气象卫星遥感地表温度推算近地表气温方法研究

气温是各种植物生理、水文、气象、环境等模式或模型中的一个非常重要的近地表气象参数.多年来气温数据以离散的常规气象站点观测为主,连续分布的格点气温数据则以站点资料插值而得到,分辨率低,无法反映地形等下垫面因素对局地气温的影响,在农业气候区划等研究中具有一定的局限性.随着卫星遥感地表温度算法的日趋成熟,为探讨卫星遥感地表温度数据在气温观测中的可能性和可行性,利用全中国2340个站点1998 2007年的逐旬平均最高气温数据,以及相应时段的NOAA/AVHRR旬最高地表温度数据,以线性回归及拟合模型为主,通过考虑植被指数、土地覆盖类型、季节、风速、气压、降水等各类影响因子,建立了旬最高地表温度与旬平均最高气温间的推算模型,并利用未参与建模的2002-2003年的常规气象站点气温数据,同时与推算气温和插值气温结果进行对比分析.结果表明,利用卫星遥感地表温度数据推算的旬值气温数据可取得较高的精度,尤其在地形复杂地区以及站点稀疏地区精度明显高于插值气温结果.     

Geostatistical improvements of evapotranspiration spatial information using satellite land surface and weather stations data

The objective of the present study was to use the simple cokriging methodology to characterize the spatial variability of Penman–Monteith reference evapotranspiration and Thornthwaite potential evapotranspiration methods based on Moderate Resolution Imaging Spetroradiometer (MODIS) global evapotranspiration products and high-resolution surfaces of WordClim temperature and precipitation data. The climatic element data referred to 39 National Institute of Meteorology climatic stations located in Minas Gerais state, Brazil and surrounding states. The use of geostatistics and simple cokriging technique enabled the characterization of the spatial variability of the evapotranspiration providing uncertainty information on the spatial prediction pattern. Evapotranspiration and precipitation surfaces were implemented for the climatic classification in Minas Gerais. Multivariate geostatistical determined improvements of evapotranspiration spatial information. The regions in the south of Minas Gerais derived from the moisture index estimated with the MODIS evapotranspiration (2000–2010), presented divergence of humid conditions when compared to the moisture index derived from the simple kriged and cokriged evapotranspiration (1961–1990), indicating climate change in this region. There was stronger pattern of crossed covariance between evapotranspiration and precipitation rather than temperature, indicating that trends in precipitation could be one of the main external drivers of the evapotranspiration in Minas Gerais state, Brazil.     

基于MODIS数据地表温度反演劈窗算法的比较研究

选取QIN和SOB两种代表性劈窗算法对辽宁地区地表温度进行反演,并分析二者的精度和误差分布。结果表明：QIN和SOB算法反演的地表温度（TS）与地面气象台站准同步观测的气温和地温的线性拟合显著,SOB算法线性拟合更好;从误差分布直方图上看,两种算法的反演结果与地温更接近,SOB算法与同步气温和地温在±2 ℃之间的误差比例略高于QIN算法;在野外开展与卫星遥感空间尺度一致的地表温度观测试验,QIN和SOB算法与实测值的平均绝对误差均为1.5 ℃;与NASA官网发布的地表温度产品对比发现,QIN和SOB算法的平均绝对误差分别为1.75 ℃、1.70 ℃;因此QIN、SOB算法在辽宁地区均适用,SOB算法误差更小。     

On the estimation of surface radiation using satellite data

Summary Model calculations are used to investigate the uncertainties in the surface radiative flux empirically derived from satellite radiation measurements and theoretically calculated from radiation models using satellite-inferred cloud parameters. The empirical approach depends upon how well the satellite-measured radiances (represented here by the top-of-the-atmosphere flux) correlate with the net flux at the surface. The model calculations show that while the TOA flux and the net surface flux are correlated with respect to changes in optical thickness, they are not correlated with respect to changes in cloud height and negatively correlated with respect to changes in water vapor content. It is also found that the solar zenith angle has a strong effect on these relationships. It is, therefore, important to correct for the effects of atmospheric water vapor content and the solar zenith angle in the empirical estimation of surface radiative flux.The theoretical approach depends upon the net effect of the uncertainty in satellite-inferred cloud parameters. In the solar spectral region, the effects of the uncertainty in satellite retrieval of could cover and optical thickness on the net downward surface flux are systematically in opposite directions, so that the combined effects is typically small (< 7 Wm^–2). In the thermal infrared region, an error of 7 Wm^–2 could be induced by an uncertainty of 100 mb in the cloud-base height or an uncertainty of 0.1 in the fractional cloud cover. As opposed to what is commonly perceived, the error in the surface flux is likely to be larger in the IR region than in the solar spectral region.

