久效磷农药对黄鳝染色体损伤的研究

以0.25、0.50、1.00和2.00mg/L浓度久效磷农药暴露黄鳝96h,采用微核试验和染色体畸变试验方法研究了久效磷农药对外周血红细胞和肾细胞染色体的损伤作用。结果表明:0.50~2.00和0.25~2.00mg/L的久效磷农药暴露显著升高了红细胞核异常细胞率及总核异常细胞率;1.00和2.00mg/L暴露组肾细胞的染色体数目总异常率和染色体裂隙率显著升高,0.50~2.00mg/L暴露组染色体结构总畸变率显著升高;2.00mg/L暴露组肾脏组织RNA含量及RNA/DNA比值显著降低。结果表明久效磷农药能够引起黄鳝染色体损伤,导致遗传毒性效应。     

鱼藤酮对花鲈、矛尾虾虎鱼的急性毒性研究

采用静水实验方法和改良寇式法计算,以鲈鱼Lateolabrax japonicas、矛尾虾虎鱼Chaeturighthys stigmatia Richardson为实验材料开展了鱼藤酮的急性毒性实验。结果表明:鱼藤酮分别处理6h、9h、18h、21h、24h时鲈鱼的半致死浓度(LC_(50))分别为18.40μg/L、17.83μg/L、14.55μg/L、14.32μg/L、13.72μg/L,鲈鱼半致死浓度的95%置信区间分别为17.29~19.58μg/L、17.22~18.46μg/L、13.92~15.10μg/L、13.69~14.97μg/L、13.18~14.27μg/L;鱼藤酮分别处理24h、48h、72h时矛尾虾虎鱼的半致死浓度(LC_(50))分别为45.35μg/L、26.59μg/L、16.96μg/L,矛尾虾虎鱼半致死浓度的95%置信区间分别为42.01~48.85μg/L、24.78~28.54μg/L和16.09~17.88μg/L。2种鱼类的半致死浓度都非常低,而矛尾虾虎鱼对鱼藤酮的耐受性更强一些,鱼药毒性等级划分显示鱼藤酮对两种鱼类均属于剧毒性物质。     

春、夏季秦皇岛海域超微型浮游植物

2017年6月和8月,通过对秦皇岛海域的超微型浮游植物进行现场调查和流式细胞仪分析,发现了聚球藻(Synechococcus)和超微型真核藻类(picoeukaryotes)两大类群,其中聚球藻又分为聚球藻Ⅰ和聚球藻Ⅱ两个亚群。调研期间,正处于秦皇岛海域褐潮高发期。通过分析超微型浮游植物细胞丰度、碳生物量及分布特点,研究了秦皇岛海域在褐潮高发期超微型浮游植物分布及相关环境因子影响。结果表明,6月份超微型真核藻、聚球藻Ⅰ和聚球藻Ⅱ平均丰度分别为1.14×10⁴个/mL、4.02×10⁴个/mL和1.04×10⁴个/mL,碳生物量均值分别为27.22μg/L、8.49μg/L和2.27μg/L;在8月份超微型真核藻、聚球藻Ⅰ和聚球藻Ⅱ平均丰度分别为3.27×10³个/mL、5.79×10⁴个/mL和2.58×10⁴个/mL,碳生物量均值分别为6.35μg/L、13.41μg/L和5.83μg/L。超微型真核藻、聚球藻Ⅰ和聚球藻Ⅱ在6月份和8月份表现出不同的分布...     

