地球自转变化中的太阳物理效应

对太阳活动和太阳风影响地球自转的研究现状作了评述。首先了地球自转变化的表示和测定方法，引起地球自转变化的各种扰动源以及自转长期变化中的潮汐效应和非潮汐效应。然后对地球自转变化中的太阳活动周期调制，太阳耀斑可能引起地球自转突然减速以及太阳风能否影响地球自转等问题的国内外研究现状和结果、分析作了谰论性阐述，最后作了简要总结。     

地震引起地球自转速率变化的分析

由地震引起地球内部质量重新分布将影响地球惯量矩的变化，从而引起地球自转速率的变化，即日长的变化。一般说，大地震产生大的附加位移场。它对地球自转特性有较强的影响。本文采用Ｈａｒｖａｒｄ目录中１９７７－１９９４年间的地震有关参数，和根据地震激发地球自转的变化理论及Ｄａｈｌｅｎ和Ｌａｍ－ｂｅｃｋ推出有关公式计算了地震引起地球轴向惯量矩的变化。结果表明：由单个地震引起的日长变化要比观测值小几个量级，它的累积效应表现出长期的变化即日长减小，就是地震活动加速地球自转。地震使地球自转能量随时间稳定地增加。并表明，虽地震活动影响日长，但它不是十年尺度变化的主要原因，它可能是地球自转非潮汐加速机制之一     

地球自转变化的重力效应

极移对重力测量的影响在前人的研究和工作中已得到了充分的考虑并有不同形式的改正公式。但是由于地轴转动速率变化的重力效应的量级很小,且限于以前的测量精度以及资料处理方法, 因而常常被忽略。随着重力测量精度的提高以及资料处理方法的改进, 有必要重新讨论该项影响。本文从推导地球瞬时自转极运动对地面台站重力测量值影响的公式入手, 将地球自转角速率变化的重力效应和极移的重力效应分离开来, 并对它们的量级分别作了估计。本文着重讨论自转角速率变化对重力测量的影响。用 Ｉ Ｅ Ｒ Ｓ 的日长变化序列和极移序列分别具体地计算了１９８２ ～１９９６ 年期间对武汉的重力测量值的影响, 结果表明, 自转角速率变化对武汉地区重力值的影响最大可达０ ．２５ ｍｉｃｒｏｇａｌ（ｐｅａｋ －ｔｏ － ｐｅａｋ） , 这在高精度的绝对重力测量和相对重力测量中不应再被忽略     

地球自转变化的重力效应

极移对重力测量的影响在前人的研究和工作中已得到了充分的考虑并有不同形式的改正公式。但是由于地轴转动速率变化的重力效应的量级很小,且限于以前的测量精度以及资料处理方法,因而常常被忽略。随着着重力测量精度的提高以及资料处理方法的改进,有必要重新讨论该影响。本文从推导地球瞬时自转极运动对地面台站重力测量值影响的公式入手,将地球自转角速率变化的重力效应和极移的重力效应分离来来,并对它们的量级分别作了估计。     

由PREM模型参数计算地球自转的周期变化

弹性地球在日月引潮力势作用下的形变引起其转动惯量的改变，从而导致地球自转速率的变化．本文利用PREM地球模型所给的物质密度和弹性等参数分布．计算日月引潮力势产生的地球形变附加势，进而计算转动惯量的变化．最后得到一系列包含周期同引潮势带谐项、振幅大于1微秒的自转速率周期变化系数．     

地球自转长期变化非潮汐机制之一

地球自转的长期减慢一般归为日月潮汐摩擦，根据古代日月食的记载及珊瑚类生物生长线的研究，可估算地球自转变慢为每世纪２．４ｍｓ左右的日长变化．但是，潮汐摩擦并不是减速的唯一机制，还要考虑其它非潮汐因素．本文试图考虑太阳风和磁层的相互作用，分析地球磁层中的磁力线在背阳面，由于地球自转引起磁力线压缩与稀疏，产生附加磁压力而引起的力矩对地球自转长期变化的影响．结果表明：这一非潮汐变化机制引起的角加速度约为ω＝－１．６１×１０－２２ｒａｄ／ｓ．     

地球自转长期变化非潮汐机制之一

地球自转的长期减慢一般归为日月潮汐摩擦,根据古代日月食的记载及珊瑚类生物生长线的研究,可估算地球自转慢为每世纪２．４ｍｓ左右的日长变化,但是,潮汐摩擦并不是减速的唯一机制,还要考虑其它非潮汐因素,本试图考虑太阳风和磁层的相互作用,分析地球磁层中的磁力线在背阳面,由于地球自转引起磁力线压缩与稀疏,产生附加磁压力而引起的力矩对地球自转长期变化的影响,结果表明：这一非潮汐变化机制引起的角加速度约为ｗ＝     

