Vertical variations of dissolved carbohydrates in the North Yap Trench

The concentrations of dissolved monosaccharides(MCHO),polysaccharides(PCHO),and total carbohydrates(TCHO)in the seawater samples collected from the north of the Yap Trench in the western Pacific Ocean were measured by 2,4,6-tripyridine-s-triazine(TPTZ)spectrophotometry method.The results show that the concentrations of MCHO,PCHO,and TCHO ranged from 4.6 to 22.1μmol C/L,3.5 to 27.3μmol C/L,and 13.8 to 36.3μmol C/L,respectively.In different sampling stations,the concentrations of MCHO,PCHO,and TCHO with water depth showed complex variation patterns.In the study area,the maximum concentrations of MCHO,PCHO,and TCHO occurred in the euphotic layer and the minimum concentrations occurred in mesopelagic seawater layer.Generally,the concentrations of MCHO,PCHO,and TCHO decreased with water depth from the euphotic layer to the hadal zone.The average value of PCHO/TCHO was higher than the average value of MCHO/TCHO,indicating that PCHO was the main component of TCHO in north of the Yap Trench.     

秋季东海二甲基亚砜的分布与影响因素研究

2010年11月对东海进行了大面调查,研究了秋季东海表层水中颗粒态和溶解态二甲基亚砜(DMSOp和DMSOd)的水平分布和PN断面的垂直分布特征及其影响因素。结果显示,表层海水中DMSOp和DMSOd的浓度范围分别为2.49~85.5nmol/L和2.27~86.6nmol/L,平均值分别为(17.2±1.40)nmol/L和(15.3±1.29)nmol/L。DMSOp水平分布与叶绿素a(Chl a)相类似,呈现近岸高、远海低的趋势,而DMSOd浓度高值区主要集中在东海西南部上升流区域。分析PN断面的垂直分布可见,DMSOp在近岸底层水中浓度较高,而DMSOd浓度在表层出现高值。相关性分析的结果表明,DMSOp与颗粒态二甲巯基丙酸内盐(DMSPp)以及DMSOp/Chl a比值与盐度分别存在一定的相关性,说明DMSOp与DMSPp具有相似的来源及生理功能。此外,DMSOd与二甲基硫(DMS)浓度具有正相关关系,说明DMS的氧化是东海DMSOd的一个重要来源途径。     

珠江口及海南岛东南海域海水中氨基酸的分布及其对有机物降解指示的研究

于2021年8月对珠江口及海南岛东南海域海水中的总溶解态氨基酸(THAA)、溶解有机碳(DOC)、有机氮(TN)和叶绿素a(Chl a)的浓度及分布进行了系统的调查研究。结果表明,调查站位海水中THAA的浓度范围为0.68～4.22μmol/L,平均浓度为(1.69±0.98)μmol/L,呈现近岸高、远岸低的分布趋势;垂直分布上,氨基酸浓度均呈现出随深度增加逐渐减小的特征。THAA浓度分布与天冬氨酸(Asp)/β-丙氨酸(β-Ala)和谷氨酸(Glu)/γ-氨基丁酸(γ-Aba)的比值具有显著正相关性,表明细菌活动对THAA的分布以及降解有重要影响。细菌源有机碳对DOC的贡献率约(13.04%±4.50%),呈现出近岸低于远岸、表层高于底层的特征。氨基酸中碳对有机碳的贡献率(THAA-C%)的分布趋势为近岸低于远海,说明近岸站位有机物降解程度更大。降解指数(DI)和活性指数(RI)也和THAA-C%呈现了相似的分布趋势,在调查海域的东部和珠江口近岸海域出现了高值区。垂直方向上,珠江口附近的S8—S14断面底层相对于表层降解因子的值更低,表明底层海水中的有机物降解程度更高,而海南岛东南...     