苯并(a)芘影响黑鲷肝脏EROD活性变化的动力学研究

研究了黑鲷(Sparusmacro cephalus)在实验生态条件下暴露于不同浓度苯并(a)芘(benzo(a)pyrene,BaP)后,肝脏乙氧基异吩噁唑酮脱乙基酶(EROD)活性在不同暴露时相的动力学变化情况.EROD活性采用动力学方法测定.实验结果表明,暴露于较低质量浓度BaP(0.5,1.0μg/L)黑鲷肝脏的EROD活性在2 d后极显著高于对照组(P<0.01),2.0μg/L组则在2 h后极显著高于对照组,并且随暴露时间的延长,诱导程度表现出不同的下降趋势,而暴露于高质量浓度组(5.0 μg/L)的肝脏EROD活性极显著性诱导出现在12h.总体上较高质量浓度组(2.0,5.0μg/L)EROD活性出现极显著性诱导的时间比低质量浓度组(0.5,1.0μg/L)早,诱导程度也比低质量浓度组的高.在净化实验中各暴露组肝脏EROD活性均下降,与空白对照组比较均没有显著性差异,说明试验浓度没有超出严重损伤肝脏自身恢复系统的范围,在此浓度范围内污染的鱼通过净化可清除BaP污染.     

微塑料和芘对菲律宾蛤仔的毒性效应研究

海洋环境中微塑料和多环芳烃(PAHs)污染日益严重,以滤食动物菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)为研究对象,探讨了聚苯乙烯微塑料和芘单一及联合暴露对菲律宾蛤仔的毒性效应.分别采用两个聚苯乙烯微塑料粒径(0.3μm和6μm,20 μg/L)和两个芘浓度水平(10 μg/L和100μg/L)单独和...     

甲维盐对安氏伪镖水蚤(Pseudodiaptomus annandalei)摄食、呼吸、发育和生殖的影响

甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐(Emamectinbenzoate,EMB)(简称甲维盐)作为一种新型高效安全的农药,近年来得到了广泛的使用。为探讨甲维盐对海洋桡足类的影响,本文以安氏伪镖水蚤为研究对象,通过急慢性暴露实验研究了不同甲维盐浓度对安氏伪镖水蚤摄食、呼吸、发育、生殖的影响。结果表明,甲维盐对安氏伪镖水蚤的48h LC50和96h LC50分别为4.13和1.98μg/L;随着甲维盐浓度的升高,安氏伪镖水蚤的摄食率呈现降低趋势;在甲维盐浓度0.25μg/L时,安氏伪镖水蚤呼吸率显著升高,而甲维盐浓度超过0.50μg/L时,呼吸率呈现降低的趋势;在甲维盐高浓度组(0.2000μg/L),第二世代的发育时间显著延长,存活率与生殖力均显著降低。以上结果说明,安氏伪镖水蚤对甲维盐较为敏感,高浓度甲维盐会影响安氏伪镖水蚤的摄食、呼吸、发育和生殖,进而可能影响到其种群动态。本研究为进一步判定甲维盐的生态风险以及我国海洋渔业环境保护提供了科学依据。     

无机砷As(V)对牟氏角毛藻(Chaetoceros mulleri)生长、叶绿素a含量及抗氧化活力的影响

研究了无机砷As(V)胁迫对牟氏角毛藻(Chaetoceros mulleri)培育水体中磷酸盐含量、藻细胞密度、叶绿素a含量及其抗氧化活性的影响,As(V)浓度梯度为0、7.3、10.2、23.9、45.2和114.0μg/L(分别记为Ctr和V1—V5),取样时间为2、3、5、7、14和21 d。结果表明,试验条件下适当浓度As(V)暴露会促进牟氏角毛藻对磷酸盐的吸收速度,而较低浓度暴露时则反之。所有处理组中仅V2组在14d时藻细胞密度增至最大值71×104ind./m L,其它处理组在整个试验期间藻细胞密度变化均不显著(P0.01)。2 d时各组藻细胞叶绿素a含量均显著降低,且均显著低于对照;5 d时V5组显著升高(达102.16μg/108cell),而其它处理组却仍明显低于其初始值;21 d时,除V1组外各处理组均明显高于对照(50.63μg/10~8cell)。在As(V)暴露2 d时,处理组GSH含量均明显低于对照(3.23μg/10~8cell)(P0.01),且随着As(V)暴露浓度的升高呈先升高后逐渐降低的趋势。As(V)暴露对牟氏角毛藻GSH含量具有显著的抑制作用。谷胱甘肽还原酶活性随着As(V)浓度升高基本呈降低趋势。As(V)胁迫可能会抑制牟氏角毛藻的光合作用和抗氧化活性,长期暴露还会对其生长繁殖造成影响。     

