Spherules from the Late Cretaceous Phosphorite of the Fatehgarh Formation,Barmer Basin,India

A first report of discovery of spherules, glassy balls, highly magnetic fine dust and microbracciated matrix in the Fatehgarh Formation of Barmer Basin, Rajasthan, India is being presented in this paper. The Fatehgarh Formation is a mixed siliciclastic, carbonate and phosphorite formation of Cretaceous age in the Barmer Basin that comprises sediments of Middle Jurassic to Lower Eocene age. The phosphorite zone in the Fatehgarh Formation is ∼8 metre-thick zone that comprises phosphatic sandstone, bone bed, bedded phosphorite and phosphatic and non phosphatic gastropod beds. The spherules occur in a thin phosphatic-clay mud and silt band of bone bed, which also yielded a very rich and diverse microvertebrate assemblage with a dominant Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) form of Igdabatis along with forms comprising of Semionodontid, Lapisosteum and Enchodontid. The end Cretaceous is marked for a mass extinction of numerous species including dinosaurs. An extraterrestrial impact is interpreted as the reason for this mass extinction. Whether these spherules are related to the volcanic source or K/T Boundary impact ejecta found at Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico region needs detailed chemical and age characterization for which study is in progress.     

黑龙江三江盆地晚白垩世海浪组孢粉组合

依据东基三井1 226. 0～1 538. 0 m井段的孢粉鉴定结果,结合前人资料,首次将该井段孢粉组合命名为Cyathidites-Taxodiaceaepolleni-Aquilapollenites组合。其组合特征为:裸子植物花粉占48. 10%～78. 58%,蕨类孢子占2. 44%～34. 18%,被子植物花粉占0%～28. 26%;蕨类孢子中Cyathidites百分含量最高(0. 79%～37. 50%),其次是Cicatricosisporites (0%～12. 50%)和Leiotriletes (0%～10. 00%),重要分子有Appendicisporites、Schizaeoisporites、Lygodiumsporites和Lygodioisporites;裸子植物花粉中Inaperturopllenites的百分含量最高(11. 29%～38. 83%),其次是Taxodiaceaepollenites (12. 66%～28. 57%),重要分子有Tsugaepollenites、Parcisporites、Parvisaccites、Ephedripites和Classopollis等;被子植物花粉中Tricolpites的百分含量最高(0%～16. 46%),其次是Betulaepollenites (0%～15. 22%),含量较高的还有Momipites和Tricolporopollenites,重要分子有Aquilapollenites、Fibulapollis和Proteacidites等。该组合可以与松辽盆地嫩江组孢粉组合对比,地质时代为晚白垩世Santonian-Campanian期。鉴于宁安市南团子山、高家等露头区海浪组所产Estherites mitsuishii、E. liuxinensis、Tylestheria cf. shanhoensis、Halysestheria yui、Calestherites sp.和Brachygrapta? sp.等叶肢介化石群,系松辽盆地嫩江组常见分子,故将东基三井1 226. 0～1 538. 0 m井段划归为海浪组,废弃"七星河组"一名。     

Complex rift geometries resulting from inheritance of pre-existing structures: Insights and regional implications from the Barmer Basin rift

Structural studies of the Barmer Basin in Rajasthan, northwest India, demonstrate the important effect that pre-existing faults can have on the geometries of evolving fault systems at both the outcrop and basin-scale. Outcrop exposures on opposing rift margins reveal two distinct, non-coaxial extensional events. On the eastern rift margin northwest–southeast extension was accommodated on southwest- and west-striking faults that form a complex, zig-zag fault network. On the western rift margin northeast–southwest extension was accommodated on northwest-striking faults that form classical extensional geometries.Combining these outcrop studies with subsurface interpretations demonstrates that northwest–southeast extension preceded northeast–southwest extension. Structures active during the early, previously unrecognised extensional event were variably incorporated into the evolving fault systems during the second. In the study area, an inherited rift-oblique fault transferred extension from the rift margin to a mid-rift fault, rather than linking rift margin fault systems directly. The resultant rift margin accommodation structure has important implications for early sediment routing and depocentre evolution, as well as wider reaching implications for the evolution of the rift basin and West Indian Rift System. The discovery of early rifting in the Barmer Basin supports that extension along the West Indian Rift System was long-lived, multi-event, and likely resulted from far-field plate reorganisations.     