大气对地球自转参数（ERP）的高频激发

本文采用１９８３—１９９２年期间由空间大地测量技术观测和归算的地球自转参数（ＥＲＰ）序列，以及由全球气象资料归算的大气角动量（ＡＡＭ）序列，分析和研究了大气对地球自转参数的日长变化（ＬＯＤ）和极移（ｘ和ｙ）在一个月时间尺度以内的高频激发作用，得到的主要结果如下：１大气对ＬＯＤ分量高频潮汐的估计值存在着影响，但是，潮汐形变参数ｋ／ｃ随时间和频率的变化却是受非大气因素的扰动引起的．２．大气可以解释３０天以下ＬＯＤ非潮汐的大部分变化．３．极移分量３０天以内的高频变化也主要由大气激发．ｘ分量与大气的相关性要强于ｙ分量，而且更为稳定，主要表现为平均时间尺度约为２７天的波动，大气对这个波动的贡献可达７０％．     

极潮对VLBI测定基线的影响

本估计了极潮对VLBI测定基线的影响，计算结果表明，地球自转变化和极移引起的极潮对测站径向位移最大影响分别约为0.4mm和16.1mm；对测站水平位移最大值分别近似为0.1mm和4.5mm。采用1989年的EOP参数分别对上海与西德Wettzell、澳大利亚Canberra、日本Kashima和美国Kauai四个站的基线变化计算表明，极潮引起四条基线变化的幅值分别为12.9mm、18.5mm、2.1mm和14.9mm，引起国内上海、昆明和乌鲁木齐三站基线的变化分别可达3－6mm。进一步对极潮的次级效应计算表明，海洋极潮引起上述国内三站的负荷垂直位移最大值分别为0.87mm、054mm和0.48mm。因此，采用毫米级精度的VLBI技术用于天体测量学和大地测量学研究，在归算模型中应考虑极潮的影响。     

弹性地球各种几何轴和物理轴的定义

基于经典的弹性地球自转动力学理论,建立了极移和章动的联合动力学方程。由此给出了弹性地球各种几何轴和物理轴(Tisserand轴、自转轴、瞬时形状轴、角动量轴、CEP和CIP轴)的极移、岁差章动的动力学方程,明确了各种轴的定义及其之间的理论关系。理论研究表明,联合动力学方程要比经典动力学方程综合性强易于理解,可同时求解极移和章动,特别是在文[1]理论中出现的倾斜模(TOM),在此只是作为了一个特解而存在。     

Researches in China on the Effects of Tides on the Earth Rotation

In this paper the tidal phenomena on the Earth are concisely specified, including solid tides, ocean tides and atmospheric tides due to the luni-solar tide-generating force, and the Earth pole tide due to the motion of the Earth's rotation axis (polar motion); as well as their effects on the Earth rotation. The outcomes of scientific researches of Chinese astronomers on these topics are described in some detail. These researches deal with the mechanisms responsible for tidal effects on the earth rotation, and on the measurements of the Earth rotation parameters. Finally, the effects discovered by Chinese researchers on the measurements of the period and change in period of pulsars are discussed. These effects are very small in magnitude but not negligible.     

Numerical theory of rotation of the deformable Earth with the two-layer fluid core. Part 1: Mathematical model

Improved differential equations of the rotation of the deformable Earth with the two-layer fluid core are developed. The equations describe both the precession-nutational motion and the axial rotation (i.e. variations of the Universal Time UT). Poincaré’s method of modeling the dynamical effects of the fluid core, and Sasao’s approach for calculating the tidal interaction between the core and mantle in terms of the dynamical Love number are generalized for the case of the two-layer fluid core. Some important perturbations ignored in the currently adopted theory of the Earth’s rotation are considered. In particular, these are the perturbing torques induced by redistribution of the density within the Earth due to the tidal deformations of the Earth and its core (including the effects of the dissipative cross interaction of the lunar tides with the Sun and the solar tides with the Moon). Perturbations of this kind could not be accounted for in the adopted Nutation IAU 2000, in which the tidal variations of the moments of inertia of the mantle and core are the only body tide effects taken into consideration. The equations explicitly depend on the three tidal phase lags δ, δ _c, δ _i responsible for dissipation of energy in the Earth as a whole, and in its external and inner cores, respectively. Apart from the tidal effects, the differential equations account for the non-tidal interaction between the mantle and external core near their boundary. The equations are presented in a simple close form suitable for numerical integration. Such integration has been carried out with subsequent fitting the constructed numerical theory to the VLBI-based Celestial Pole positions and variations of UT for the time span 1984–2005. Details of the fitting are given in the second part of this work presented as a separate paper (Krasinsky and Vasilyev 2006) hereafter referred to as Paper 2. The resulting Weighted Root Mean Square (WRMS) errors of the residuals dθ, sin θd for the angles of nutation θ and precession are 0.136 mas and 0.129 mas, respectively. They are significantly less than the corresponding values 0.172 and 0.165 mas for IAU 2000 theory. The WRMS error of the UT residuals is 18 ms.     