夏季渤海溶解甲烷的分布与通量研究

于2008-08-26—09-11对渤海海域进行了调查,采集了28个站位表、底层和部分站位中层海水样品,对溶解甲烷(CH4)浓度进行了测定。结果表明:夏季渤海各个站位表、底层海水中CH4的浓度和饱和度变化幅度较大,其中在秦皇岛沿岸海域出现高值,体现了人为活动的影响。表层海水中CH4的浓度和饱和度均低于底层的。估算出夏季渤海溶解CH4的海-气交换通量为(3.1±1.6)~(8.1±4.2)μmol/(m2.d)。渤海海域表、底层海水中CH4呈过饱和状态,是大气中CH4的净源。     

长江口及舟山附近海水中碳水化合物的分布特征

测得长江口及舟山附近海水中可溶态碳水化合物(DCHO)的浓度范围为142—22μg/L,颗粒态碳水化合物(PCHO)为42.9—71.5μg/L。其分布除表层DCHO有所不同外,其余各层的碳水化合物的分布均与叶绿素a相似,表明与生物量有直接关系。PCHO和叶绿素a的浓度在调查海区的东北处有较高值,表明可能是受长江水输入的影响。 在研究DCHO和PCHO的周日变化寸发现,在表层水中DCHO最大值在19:30,较晚于PCHO(15:30),而叶绿素a的高值在8:00和20:00。文章讨论了变化原因,同时也讨论了DCHO/PCHO和PCHO/叶绿素a的比值变化情况。     

南海北部海水中氨基酸的分布及其对溶解有机物降解行为的指示研究

于2015年6月对南海北部海区5个断面共26个站位海水中溶解态氨基酸（THAA）、溶解有机碳（DOC）和叶绿素a（Chl a）的浓度进行了科学调查。结果表明:夏季南海北部海水中THAA的浓度范围为0.40~1.95 μmol/L,平均值为（0.80±0.40） μmol/L,THAA的水平分布总体上体现出近岸高、远海低的特点,表明陆源输入对南海北部海域表层THAA分布有重要影响。THAA在断面上的垂直分布呈现出由近岸至远岸、由表层至底层逐渐降低的趋势。THAA浓度与两种D型氨基酸（D-谷氨酸:D-Glu和D-丙氨酸:D-Ala）含量之间存在显著负相关性,与天门冬氨酸/β-丙氨酸（Asp/β-Ala）和谷氨酸/γ-氨基丁酸（Glu/γ-Aba）比值之间存在显著正相关性,表明细菌的消耗是影响南海海水中THAA浓度的重要因素。D-Ala作为细菌肽聚糖中相对稳定的氨基酸,根据其占DOC的含量估算南海海水中的细菌源有机碳对DOC的贡献率为（29.32±14.32）%,其水平分布显示出近岸低、远岸高的特点;而其垂直分布则呈现出从表层至底层逐渐增加的趋势。THAA占DOC百分比（THAA-C%）的变化范围为1.02%~5.49%,平均值为（2.97±1.38）%。THAA-C%、活性因子和降解因子的高值均出现在珠江口外围区域。随着海水深度增加3种降解因子的数值均显著降低,这表明底层海水中有机物比表层海水中的有机物降解程度更大。     

2021年夏季珠江口颗粒有机碳空间分布特征及其影响因素

颗粒有机碳(POC)是河口碳循环的关键变量之一,厘清其空间分布特征及影响因素是开展河口碳循环研究的重要基础。本文研究了2021年7月(珠江丰水期)珠江口大范围区域和不同水层POC浓度空间分布,探究了盐度、悬浮颗粒物浓度(SPM)和浮游植物类脂生物标志物总浓度(ΣPB,包含菜籽甾醇、甲藻甾醇和C₃₇长链烯酮)等因素对POC空间分布的影响。结果表明,研究区域POC浓度为0.05～0.85 mg/L,均值(0.29±0.19) mg/L,总体呈现近岸浓度高、河口外部区域浓度低的分布趋势,高值区集中在磨刀门近岸海域和香港南部海域。垂直分布上,POC平均浓度随着深度的增加先减小再增加,但不同断面间存在差异。A断面(黄茅海-珠江口外侧)POC浓度最大值出现在近岸及叶绿素最大层,B断面(磨刀门-珠江口外侧)POC浓度最大值出现在表层,C断面(伶仃洋-珠江口外侧)大部分站位垂直分布较均匀。POC空间分布受到多种环境和生物因素的显著影响。在某些海域和水层,温度、浊度、溶解氧、营养盐浓度、SPM以及ΣPB等参数与POC浓度具有显著正相关,而盐度与POC浓度具有显著负相关。盐度与POC...     

