverdrup流的更集中的内部区带状流的流线分布，这与观测大体一致。在Drake海峡处引入匹配条件，从而得到了完整的边界解。计算结果与理论分析指出，通过Drake海峡的流量远小于南极绕极流所带动水体的纬向通量是因为Drake海峡偏离绕极流流轴(也是南大洋西风带的主轴)。受南美大陆的阻挡，另一部分水体通过秘鲁寒流流出该海区。     

渤海环流与输运季节变化的数值模拟

渤海的风和温度层结有明显的季节变化 ,因而其环流与输运亦有明显的季节信号。以季节平均的海面气象条件和开边界的潮波系统驱动三维斜压水动力模型———HAMSOM ,模拟了渤海冬、夏季的总环流。渤海环流冬强夏弱 ,表层风漂流常被下层逆风流所补偿。深度平均环流 ,即水柱内的输运 ,流型有显著的季节变化 :冬季在渤海中部沿逆时针方向旋转 ,辽东湾顶有一个顺时针流涡 ,阻碍了湾顶水与外海水的交换 ;夏季则为一个大的贴岸的顺时针流环 ,内嵌许多局地涡旋。这些与渤黄东海海洋水文图集中给出的多年观测的环流基本相同 ,同时也被水文要素分布及耐盐浮游动物的出现所佐证。风的季节变化决定了渤海大部分海区、特别是海峡附近环流的季节变化 ,但辽东湾东岸众多的岬角涡旋却不随季节变化 ,因为它们是由潮波系统与岬角岸型变化的非线性相互作用产生的。     

渤海环流与输运季节变化的数值模拟

渤海的风和温度层结有明显的季节变化，因而其环流与输运亦有明显的季节信号，以季节平均的海面气象条件和开边界的潮波系统驱动三维斜压水动力模型-HAMSOM，模拟了渤海冬、夏了的总环流，渤海环流冬强夏弱，表层风漂流常被下层逆风流所补偿，深度平均环流，即水柱内的输运，流型有显著的季节变化；冬季在渤海中部沿逆时针方向旋转，辽东湾项有一个顺时针流涡，阻碍了湾顶水与外海水的交换；夏季则为一个大的贴岸的顺时针流环，内嵌许多局地涡旋，这些与渤黄东海海洋水文图集中给出的多年观测的环流基本相同，同时也被水文要素分布及耐盐浮游动物的出现所佐证。风的季节变化决定了渤海大部分海区、特别是海峡附近环流的季节变化，但辽东湾东岸众多的岬角涡旋却不随季节变化，因为它们是由潮波系统与岬角岸型变化的非线性相互作用产生的。     

Observations of intraseasonal variability in the Sunda Strait throughflow

Using velocity profiles observed by bottom-mounted ADCPs, we identified strong intraseasonal variability in the Sunda Strait throughflow. This intraseasonal variability, with typical periods of 20–40 days and the strongest energy occurring in the boreal spring, can reverse the Sunda Strait throughflow. Further analysis showed this intraseasonal variability to be closely related to local zonal wind and the sea level gradient along the strait. These observations confirm for the first time the existence of Kelvin-wave-like signals in the Sunda Strait, propagating from the equatorial Indian Ocean. This study also provides new insights into the effects of Kelvin waves on the Sunda Strait throughflow.     

The throughflow within Ombai Strait

A current meter mooring was deployed for one year in December 1995 in Ombai Strait, one of the deep connections between the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean. Depending on the horizontal extrapolation, the mean transport was estimated to be between 4 and 6 Sv towards the Savu Sea. Succession of intense events of one or two months duration nearly hides the expected annual variability with maximum in August–September. Although the mean currents in the upper 200 m were five times higher than that below, the deep and wide strait section leads to a significant deep transport. Analysis of the hydrological characteristics of the concerned water masses corroborates the circulation given by the current measurements. The east-north-east current in December in the upper layer is thought to be related to the arrival of a Kelvin wave originating in the equatorial Indian Ocean and trapped along the coasts of the Sunda Islands before entering the Savu Sea between Sumba and Flores Islands.     

Application of LICOM to the numerical study of the water exchangebetween the South China Sea and its adjacent oceans

1 IntroductionThe South China Sea (SCS) is the largestmarginal sea in the western Pacific (see Fig. 1). It con-nects with the SCS through the Taiwan Strait, with thePacific through the Luzon Strait, with the Sulu Seathrough the Mindoro and Balabac Straits and with theJava Sea and Andaman Sea through the Sunda Shelf(For convenience, here we refer to the section at 1.5°N,Fig. 2). It is shown that the seasonal SCS circulation ismostly affected by the summer/winter monsoon, andthe no…     

印度洋-太平洋暖池海域表层水温分析

利用1951~2003年HadISST资料集的表层海水温度（SST）资料,讨论了印度洋-西太平洋暖池（IPWP）海域,尤其是印度尼西亚贯穿流（ITF）及其周边海域SST的季节及年际变化的时空特征.研究结果表明,整个研究海域SST的年际变化均与ENSO相关,但印度洋与南海的响应特征与西太平洋的相反且不同步.前者海温变化滞后Nio3指数3~6个月,而热带太平洋西边界和ITF流经海域海温则超前1~3个月.沿ITF及其东印度洋出口,SST的年际变化规律不同于热带印度洋而与太平洋的相似,分析表明其在较大程度上受到ITF海洋桥的影响.在季节尺度上,印度洋和太平洋赤道海域SST的波动规律也有明显不同.以巽他岛弧（苏门答腊、爪哇和小巽他群岛）为界,从赤道西太平洋向西沿ITF流径,太平洋一侧SST的季节变化以0.5a周期的波动占主导,印度洋一侧则以1a周期占主导.     