Palynochronology of Lower Cretaceous volcano-sedimentary succession of the Rajmahal Formation in the Rajmahal Basin, India

In the Rajmahal Basin Lower Cretaceous rocks are classified under the Rajmahal Formation. It includes a series of volcanic basalt flows and associated sedimentary intertrappean beds. Up to 15 basalt flows have been recorded in this basin. The intertrappean beds comprise sandstone, shale, siltstone, and clay deposits which are rich in spores and pollen. The palynoflora recovered from intertrappean beds shows definite pattern of evolution and diversification. On the basis of its overall composition, distribution pattern of age marker taxa and the First Appearance Datum of key taxa, four palynological assemblages have been identified. The chronology of these assemblages in ascending order is (1) Ruffordiaspora australiensis, (2) Foraminisporis wonthaggiensis, (3) Foraminisporis asymmetricus, and (4) Coptospora verrucosa. These assemblages ascertain the age of the volcano-sedimentary sequence of the Rajmahal Formation in the Rajmahal Basin as Berriasian to Aptian. The palynochronology of the intertrappean beds enables their correlation in the Rajmahal Basin. In different areas of the basin, the palynological dating of the lowermost intertrappean bed within the Rajmahal Formation which overlies the Dubrajpur Formation, has provided a Berriasian to Aptian age. The palynological assemblage indicating the Berriasian age is inferred as the time of the initiation of volcanic activity which continued up to the Aptian in the Rajmahal Basin.     

Characterizing the Micropores in Lacustrine Shales of the Late Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation of Southern Songliao Basin, NE China

Micropores of shale are significant to the gas content and production potential of shale, which has been verified in the research of marine shale gas; while, few studies have been conducted on lacustrine shales. This study collected 42 samples from three wells in the Late Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation of the southern Songliao Basin, NE China, and investigated these samples by the focused ion beam-scanning electron microscope (FIB–SEM) and nitrogen adsorption analysis techniques. Four types of micropores were identified in the samples, i.e., intergranular pore, intracellular pore, organic matter pore and microfracture. The pore structure type is characterized by open slit pores and “ink type” pores which are mainly 1.5–5 nm in diameter with mesopores as the main pores. The mesopores account for 74.01% of the pore volume and 54.68% of the pore surface area. Compared with the lacustrine shales from the Triassic Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin and Xujiahe Formation in the Sichuan Basin, the intergranular clay mineral interlayer pores are considered to be the main reservoir space for shale gas storage in the study area, followed by intraparticle pores, organic matter pores and microfractures. Maturity and micropore are the key controlling factors which affect the shale gas content of the Qingshankou Formation in southern Songliao Basin.     

Sauropod Teeth from the Lower Cretaceous Luohandong Formation of Ordos Basin, Inner Mongolia

The Early Cretaceous Zhidan Group in the northern Ordos Basin, Inner Mongolia, yielded a large number of tetrapods, including turtles, choristoderes, crocodyliforms, psittacosaurs, stegosaurs, theropods and birds. Well-preserved sauropod teeth have been found in the Luohandong Formation, a middle-upper unit of the Zhidan Group. The large V-shaped wear facet, low slenderness index value, labial grooves, lingual ridge and concavity on the tooth crown suggest that these teeth are from titanosauriforms. Moreover, the presence of the prominent bosses on the lingual side of the tooth crown indicates these teeth should be identified as Euhelopus teeth further. The existence of Euhelopus in Ordos Basin (Inner Mongolia), Shandong Province and western Liaoning Province shows some connections about vertebrate faunas during Early Cretaceous in these areas. Other tetrapod groups such as turtles (Sinemys, Ordosemys), choristoderes (Ikechosaurus), psittacosaurs (Psittacosaurus) and birds (Cathayornis) provide more evidences for this viewpoint.     