夏季东海微表层与下层海水营养盐的分布特征研究

于2014年5月15日—6月13日对东海海水营养盐(DIN(溶解无机氮)、SiO_3~(2-)-Si、PO_4~(3-)-P)的水平和垂直分布进行了调查分析,并讨论了其影响因素。结果表明,在研究区域,无论是微表层还是表层,海水营养盐受陆地径流的影响近岸浓度较高。受黑潮次表层水涌升的影响,远海部分站位营养盐出现高值;受陆地径流的影响,长江口断面表层营养盐浓度自西向东递减,底层可能受有机质分解及富含营养盐沉积岩的溶解影响导致营养盐浓度较高。不同营养盐在微表层的富集因子计算结果表明,除PO_4~(3-)-P外,微表层对SiO_3~(2-)-Si、NO_2~--N、NO_3~--N、NH_4~+-N和DIN都产生明显的富集作用,富集因子中位数介于1.05~1.19之间。DH2-1站位的营养盐周日变化结果表明,藻类通过光合作用使得NH_4~+-N、PO_4~(3-)-P、SiO_3~(2-)-Si浓度降低,NH_4~+-N的光化学氧化和硝化作用使NO_2~--N与NO_3~--N浓度变高;DIN中NH_4~+-N对控制藻类细胞丰度起着重要作用。     

春夏季黄东海溶解态丙烯酸的分布研究

为了解海洋中溶解态丙烯酸(AAd)的浓度分布及影响因素,本研究于2017年3～4月和2018年6～7月对黄东海海水中AAd进行了调查。结果表明:夏季黄东海表层海水中AAd的平均浓度((18.89±15.23) nmol·L~(-1))高于春季((13.94±9.89) nmol·L~(-1)),AAd存在明显的季节性差异。垂直分布上,P断面受长江冲淡水影响,陆源AAd的输入导致AAd含量高于B断面。春季黄东海表层海水及B断面的AAd与溶解态β-二甲基巯基丙酸内盐呈正相关性,这与AAd是β-二甲基巯基丙酸内盐的裂解产物有关。春季AAd的周日变化浓度范围是4.72～29.42 nmol·L~(-1),在18点出现最大值,与浮游动物摄食、光化学氧化及生源控制有关。春、夏季间隙水中AAd的浓度分别为30.89～131.57(平均:86.21±30.61)和5.75～84.86(平均:38.78±31.73)μmol·L~(-1),溶解有机碳(DOC)则为3.59～7.67和3.79～11.82 mg·L~(-1)。间隙水中AAd与二甲基硫(DMS)在春季存在负相关性,说明除了DMSPd的裂解,AAd还有其他的来源。研究海域沉积物间隙水中AAd的浓度比底层海水高出至少三个数量级,表明沉积物间隙水可能是底层海水中AAd的重要来源。     

渤海南部辛基酚和双酚A污染状况研究

研究采用固相萃取(SPE)-气相色谱-质谱法(GC-MS)对2012年5月份渤海南部表层海水中的辛基酚(OP)和双酚A(BPA)的污染状况进行了调查。结果表明,渤海南部56个站位表层海水中OP均有检出,浓度范围1.50~20.1 ng/L,平均浓度4.17 ng/L,BPA均有检出,浓度范围1.50~275 ng/L,平均浓度34.8 ng/L。OP高浓度分布在漏油事故区Y系列和黄河口南部、莱州湾西部湾口以及SL20站位,且莱州湾湾口普遍高于湾内;BPA总体分布莱州湾沿岸站位浓度普遍较高。渤海南部表层海水中OP污染较胶州湾等水体严重,BPA浓度部分站位浓度已达到泥螺胚胎生成的4周10%效应浓度(EC10)。由此可知,渤海南部已经受到OP和BPA不同程度的污染,有可能对生物带来一定的生态风险。     