滞弹地球自转速率的潮汐变化

本文根据勒夫数和负荷载夫数的数值扰动原理，利用ｈａｎｄｌｅｒ摆动的理论周期作为滞弹吸收带模型参数估计的约束条件，讨论了地幔滞弹性对有效勒夫数ｋ的直接影响，以及滞弹地球对平均海潮的响应所产生的间接扰动，分析了它们对带谐潮尺度因子ｋ／Ｃ的影响，由此定义了一个具有动力学海潮、滞弹地幔和液核地球的世界时ＵＴ１潮汐变化序列，与天文新技术观测结果相比较表明，高频带谐潮变化的理论值与实测值是一致的。频散效应对低     

A Hamiltonian theory for an elastic earth: First order analytical integration

In this article an approximate analytical integration is performed of the Hamiltonian corresponding to the rotational motion of an Earth whose elastic mantle is deformed by rotation and lunisolar attraction, using Deprit's perturbation method for the first order. Besides the usual terms, this Hamiltonian includes the perturbation of the kinetic energy and the elastic energy produced with the deformation, as well as their causes, the tidal and the centrifugal potential; these new terms have already been studied for the tidal deformation in previous articles (Getino and Ferrándiz, 1990a, 1990b). The effects of the deformation due to the centrifugal potential are studied in this article, following the same method as that used for the tidal deformation. Numerical tables of the periodic perturbations corresponding to the nutation in obliquity and longitude are obtained. As for the secular effects, a theoretical value of 457 days is obtained for Chandler's period.     

地球自转和潮汐参数对地幔滞弹性的约束

利用最新的潮汐和地球自转变化在Ｍ２、Ｍｆ、Ｍｍ、Ｃｈａｎｄｌｅｒ摆动和１８．６年频率上的实测值与两种滞弹模型预测的理论值的比较,分析地幔滞弹性在不同频率上的响应,空间测地结果被用来约束理论和滞弹模型,结果表明,Ｚｓｃｈａｕ的理论模型可以解释从地震频对１８．６年频率的滞弹勒夫数的预测振幅。本文还依据滞弹模型和Ｔｏｐｅｘ／Ｐｏｓｅｉｄｏｎ卫星测高资料确定的海潮模型,给出顺及地幔滞弹性和非平衡海潮效应的     

Influence of the Atmospheric Tides on the Earth Rotation

Spectral analysis of the components of the relative atmospheric angular momentum vector is performed based on the series of these components for the 6 h intervals within the period of 1958–2000. These series have been computed in the Subbureau of the Atmospheric Angular Momentum of the International Earth Rotation Service using the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis of atmospheric observations. The basic harmonics of diurnal tides are determined. New results on the fortnight's and week's duration oscillations of the equatorial components of the atmospheric angular momentum are obtained. The zonal tides transformation mechanisms in the atmosphere are discussed. It is shown that the main mechanism of the zonal tides effect on the atmospheric variability is the amplitude modulation of daily oscillations of the relative atmospheric angular momentum. The effects of the atmospheric tides on the Earth rotation are discussed.     

Lunar and terrestrial tidal effects on the Moon's rotational motion

An accurate model of the rotation of the Moon, constructed by numerical integration, has been presented in a previous paper. All direct perturbations capable of producing at least 10^–4 seconds of arc on the Moon's rotational motion have been included, and the physical librations resulting from planetary effects and Earth-Moon figure-figure interactions have been presented. The present study deals with the Moon's physical librations resulting from the non-rigidities of the Moon and the Earth. The effects of the Moon's elasticity and of a lunar phase lag are analyzed. Physical librations due to lunar tides and those due to terrestrial tides are presented and described.     

The influence of the electromagnetic core-mantle coupling torques on earth's rotation

The electromagnetic core-mantle coupling is one of the most likely hypotheses to explain the connections between both, the decade fluctuations of the Earth rotation and such of the magnetic field of the Earth. Within this paper, the axial and equatorial electromagnetic torques are computed at time intervals of two years from 1903.5 to 1975.5. They are compared with mechanical torques necessary for the excitation of the decade variations of the rotation of the Earth. The comparison is made with regard to the magnitude of the torques, to their time behaviour and to the periods within the time variations of both types of the torques. The computed electromagnetic torques are comparable with that necessary to excite the variations of the rotation of the Earth. But they are two or three orders less than that necessary to excite the decade variations of the polar motion. Some comparable periods were found within the spectra of the electromagnetic and the mechanical torques. This speaks in favour of the core-mantle coupling. But there are differences between both spectra too hinting at other processes which we cannot describe by a simple model of the core-mantle coupling.     

On the effect of the mantle elasticity on the earth's rotation

Starting from the Hamiltonian model for a solid Earth with an elastic mantle previously developped by the authors, analytical expressions are derived which give the nutation series corresponding to the plane perpendicular to the angular momentum vector, to the plane perpendicular to the rotational axis and to the equator of figure, as well as the series that give the polar motion. The effects of the different perturbations — solid Earth, centrifugal and tidal potentials — are calculated separately. The corrections due to the elasticity of the mantle, which mostly correspond to the Oppolzer terms, are calculated with an accuracy of 10^–6 arc sec., given that the intrinsic observational accuracy has reached 0.01 mas.