松辽盆地嫩江组脱羟基维生素E的分布及其地球化学意义

脱羟基维生素E是沉积物（岩）中一类具有水体盐度指示意义的生物标志化合物,在现代和古代沉积物及原油中均有检出。在松辽盆地松科1井晚白垩系嫩江组岩芯样品中检测发现的脱羟基维生素E系列化合物显示脱羟基维生素E的组成分布在剖面上的变化主要反应了沉积埋葬时的环境盐度、氧化还原状态的变化,而与母源组成、有机质成熟度等无明显相关性,其中,δ-MTTC在咸水还原性环境最为丰富,而在低盐的半咸水-淡水氧化性环境中基本缺失,Ⅱ一MTTC在所有盐度环境中都很丰富,γ-MTTC的丰度则在盐水-咸水环境中明显高于低盐半咸水环境,而且在盐水环境中γ-MTTC〉β-MTTC-咸水环境显示γ-MTTC〈β-MTTC。研究发现,α-MTTC／γ-MTTC（cur）可作为Ⅱ-MTTC／δ-MTTC（α/δ）比值的替代指标,当Ⅱ-MTTC／γ—MTTC比值小于2时为盐水环境,比值大于15时为半咸水-淡水环境,介于之间为咸水环境。相关参数及综合分析显示嫩江组一、二段沉积时期水体盐度及氧化还原条件显著不同,嫩一段主力烃源岩沉积时期以与海水盐度相当的咸水、存在水体分层的还原性湖泊环境为主,顶部出现短期戚化的盐水环境,而嫩二段主要为半咸水-淡水氧化性湖泊环境,盐度比较稳定。     

北方前寒武纪长城系常州沟组的宇宙尘

河北滦县、蓟县、北京十三陵三个地方的常州沟组宇宙尘是在人工重砂的重矿物中发现的,产在古老沉积岩地层中的砾岩和砂岩里,大部分是铁质宇宙尘,形态各异,表面构造多种多样,内部构造各有不同,具Fe—Ni金属,核与壳的化学元素分布不匀匀,化学成分与深海宇宙尘相似。     

松辽盆地断陷期白垩纪营城组的时代归属

本文结合生物地层,同位素年代学,古地磁及地层序列的最新研究成果,探讨了松辽盆地断陷期营城组的时代归属。营城组孢粉组合多繁盛于白垩纪早—中期的Hauterivian期—Albian期;营城组同位素年龄分布表现出两个峰值135 ~ 120Ma和115 ~ 110Ma,结合采样层位及地层序列特征认为135~130Ma代表营城组下段中基性火山岩的年龄,130 ~ 120Ma代表营城组一段酸性火山岩的年龄,115~110Ma代表营城组三段基性火山岩及顶部酸性火山岩的年龄;古地磁研究表明在Hauterivian期底界偏上的135Ma发生过磁性的倒转以及松辽盆地的快速北移。这些特征表明营城组的时代为Hauterivian期—Albian早期,同位素年龄为135 ~ 110Ma。     

贵州瓮安震旦系灯影组磷矿沉积特征

震旦系灯影组是新发现的一个重要成磷层位,该层位磷矿床在国内较为少见。震旦纪灯影期是新发现的一个成磷时期,其含磷岩系具有独特的矿床地质特征。以贵州瓮安灯影组磷矿为例,从矿床地质特征、沉积环境、磷矿石特征及矿石组构等方面进行研究,结果表明:矿石为叠层石磷块岩,以胶状结构为主,少量碎屑状结构及放射状和波状层纹结构,构造为柱状及层纹状;矿石矿物主要为白云质胶磷矿,含少量重结晶微晶质磷灰石;化学成分主要为P2O5、Ca O、Mg O,总量在73.56%~87.9%,平均81.74%;矿床形成于陆棚浅海碳酸盐台地水下隆起边缘半局限盆地内的生物藻丘,隆起边缘的潮下局限环境是矿床形成的主要环境,矿床的形成与生物直接相关,为生物及生物化学成矿。     

二连盆地白音查干凹陷下白垩统阿尔善组-都红木组层序地层

层序地层学是岩性-地层油气藏勘探研究的核心技术之一。为深入开展二连盆地白音查干凹陷岩性-地层油气藏勘探,在前人研究成果基础上,通过研究区200多口井的精细地层对比和33口井759.42 m岩心的详细观察及区域构造-沉积演化分析,综合运用构造、古生物、岩性、测井以及地震反射等5个方面的特征,对白音查干凹陷(主要是西部次凹)油气勘探的主要目的层下白垩统阿尔善组—都红木组的层序发育特征进行再认识,对层序界面的性质进行重新厘定。将白音查干凹陷下白垩统阿尔善组—都红木组划分为2个超长期层序(分别对应于阿尔善组—腾格尔组和都红木组)和5个长期层序(分别对应于阿尔善组一段、阿尔善组二段、腾格尔组、都红木组一段和都红木组二段~三段);提出白音查干凹陷下白垩统腾格尔组长期层序的底界面为一连续沉积的整合面,不能构成油气运移的良好通道,即在腾格尔组底部即使圈闭条件良好(如锡40井—锡43井区),但也会因缺乏良好的油气运移通道致使圈闭中供油不足而不能成藏。     