Distributions and seasonal variations of dissolved carbohydrates in the Jiaozhou Bay,China

Surface seawater samples were collected in the Jiaozhou Bay, a typical semi-closed basin located at the western part of the Shandong Peninsula, China, during four cruises. Concentrations of monosaccharides (MCHO), polysaccharides (PCHO) and total dissolved carbohydrates (TCHO) were measured with the 2,4,6-tripyridyl-s-triazine spectroscopic method. Concentrations of TCHO varied from 10.8 to 276.1 μM C for all samples and the ratios of TCHO to dissolved organic carbon (DOC) ranged from 1.1 to 67.9% with an average of 10.1%. This result indicated that dissolved carbohydrates were an important constituent of DOC in the surface seawater of the Jiaozhou Bay. In all samples, the concentrations of MCHO ranged from 2.9 to 65.9 μM C, comprising 46.1 ± 16.6% of TCHO on average, while PCHO ranged from 0.3 to 210.2 μM C, comprising 53.9 ± 16.6% of TCHO on average. As a major part of dissolved carbohydrates, the concentrations of PCHO were higher than those of MCHO. MCHO and PCHO accumulated in January and July, with minimum average concentration in April. The seasonal variation in the ratios of TCHO to DOC was related to water temperature, with high values in January and low values in July and October. The concentrations of dissolved carbohydrates displayed a decreasing trend from the coastal to the central areas. Negative correlations between concentrations of TCHO and salinity in July suggested that riverine input around the Jiaozhou Bay had an important effect on the concentrations of dissolved carbohydrates in surface seawater. The pattern of distributions of MCHO and PCHO reported in this study added to the global picture of dissolved carbohydrates distribution.     

Seasonal variations and distributions of dissolved free and total carbohydrates at the İzmir Bay, Aegean Sea

Seasonal variations and distributions of dissolved carbohydrate concentrations at the İzmir Bay were investigated with salinity, chlorophyll a (Chl a), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) levels to understand their relationships. Samples were collected from surface, subsurface and bottom depths at seven stations. DOC concentrations ranged from 32.2 to 244.2 μmol/L, and in general, DOC levels increased from winter to summer, then slightly decreased in autumn. Monosaccharide (MCHO), polysaccharide (PCHO) and total dissolved carbohydrate (TDCHO) levels were found between 0.7-8.3, 0.7-19.5, and 2.6-24.6 μmol/L. DOC, MCHO, PCHO and TDCHO levels were found higher in middle-inner bays, under the influence of anthropogenic inputs, compared to outer bay. Seasonal changes of MCHO/DOC, PCHO/DOC and TDCHO/DOC ratios were statistically significant (p<0.05) and the ratios showed decrease trends from winter to summer-autumn seasons. Distributions of TDCHO/DOC ratios at wide ranges (2.5%-42.3%) indicated the presence of newly forming and degrading fractions of DOM. According to results of factor analysis, Chl a, MCHO and TDCHO were explained in the same factor groups. In conclusion, the results showed that dissolved carbohydrate levels in the İzmir Bay might be influenced by biological processes and terrestrial/anthropogenic inputs.     