镉和汞胁迫对四角蛤蜊（Mactra veneriformis）血细胞的毒性损伤研究

采用透射电镜观察、溶酶体膜稳定性衡量和微核生成率检测的方法,系统研究了室内模拟Cd和Hg污染胁迫对四角蛤蜊血细胞的毒性损伤。结果表明,Cd对四角蛤蜊血细胞超微结构的损伤表现出明显的浓度依赖效应,125μg/L Cd胁迫下血细胞结构损伤程度高于25μg/L Cd胁迫;不同浓度Cd和Hg暴露14天后,各处理组（2μg/L ...     

弧菌Ⅰ组中淡水亚组弧菌引起的虹鳟鱼病

于1985—1986年,以山西省虹鳟鱼实验场的虹鳟病鱼(7—12cm)为材料,进行鱼病研究。从病鱼肝、脾、肾中分离出致病细菌,经分类鉴定为鳗弧菌生物变种Ⅲ(新生物变种),隶属于弧菌Ⅰ组中的淡水亚组弧菌。对该菌进行的药物筛选的抑菌试验表明:62.5μg/L的强力霉素和100μg/L的鱼安(主要成分为氯代脲酸)有效,同时结合采用井水温度低于自流泉水的措施,此病可得到控制。     

吡啶硫酮类防污剂对华美盘管虫早期不同发育阶段的毒性效应研究

以中国南海常见的多毛类——华美盘管虫(Hydroides elegans)作为受试生物,分别研究了吡啶硫酮铜和吡啶硫酮锌对早期不同发育阶段的华美盘管虫的急性毒理效应。发现暴露于吡啶硫酮铜的华美盘管虫精子和卵子的受精半数抑制浓度(IC50)分别为19.49μg/L和88.44μg/L,担轮幼虫24 h半数致死浓度(24h-LC50)和48 h半数致死浓度(48h-LC50)分别为7.35μg/L和5.00μg/L,后担轮幼虫24h-LC50和48h-LC50分别为8.57μg/L和5.87μg/L;暴露于吡啶硫酮锌的华美盘管虫精子和卵子的受精IC50分别为36.74μg/L和159.59μg/L,担轮幼虫24 h-LC50和48 h-LC50分别为8.57μg/L和6.67μg/L,后担轮幼虫24 h-LC50和48 h-LC50分别为12.03μg/L和8.07μg/L。表明华美盘管虫早期发育的不同阶段对吡啶硫酮铜和吡啶硫酮锌的敏感性表现出一定差异,与配子受精率和后担轮幼虫的毒性反应相比,担轮幼虫对吡啶硫酮铜和吡啶硫酮锌的毒性表现出较高的敏感性;而且,对吡啶硫酮铜的敏感性普遍高于吡啶硫酮锌。     

枝管藻多糖对久效磷暴露水体中鱼类保护作用的研究

以金鱼(Carassius auratus)体内超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide dismutase，SOD)活力、乙酰胆碱酯酶(Acetylcholinesteras，AChE)活力变化为指标，观察了枝管藻多糖对久效磷暴露的水体中鱼类生理功能的影响。结果表明：用枝管藻多糖灌胃鲫鱼15d，枝管藻多糖能显著降低久效磷对鱼类体内SOD活力的诱导和有效阻止久效磷对鱼类中枢神经系统AChE活性的抑制，具有拮抗久效磷农药对鱼类毒害的作用。     