Variation in Water Masses on Shelf of Northern Bering Sea in September 2016-2018

Abstract

Based on hydrological data obtained during the 7th to 9th Chinese National Arctic Research Expeditions in the summers of 2016–2018, the main water structure on the shelf of the northern Bering Sea and the volume and heat fluxes of the Bering Strait throughflow were analyzed. Distinct variability was identified in the three Pacific water masses feeding the strait - Anadyr Water (AW), Bering Shelf Water (BSW) and Alaskan coastal water (ACW). Overall, the temperature and salinity of the entire section increased each year, with 2018 showing significant anomalies, i.e., a temperature anomaly of up to 1?°C and a maximum salinity anomaly of 2. From 2016 to 2018, the extent of the ACW gradually narrowed in the eastern part of this section, while the AW expanded eastward each year. The net volume transport through each of the three sections increased poleward from 1.65?Sv to 2.76?Sv, with the AW increasing from 0?Sv to 1.03?Sv, the BSW varying between 0.52–1.65?Sv, and the ACW gradually decreasing from 1.04?Sv to disappearing completely. The net heat fluxes were also poleward, varying between 25.77 TW and 61.50 TW, and showing a significant increase. Significant variations in magnitude and extent were observed in each water mass of the Bering Strait throughflow, which could produce widespread effects in the Arctic Ocean and the global ocean beyond.     

白令海峡夏季流量的年际变化及其成因

白令海峡是连接太平洋和北冰洋的唯一通道,穿过海峡的海水体积通量在年际尺度上的变化主要取决于海峡南北两侧的海面高度差,白令海峡的入流对北冰洋海洋过程有重要的意义。利用SODA资料计算夏季白令海峡海水体积通量,对其年际变化及成因进行分析。结果表明夏季白令海峡的体积通量主要是正压地转的;当体积通量为正距平时,楚科奇海、东西伯利亚海、拉普捷夫海以及波弗特海南部海面高度为负距平,同时,白令海陆架海面高度为正距平;对这些海域的Ekman运动、上层海洋温度、盐度和垂直流速进行分析,发现海面高度异常与海峡体积通量的这种关系主要是与海面气压异常分布所产生的Ekman运动有关。当白令海峡的体积通量为正距平时,北冰洋中央海面气压为正距平,白令海海盆海面气压为负距平。这种气压的异常分布在一定程度上解释了上层海洋运动、海水温盐结构与白令海峡入流的关系,从而把夏季大尺度大气环流和白令海峡体积通量的年际变化联系了起来。     

Transports of Nordic Seas water masses and excess SF6 through Fram Strait to the Arctic Ocean

To determine the exchanges between the Nordic Seas and the Arctic Ocean through Fram Strait is one of the most important aspects, and one of the major challenges, in describing the circulation in the Arctic Mediterranean Sea. Especially the northward transport of Arctic Intermediate Water (AIW) from the Nordic Seas into the Arctic Ocean is little known. In the two-ship study of the circulation in the Nordic Seas, Arctic Ocean - 2002, the Swedish icebreaker Oden operated in the ice-covered areas in and north of Fram Strait and in the western margins of Greenland and Iceland seas, while RV Knorr of Woods Hole worked in the ice free part of the Nordic Seas. Here two hydrographic sections obtained by Oden, augmented by tracer and velocity measurements with Lowered Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (LADCP), are examined. The first section, reaching from the Svalbard shelf across the Yermak Plateau, covers the region north of Svalbard where inflow to the Arctic Ocean takes place. The second, western, section spans the outflow area extending from west of the Yermak Plateau onto the Greenland shelf. Geostrophic and LADCP derived velocities are both used to estimate the exchanges of water masses between the Nordic Seas and the Arctic Ocean. The geostrophic computations indicate a total flow of 3.6 Sv entering the Arctic on the eastern section. The southward flow on the western section is found to be 5.1 Sv. The total inflow to the Arctic Ocean obtained using the LADCP derived velocities is much larger, 13.6 Sv, and the southward transport on the western section is 13.7 Sv, equal to the northward transport north of Svalbard. Sulphur hexafluoride (SF₆) originating from a tracer release experiment in the Greenland Sea in 1996 has become a marker for the circulation of AIW. From the geostrophic velocities we obtain 0.5 Sv and from the LADCP derived velocities 2.8 Sv of AIW flowing into the Arctic. The annual transport of SF₆ into the Arctic Ocean derived from geostrophy is 5 kg/year, which is of the same magnitude as the observed total annual transport into the North Atlantic, while the LADCP measurements (19 kg/year) imply that it is substantially larger. Little SF₆ was found on the western section, confirming the dominance of the Arctic Ocean water masses and indicating that the major recirculation in Fram Strait takes place farther to the south.     

The destiny of the North Pacific Intermediate Water in the South China Sea

The previous studies show that the spreading path of the subtropical salinity minimum of the North Pacific Intermediate Water (NPIW) is southwestward pointing to the Luzon Strait. Based on the P -vector method and generalized digital environmental model (GDEM) data, the volume transport of NPIW through Luzon Strait and the upward transport on the NPIW lower and upper boundaries are calculated to examine the destiny of NPIW in the South China Sea (SCS). On the annual mean, the estimation of NPIW transport into the SCS through the Luzon Strait is 1.72 Sv (1Sv=10 6 m 3 /s). The upward transport over the SCS is 0.31 Sv on the NPIW upper boundary and 1.31 Sv on the NPIW lower boundary. There is no strait or passage deeper than the surface for the NPIW to extend, except for the Luzon Strait. For the volume balance in the SCS NPIW, the volume transport of 2.72 Sv has to flow out of the SCS NPIW layer through the Luzon Strait.