Distributions of carbohydrates, including uronic acids, in estuarine waters of Galveston Bay

The concentrations of carbohydrates, including uronic acids, in dissolved (≤0.45μm) and colloidal (1 kDa—0.45 μm) phases were measured in estuarine waters of Galveston Bay, TX, in order to study their role in heavy metal detoxification. The concentrations of dissolved monosaccharides (MCHO) in Galveston Bay ranged from 13 to 62 μM-C, and those of dissolved polysaccharides (PCHO) ranged from 10 to 42 μM-C. On average, MCHO and PCHO contributed about 11% and 7% to dissolved organic carbon (DOC), respectively. The colloidal carbohydrates (CCHO) in Galveston Bay varied from 7 to 54 μM-C, and accounted for 9% to 24% of the colloidal organic carbon (COC), with an average value of 17%, suggesting that CCHO is abundant in the high molecular weight (HMW) fraction of DOC. The concentration of CCHO is generally significantly higher than that of PCHO. This result is attributed to entrainment of low molecular weight (LMW) carbohydrates into the retentate fraction during ultrafiltration. The concentration of total dissolved uronic acids (DUA) in the same samples varied from 1.0 to 8.3 μM-C, with an average value of 6.1 μM-C, while the colloidal uronic acids (CUA) ranged from 0.8 to 6.4 μM-C, with an average value of 4.8 μM-C. The concentrations of DUA are higher than the previously reported values in coastal waters. Furthermore, CUA represent a dominant component of DUA in Galveston Bay waters. More importantly, significant correlations of PCHO and DUA to dissolved Cu concentrations (≤0.45 μm) were found, suggesting that acid polysaccharides were produced in response to trace metal stressors.     

Particulate carbohydrates and uronic acids in the northern East China Sea

Carbohydrate species, such as uronic acids, play an important role in oceanic carbon cycling, coagulation and adsorption processes. Concentrations of particulate carbohydrates (PCHO) and uronic acids (PURA) were measured in the northern East China Sea (ECS) during June and November, 2006. In June, maximum concentrations of PCHO and PURA were observed in the surface layer of coastal waters. Their concentrations rapidly decreased with depth, suggesting that they are both bio-reactive. Moreover, phytoplankton abundance and bacterial biomass seem to be associated with observed PCHO and PURA concentrations in the ECS during June, suggesting that production of carbohydrate species in the ECS is regulated by phytoplankton assemblages, bacterial assimilation or degradation. In November, however, PCHO and PURA concentrations were homogenous within the water column due to strong vertical mixing. No strong correlations were observed between carbohydrate species (PCHO and PURA) and phytoplankton or bacterial biomass, suggesting that production of these compounds in November might be caused by the physiological difference between nutrient limited and non-nutrient limited phytoplankton. Furthermore, strong negative correlations between nutrients and PCHO species suggest that nutrient levels may be one of the driving forces behind the production of these compounds in the ECS.     

Vertical Distributions of Phyllosoma Larvae of Palinurid and Scyllarid Lobsters in the Western North Pacific

Vertical distributions of phyllosoma larvae were examined in waters east of the Philippines or west of the Mariana Islands (18°56′ N to 19°04′ N; 129°10′ E to 129°35′ E) based on zooplankton samples collected with an Isaacs-Kidd Midwater Trawl on September 22–24, 1986. Phyllosoma larvae belonged to the two families Scyllaridae and Palinuridae comprising 4 genera and 9 species. Of the collected phyllosoma larvae, those of Scyllarus cultrifer and Panulirus longipes were most abundant and showed similar vertical distributions: (1) both species were collected from the mixed layer at night but not in the day, (2) their vertical distributions did not change with their stages, and (3) the upper limit of their vertical distributions during the day accorded with the base of mixed layer. Furthermore, their vertical distributions were similar to those of lepthocephalus larvae which were collected using the same sampling stations and gear in the present study. Vertical distributions of phyllosoma larvae were discussed in relation to their horizontal distributions. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