有机磷农药对扁藻的联合毒性研究

采用水生毒理联合效应相加指数法，比较了久效磷、辛硫磷、敌敌畏以及对硫磷的单剂和混合剂对扁藻的急性毒性和联合毒性。结果表明：久效磷和辛硫磷的联合毒性为协同作用；久效磷和敌敌畏的联合毒性为拮抗作用；久效磷和敌敌畏和对硫磷的48h联合毒性为协同作用，72h、96h则为拮抗作用。     

久效磷对单环刺螠体内几种酶活性影响的初步研究

运用冰冻切片技术和酶组织化学的方法研究了长期暴露于不同质量浓度久效磷(0,50,100,150ng/L)下的单环刺螠(Urechisunicinctus)体内的乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)、细胞色素C氧化酶(CCO)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)的活性变化。实验表明,AChE在单环刺螠的体壁上呈现出较强的酶活性,活性位点处为红棕色的颗粒沉淀、并随久效磷胁迫浓度的提高显色越来越深;消化道切片上基本上没有AChE的活性。CCO在单环刺螠的体壁及肠道上都呈现出较强的酶活性,活性位点显示为棕色;肠道上,不同质量浓度组由低到高其CCO活性位点依次增多、显色也依次加深。低质量浓度久效磷(<150ng/L)胁迫对单环刺螠体内的AKP活性没有明显的影响。     

Uptake and elimination of lindane and a phthalate ester in tropical corals and mussels

Phthalate esters and γ-hexachlorocyclohexane are among the organic xenobiotics which are most abundant in the atmospheric fallout over Bermuda. It was therefore of interest to study the uptake and elimination of these synthetic components in the most important reef building coral. Diploria strigosa and the mussel Arca zebra, from Bermudian waters. Radioactive labelled components (¹⁴C-γ-hexachlorocyclohexane, diisononyl [carboxyl-¹⁴C] phthalate) were used in the study and the samples were analyzed by liquid scintillation counting.The highest concentrations of radioactivity were found in hepatopancreas and more phthalate ester than lindane was taken up. In gill, muscle and coral tissues the uptake of lindane was higher than that of the phthalate ester. In all tissues analyzed the elimination rate of lindane was higher than that of the phthalate ester.The acute effects of phthalate esters on corals are probably less than those of lindane, due to the low uptake and low toxicity. However, the poor elimination of phthalate esters may lead to long-term effects.     

Reproducibility of spiked-sediment bioassays using the marine benthic amphipod, Corophium volutator

Corophium volutator (Pallas; Amphipoda: Corophiidae) is an ecologically important representative of the infauna of marine sediments and is widely distributed along the north-east American and the west European coasts. Methods for conducting short-term toxicity tests with lindane-spiked sediment using this species were developed. Corophium volutator were used in 10-d lindane-spiked sediment tests conducted on seven occasions throughout the year, to investigate the repeatability of test methods and to quantify differences in sensitivity for lindane due to seasonal field sampling. The 10-d LC₅₀ values found for lindane ranged from 0.78 to 1.49 μg/g dry weight (dw), a relatively small range. Higher values were found in the months of April 1994 and April 1995 (1.46 and 1.49 μg/g, respectively). Positive controls conducted with cadmium (aqueous phase) also revealed lower sensitivity of amphipods in those months. The results however, show that a factor of two difference in LC₅₀ values among tests conducted in different seasons was within the range of expected variability. A study on the size-structure of the wild amphipod population indicated that animals of all size-classes were available throughout the whole year except for the months of April and May. Experiments conducted with organisms of different length-classes revealed that differences in sensitivity to lindane were not size-related. The present study also supports the use of field-collected organisms of ecological relevance, such as C. volutator, in ecotoxicological studies.     

Bioaccumulation of chromium and its effects on reproduction in Neanthes arenaceodentata (polychaeta)

The levels of hexavalent chromium (Cr VI) that caused diminished reproductive ability in the polychaete Neanthes arenaceodentata were determined. Changes in numbers of offspring and time of spawning caused by Cr VI at 1 to 38 ug/litre during two generations of exposure (309 days) were measured. Time to spawning was unaffected but it was found that reductions in numbers of offsprings occurred at 16 to 38 μl/litre. Bioaccumulation of chromium was also measured and found to be proportional to exposure levels; however, a direct relationship between tissue concentration and reduced numbers of offspring could not be established.     