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Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden mit Hilfe von Modellberechnungen die Unsicherheiten in den durch Satellitenmessungen empirisch gewonnenen Strahlungsflüssen an der Oberfläche und jene, die bei der Benützung von Strahlungsmodellen, die auf mit Satelliten abgeleiteten Wolkenparametern beruhen, verglichen. Die Gültigkeit des empirischen Näherungsverfahren ist davon abhängig, wie sehr die vom Satelliten gemessene Strahlung (im weiteren als top-of-the-atmosphere flux — TOA — bezeichnet) mit dem Nettostrahlungsfluß an der Oberfläche korreliert. Die Modellberechnungen zeigen, daß TOA-Fluß und Nettostrahlungsfluß an der Oberfläche zwar in bezug auf Änderungen der optischen Dicke, nicht aber in bezug auf Änderungen der Wolkenhöhe korreliert sind, während sie in bezug auf Veränderungen des Wasserdampfgehalts negativ korreliert sind. Es zeigt sich weiters, daß der Zenithwinkel der Sonne einen wesentlichen Einfluß auf diese Zusammenhänge hat. Daher ist es wichtig, die Auswirkungen des atmosphärischen Wasserdampfgehalts und des Sonnenzenithwinkels in den empirischen Berechnungen des Strahlungsflusses an der Oberfläche zu korrigieren.Der theroretische Ansatz ist abhängig vom Einfluß der Unsicherheiten der satellitenermittelten Wolkenparameter. Im solaren Spektralbereich wird der zur Oberfläche gerichtete Nettofluß durch die Unsicherheiten in der satellitenermittelten Wolkendecke und der optischen Dicke systematisch in entgegengesetzter Richtung beeinflußt, so daß der gemeinsame Effekt im allgemeinen gering bleibt (< 7 Wm^–2). Im thermischen Infrarotbereich kann ein Fehler von 7 Wm^–2 durch eine Unsicherheit von 100 mb in der Wolkenbasishöhe oder von 0.1 in der Bedeckung hervorgerufen werden. Im Gegensatz zur weitverbreiteten Ansicht ist also der Fehler bei Berechnungen des Flusses an der Oberfläche im thermischen Infrarotbereich aller Wahrscheinlichkeit nach größer als im solaren Spektrum.

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With 11 Figures     

一种卫星反演海温资料的补缺方法

卫星反演海温资料的补缺问题一直受到气象海洋工作者的关注,本文对海温补缺问题提出一种新的构想.首先对所研究的区域分块处理,对每一块子区域海温缺失部分进行Kriging方法插值,并利用历史资料,将海温缺失部分构成一个时间序列,借助于Kalman滤波,得到滤波以后的海温,然后对插值与滤波后的海温进行数据拟合.在拟合过程中引入区域信息量V,在不同象素点参数条件下拟合出最优拟合参βα、β并进行误差估计,实际试验表明子区域选取200×200个象素点,并把整张云图分为144块区域,对海温补缺效果十分明显.本文为海温补缺提供了一种全新的,具有较高精度且实际业务系统可操作的方法.     

卫星资料海面温度计算软件系统反演结果的精度分析

我们将AVHRR/HRPT资料海面温度计算软件系统,用1984年2月17日和9月7日北京地面站接收的NOAA-7 AVHRR资料,以及1986年8月19日、20日,9月14日和10月13、14、15日的NOAA-9 AVHRR资料的海面温度计算结果同相应时期的船泊或浮标测量的海面温度进行了比较。比较结果,5个时段均方根误差平均值((?))为1.01℃。     

Modeling land surface phenology in a mixed temperate forest using MODIS measurements of leaf area index and land surface temperature