珍珠贝在南海北部海洋结构物上的分布

:1 98 6— 1 995年在南海北部水域对 1 6个海洋结构物 (其中 1 2个生物调查浮标 ,2个Marex水文资料浮标和 2个固定石油生产平台 )上珍珠贝科 (Pteriidae)的水平和垂直分布进行了调查 ,共发现有珍珠贝科 2属 1 0种。文中讨论了它们的分布与该水域的海流特征、结构物离岸距离及珍珠贝幼虫发育的关系 ,并认为 ,企鹅珍珠贝Pteria(Magnavicula)penguin、短翼珍珠贝P .(Austropteria)brevialata和珠母贝Pinctadamargartifera、鹌鹑珍珠贝Pteria (A .)coturnix将分别为B2站、YM1站和Z1站海区未来海洋结构物污损生物的优势种。     

Synoptic surveys of lakes Rotorua and Rotoiti

Surface and bottom water samples were collected from 39 widely spaced stations in Lake Rotorua in February 1967 and from 12 stations in Lake Rotoiti in March 1967. In Lake Rotorua, data obtained from these samples showed that small horizontal differences existed between the southern and northern parts of the lake probably related to the higher inflow of plant nutrients at the southern end and to the prevailing southerly wind concentrating phytoplankton populations at the northern end. Lake Rotoiti, which differed from Lake Rotorua in being thermally stratified, showed no important horizontal differences, Vigorous mixing in the strata probably being accomplished by deep seiches except in the shallow western basin of the lake, where the inflow from Lake Rotorua occurs. Serial vertical hauls for a zooplankton survey of Lake Rotoiti were taken from three stations in March 1967. The distribution of zooplankton was complex because diurnal vertical migrations of the animals were combined with horizontal movement of the water layers.     

Three-dimensional structure of tidal current in the East China Sea and the Yellow Sea

A three-dimensional tidal current model is developed and applied to the East China Sea (ECS), the Yellow Sea and the Bohai Sea. The model well reproduces the major four tides, namely M₂, S₂, K₁ and O₁ tides, and their currents. The horizontal distributions of the major four tidal currents are the same as those calculated by the horizontal two-dimensional models. With its high resolutions in the horizontal (12.5 km) and the vertical (20 layers), the model is used to investigate the vertical distributions of tidal current. Four vertical eddy viscosity models are used in the numerical experiments. As the tidal current becomes strong, its vertical shear becomes large and its vertical profile becomes sensitive to the vertical eddy viscosity. As a conclusion, the HU (a) model (Davieset al., 1997), which relates the vertical eddy viscosity to the water depth and depth mean velocity, gives the closest results to the observed data. The reproduction of the amphidromic point of M₂ tide in Liaodong Bay is discussed and it is concluded that it depends on the bottom friction stress. The model reproduces a unique vertical profile of tidal current in the Yellow Sea, which is also found in the observed data. The reason for the reproduction of such a unique profile in the model is investigated.     

THE STRUCTURE AND HEAT BUDGETS OF LARGE-SCALE DISTURBANCES OVER THE EQUATORIAL TROUGH REGION OF THE WESTERN PACIFIC

The average vertical distribution of equivalent potential temperature, horizontal divergerce, relative vorticity and vertical velocity overthe observation area were computed using 6-days NAVAID wind data from the R/V Shijian and R/V Xiangyanghong 09 during FGGE (the First GARP Global Experiment) and upper air sounding data of two island stations within the same period. Yanai's method was used to compute the vertical distributions of the apparent heat source, apparent moisture sink and total eddy heat flux. Satellite cloud photographs and surface meteorological measurements were used to subdivide the six days of observation into three disturbed days and three undisturbed or trade days. This paper describes the large-scale structure and heat budgets in the disturbed and trade wind periods and compared them with those of the trade wind regions of the Atlantic. Some interesting results of the structure and heat budgets of large-scale disturbances over the equatorial trough region in the western Pacific are     

厦门浔江湾海洋水文特征

本文根据１５个站海流连续观测和１６个站温盐大面观测资料。分析服厦门浔江湾水文特征。结果表明,本海域水平方向存在着逆时针环流;垂直方向有上层流出、下层流进的河口型环流;存在着河口锋。