无机砷As(Ⅲ、Ⅴ)对牟氏角毛藻生长、叶绿素荧光特性及基因组DNA甲基化水平的影响

以AsO2-和HAsO42-分别暴露处理牟氏角毛藻(Chaetocerosmulleri)研究As(Ⅲ、V)毒性作用,As(Ⅲ)浓度梯度为0、10、50、100、300和500 μmol/L,As(V)浓度梯度为0、30、60、120、300和600 μmol/L,分别在第1、3、7d取样,研究不同浓度的As(Ⅲ、V)...     

Dynamics of an Abra alba population (bivalve-scrobiculariidae) in the Bay of Brest

The Abra population studied, lived in a muddy-sand Melinna palmata community in the vicinity of the harbour of Brest. There were two periods of spawning in the year: June to August and end of autumn. Individuals 12 mm long can spawn after the first winter. Recruitment was regularly observed in 1 mm mesh sieves in May and September–October. Growth rings were formed in winter; a second growth ring in summer was correlated with spawning. The modal analysis showed a decreasing growth rate and maximum length for the successive cohorts over the three years surveyed. Growth characteristics observed in this population seem to be due to disturbances brought about by neighbouring dredgings which had just ended at the beginning of the study.     

Kinetics of nitrogen- or phosphorus-limited growth and effects of growth conditions on nutrient uptake inChattonella antiqua

Chattonella antiqua was grown in a nitrogen- or phosphorus-limited semicontinuous culture system. Using the cells in steady growth state, the relationship between growth rate and cell quota and effects of growth conditions on nitrate, ammonium and phosphate uptake were examined. Under nitrogen-limited conditions, growth rate as a function of nitrogen cell quota followed the empirical Droop equation and the uptake of nitrate and ammonium was not significantly affected by growth rate. Similarly, under phosphorus-limited conditions, the growth rate as a function of phosphorus cell quota also followed the Droop equation and phosphate uptake was not significantly affected by growth rate.Combining the results obtained in the present study with those from previous studies on nutrient uptake, half saturation constants for growth (K _g ) were calculated for nitrate, ammonium and phosphate. Comparisons ofK _g with nutrient concentrations in the Seto Inland Sea in summer, where red tides ofC. antiqua often occur, suggest that phosphate is one of the controlling factors for the population ofC. antiqua.     

Biology of the redspotted tonguesole Cynoglossus zanzibarensis (Pleuronectiformes: Cynoglossidae) on the Agulhas Bank,South Africa

The biology of the redspotted tonguesole Cynoglossus zanzibarensis, a common African cynoglossid inhabiting the Agulhas Bank, South Africa, is described. Growth studies based on sectioned sagittal otoliths revealed that C. zanzibarensis is relatively fast-growing and long-lived, attaining ages >8 years. Growth in length was rapid in immature fish, fish attaining 56% of their maximum size within their first year. By sexual maturity, fish had attained 28% of their maximum age and 68% of their maximum length. Total length-at-age was best described by the Von Bertalanffy growth model with combined-sex growth described as L_t = 354.78(1?e^{?0.43 (t+1.17)}) mm TL. Sexually dimorphic growth patterns were evident, females attaining larger lengths, but at a slower growth rate than males. Despite the similar mean size of adult fish, the trawl-sampled adult population was dominated by females, with a sex ratio of 1 male:2.4 females. Female C. zanzibarensis mature in their second year of life (275 mm TL), after which they spawn small, pelagic eggs throughout the year. Approximations of the rates of total, natural and fishing mortality were estimated to be 0.62, 0.48 and 0.14 year^?1 respectively.