The development of satellite-derived vegetation indices and metrics has enabled researchers to monitor land surface phenology (LSP). While the use of satellite data to monitor LSP is prevalent, there has been minimal effort to model LSP in temperate climates using satellite observations of the land surface. Satellite-derived LSP models are beneficial for studying past and future changes in phenology and related ecosystem processes (e.g., water, energy, and carbon fluxes). The purpose of this study was to model LSP during the spring in a mixed temperate forest using satellite-derived measurements of leaf area index (LAI) and land surface temperature (LST). As part of the model validation process, the use of LST as a proxy for air temperature to model LSP was also investigated. The results indicate that LST derived from the MODIS Terra sensor at 10:30?a.m. (local solar time) can be used to develop a LSP model that predicts the full profile of LAI from winter dormancy to maturity and the date when LAI reaches half of the annual maximum (LAI_50%) with relatively low error. In addition, the modeled LAI values closely tracked in situ observations of the phenological development of the dominant deciduous tree species located in the study area where the model was developed. A comparison of LST and daily maximum air temperature at two levels above the ground surface revealed distinct differences and nonlinearities in the relationship between these two variables. However, accumulated growing degree-days calculated from each of these variables were similar because the largest differences between LST and daily maximum air temperature occurred prior to the beginning of heat accumulation. Consequently, the model predictions of LAI_50% derived from the use of LST and daily maximum air temperature were similar. When the developed model was applied in two other mixed forests, the errors were larger due to substantial interannual variability in the relationship between LAI and heat accumulation and systematic differences in this relationship between sites. Although the model cannot be successfully applied in these other mixed forests, the ability of the model to capture a consistent relationship between satellite estimates of LAI and LST in the study area where it was developed demonstrates that satellite observations of the land surface can be used in certain locations to create LSP phenology models. When validated, the models can be used to examine past and future changes in phenology and related ecosystem processes.     

Spatiotemporal scaling of surface air temperature fields in China

The characteristics of spatiotemporal variability of surface air temperature anomaly fields in China are computed from the data of instrumental observations carried out from 1907 to 2000. The fields are represented by their empirical orthogonal function expansion. The temporal variations of the coefficients of this expansion are considered at the scale range from one month to five years. It turned out that both the orthogonal function structure and the type of the temporal variability of expansion coefficients in China differ from those in Northern Eurasia. Investigating the current climate warming in China, it is enough to consider the first two empirical orthogonal functions of temperature fields only. The characteristic time of the existence of temperature anomalies described by these functions is almost the same as that of the temperature anomalies in Northern Eurasia described by the first empirical orthogonal function of the respective fields.     

Soil temperature spin-up in land surface schemes

Land surface schemes used in atmospheric and hydrologic models require the specification of initial soil-temperature profiles. However, detailed soil temperature information is generally unavailable, hence modellers sometimes recur to specifying simplified initial conditions such as vertically constant profiles, assuming that the harmonic heating at the soil surface induces a rapid equilibrium to a steady periodic state. In this paper, using both numerical and analytical approaches, it is shown that such a transition to a steady periodic state is not always very rapid. In particular, it is demonstrated that the characteristic time required to reach equilibrium is highly dependent on the precise timing of initialisation with respect to the cycle of surface heating, and that initialising at the instant coincident with the occurrence of the maximum soil heat flux is the preferred mode.     

Soil temperature response in Korea to a changing climate using a land surface model

The land surface processes play an important role in weather and climate systems through its regulation of radiation, heat, water and momentum fluxes. Soil temperature (ST) is one of the most important parameters in the land surface processes; however, there are few extensive measurements of ST with a long time series in the world. According to the CLImatology of Parameters at the Surface (CLIPS) methodology, the output of a trusted Soil-Vegetation- Atmosphere Transfer (SVAT) scheme can be utilized instead of observations to investigate the regional climate of interest. In this study, ST in South Korea is estimated in a view of future climate using the output from a trusted SVAT scheme — the University of TOrino model of land Process Interaction with Atmosphere (UTOPIA), which is driven by a regional climate model. Here characteristic changes in ST are analyzed under the IPCC A2 future climate for 2046-2055 and 2091-2100, and are compared with those under the reference climate for 1996-2005. The UTOPIA results were validated using the observed ST in the reference climate, and the model proved to produce reasonable ST in South Korea. The UTOPIA simulations indicate that ST increases due to environmental change, especially in air temperature (AT), in the future climate. The increment of ST is proportional to that of AT except for winter. In wintertime, the ST variations are different from region to region mainly due to variations in snow cover, which keeps ST from significant changes by the climate change.     

基于CMIP5多模式回报资料的地面气温超级集合研究

利用CMIP5的15个全球气候系统模式对东亚及周边地区(70~150°E,0°~60°N)地面气温的回报结果进行超级集合(简称SUP)试验,以欧洲中期天气预报中心ERA逐月气温资料作为观测值,并采用均方根误差(RMSE)、距平相关系数(ACC)、绝对误差(MAE)对多模式集合平均(EMN)以及超级集合(SUP)的回报结果进行检验和评估。结果表明,超级集合回报结果一定程度上取决于训练期的长度。随训练期长度的增加,距平相关系数呈增大的趋势,均方根误差呈减小的趋势,但训练期达到一定长度后,误差不再有明显的减小,甚至出现误差增长。15个全球气候系统模式对东亚及周边地区的地面气温具有一定的回报能力,可以较好地回报出地面气温的年际变化和空间分布,海洋上回报的均方根误差小于陆地。但不同模式回报的结果不尽相同,在单模式中CCSM4对地面气温的回报效果最好。多模式集成的回报效果优于单模式的回报效果,SUP的回报效果优于EMN,其区域平均的均方根误差比多模式集合平均小0.43℃,超级集合极大地改善了地面气温的回报效果。     

Evaluating the impacts of land use and land cover changes on surface air temperature using the WRF-mosaic approach

如何量化土地利用/覆盖变化(LUCC)对区域气候的影响,是人类活动影响气候变化研究中的一个难点。本文利用卫星遥感反映过去三十年东亚区域土地利用变化数据,基于Mosaic近似考虑土地利用及其变化次网格尺度过程,量化了LUCC对地表辐射收支及气温的影响。过去三十年土地利用/覆盖变化对东亚区域总体呈降温效应(中国东部地区增温效应),LUCC导致的地表反照率变化影响地表辐射收支,中国和东亚区域的辐射强迫分别为-0.56 W m~(-2)和-0.50 W m~(-2)。     

CLDAS陆面同化资料和ERA5-Land再分析资料气温产品在江西省的适用性评估

以江西省376个气象自动观测站的逐小时气温数据为基准,采用偏差、相关性和平均绝对误差等评价指标,对比分析2017—2022年CLDAS陆面同化和ERA5 Land再分析气温资料在江西省的适用性。结果表明： 1） ERA5 Land、CLDAS资料均能很好反映大部分站点的气温变化,CLDAS资料与观测资料的相关系数为0.99,相关系数区间分布较为集中;ERA5 Land资料与观测资料的相关系数为0.97,分布较为分散。2） 相较于观测站点多年平均气温,CLDAS资料较为接近,ERA5 Land资料则偏离较大。3） CLDAS资料的平均绝对误差明显低于ERA5 Land资料,二者均存在平原、盆地部分站点平均绝对误差较小而局部高海拔山区站点异常偏大的空间特征,以及秋季最大而冬季最小的季节特征。4） ERA5 Land资料偏差的日变化范围为-0.65—0.39 ℃,整体呈现单谷形分布;CLDAS资料偏差日变化范围为-0.05—0.05 ℃,波动幅度较小,没有明显的变化特征。5） 两种格点资料均能较好反映大部分站点的低温日数变化,但对于高温日数变化,ERA5 Land资料偏差较大,CLDAS资料偏差较小。     

Study of tropical cyclogenesis using satellite data

Summary Satellite data are used to study the cloud development and water vapor supply during the genesis of Typhoon Nina (November 1987). Using satellite microwave and infrared data, the following physical parameters are retrieved and analyzed: water vapor path, surface wind, sea surface evaporation, precipitation, and cloud type.During the week prior to the genesis of Nina, several cloud clusters were observed in the region of the subsequent genesis (near 5° N, 170° E). Cloud type studies showed that several clusters had similar structures. By examining the sea surface evaporation and precipitation in the cloud clusters, we found that the precipitation exceeded evaporation by several times in the precipitating areas of the cluster that evolved into a tropical storm, indicating that local evaporation alone could not supply enough water vapor, and that horizontal transfer of water vapor from surrounding areas is required for the tropical cyclogenesis. Surface wind fields indicated that there was a constant increase of cyclonic wind in the area of the cloud cluster that finally led to the tropical storm, while no apparent increase of wind was found in the other cloud clusters. In addition, water vapor amount did not decrease for several days until the disturbance was upgraded to a tropical storm, while it was found to decrease after the mature stage for the other cloud clusters that did not evolve into tropical storms.From consideration of the water vapor balance, the cyclogenesis can be interpreted as a transition from an unbalanced cluster to a balanced cluster. Horizontal transfer of water vapor in a water vapor-unbalanced cloud cluster is not large enough to overcome the deficit caused by precipitation over evaporation. The shortage of water vapor in the unbalanced cluster results in a short-lived cloud cluster. When the sum of evaporation and horizontal transfer can provide enough water vapor supply to balance the removal by precipitation (balanced cluster), the precipitation does not dry up the atmosphere. This is the necessary condition for the cyclogenesis. The increase in horizontal transfer of water vapor is found in this study to be associated with the increase of the surface cyclonic wind.With 5 Figures     

Sensitivity study and validation of a land surface parameterization using the HAPEX-MOBILHY data set

A simple parameterization of land surface processes, amenable to the structure of a two-layer soil model, including a representation of the vegetation, has been designed for use in meteorological models. Prior to implementation in a mesoscale model, it is necessary to check the components and to verify the good working order of the parameterization as a whole. The aims of this paper then are: (i) evaluation and a sensitivity study of the various components of the model, specifying the needed accuracy for the parameters; (ii) micrometeorological validation of the model against the HAPEX-MOBILHY data set.First, we present the basic scheme. The focus is on the parameterization of surface resistance, and especially on its relationship with soil moisture.A sensitivity study is then performed through a set of one-dimensional simulations which allow a full interaction between the ground and the atmosphere. Above bare ground, it is shown that both soil texture and initial moisture greatly influence the outcome of the simulation. Latent heat flux ranges from that associated with potential evaporation through a switch-like behavior to that of dry soil. Next, the effects of transpiring vegetation canopies on the physical processes involved and the surface energy balance are examined. The sensitivity of the latent heat flux to changes in the soil and canopy parameters is emphazised; the major influence of the initial mean soil moisture and of the vegetation cover is pointed out. Finally, the evolution of the boundary layer in response to various surface conditions is studied.A validation of the land surface scheme is conducted through daily cycles during cloudless days. Simulated turbulent fluxes are successfully compared to micrometeorological measurements over a maize field at different growth stages. Over a pine forest, the correct simulation of the turbulent fluxes is obtained with an adequate parameterization of the surface resistance accounting for the atmospheric moisture deficit.     

Potential and limitations of using satellite data to evaluate the spatial detail in climatological air temperature maps

Abstract

Detailed patterns of spatial variability in surface temperature can be observed with the use of thermal infrared data from satellites. A method is developed to use clear‐sky thermal infrared satellite data to evaluate traditional monthly average maximum air temperature maps interpolated from observations at surface stations using a statistical thin plate smoothing spline method. Results of comparisons over Alberta, Manitoba and Saskatchewan from June to October, for the years 2001 to 2005, are presented. The satellite data allow identification of some limitations in the interpolation technique at high altitudes in mountain ranges and in data‐sparse areas due to low station density. In the data‐sparse areas, the highest discrepancies could be linked to the unrepresentativeness of the stations because of different land cover or the presence of water bodies. Conversely, the interpolated air temperature maps allow the identification of problems with using thermal infrared data to estimate near‐surface air temperatures in areas of significant moisture deficit and at the locations of water bodies.     

基于多源遥感数据的辽宁地表温度反演及空间分布研究

以辽宁地表温度为研究对象,采用普适性单通道算法,利用FY-3A/MERSI数据,并结合MODIS 1000 m分辨率数据,反演了2009年和2010年4-9月间10个时次晴空或局部晴空时的地表温度。结果表明：计算验证了模型的反演精度与同期NASA所发布MODIS地表温度产品的精度相当,其结果与相应的56个气象站点的实际观测数据相一致。多源遥感数据的综合应用,可获得较合理的地表温度反演结果;不同土地覆盖类型间地表温度的高低在相同时间内存在显著差异;研究期内,林地、水田、旱地和建设用地的NDVI与地表温度具有负相关性。综合利用遥感、地理信息系统技术,可以表征地表温度与土地利用类型以及地表温度与归一化植被指数(NDVI)之间的关系。