松辽盆地晚白垩世青山口组缺氧事件层的地质地球化学特征

松辽盆地白垩系青山口组下部广泛分布一套富含有机碳的黑色泥岩、页岩沉积,是全盆地地层划分对比的一级标志。茂206井是中国白垩纪大陆科学钻探工程井,全井获取了青山口组497.02 m的岩心资料。茂206井青山口组具有相对高的有机碳、干酪根碳同位素正偏、重排甾烷含量低以及普遍存在伽马蜡烷生物标志化合物等有机地球化学特征,表征为白垩纪温室效应时间窗内古湖泊缺氧事件的产物。结合生物地层研究成果,认为青山口期缺氧事件层大体可与白垩纪古海洋Cenomanian-Turonian界线事件层进行对比,进一步证实了青山口组的地质时代属晚白垩世晚Cenomanian-Turonian期的观点。     

江西信江盆地晚白垩世塘边组成壤碳酸盐岩碳、氧同位素特征

利用古土壤成壤碳酸盐岩稳定同位素组成估算古代大气CO_2浓度,是当前古气候环境研究的重要手段。对采自江西信江盆地晚白垩世圭峰群塘边组的成壤碳酸盐岩碳、氧同位素测试表明,δ13C(PDB)值在-4.30‰~-2.10‰之间,平均值为-2.84‰。δ18O(PDB)值在-6.62‰~-1.14‰之间,平均值为-3.62‰。由Cerling经验公式估算出晚白垩世Campanian晚期约75 Ma的大气CO_2浓度在782~1 420 ppmv之间,平均值为1 181 ppmv,是当今大气CO_2浓度的2~4倍。因此,基于信江盆地塘边组成壤碳酸盐岩的大气CO_2浓度估算结果,可能指示了晚白垩世Campanian晚期存在一个大气CO_2浓度高峰值,反映了晚白垩世大气CO_2浓度的波动性。     

孙吴-嘉荫盆地上白垩统太平林场组烃源岩特征及评价

孙吴-嘉荫盆地太平林场组为该区重要烃源岩层位。应用多种地球化学分析方法对太平林场组暗色泥岩进行分析测试。分析结果表明：暗色泥岩显微组分中腐泥组+壳质组含量丰富,具倾油性;有机碳平均为0.648%,氯仿沥青“A”为0.015%,总体达到中-好级别烃源岩标准;碳同位素、有机元素分析和有机显微组分分析显示干酪根类型主要为Ⅱ₂和Ⅲ型;R_o的分布范围为0.55%~0.92%,平均值为0.78%,有机质热演化程度为低熟-成熟。太平林场组暗色泥岩为低熟-成熟的中-好级别烃源岩。     

Occurrence of angiosperm remains in an Early Cretaceous intertrappean bed, Rajmahal Basin, India

An angiosperm fruit of uncertain affinity and a questionable flower are reported from the Rajmahal Formation (Early Cretaceous) at the locality of Sonajori, Rajmahal Basin. The remains of ferns, Pentoxylales and conifers have been described previously from this locality. The significant addition of angiosperm megafossil remains confirms that flowering plants were evolving during the Early Cretaceous Epoch in India. The Sonajori assemblage seems to be the youngest fossil assemblage recovered so far from the Rajmahal Basin. It is tentatively dated as Barremian–Aptian.     

粤北丹霞盆地晚白垩世丹霞组锦石岩段砂岩沉积特征及成因

丹霞山是“中国丹霞”世界自然遗产的典型代表,目前对其成景地层（上白垩统丹霞组）沉积环境的研究程度不高,尤其对丹霞组锦石岩段沉积环境还存在争议。锦石岩段以厚层—巨厚层状中-细砂岩为主,发育大型交错层理,夹薄层—极薄层状泥岩、粉砂质泥岩以及钙质层。本文通过对丹霞盆地丹霞组锦石岩段砂岩进行扫描电镜、粒度分析以及岩石地球化学等方面的研究,探讨该套砂岩的沉积特征及成因。研究表明：该套砂岩以长石石英砂岩为主,显微镜下石英颗粒常见港湾状撞击凹坑,颗粒边缘发育铁、锰及泥质边框,胶结物主要为蒙脱石和方解石。扫描电镜下石英颗粒表面可见碟形撞击坑,具有风成沉积特征。该段砂岩粒度范围窄,分选性好,其稀土总量ΣREE = 40.2×10-6～215.0×10-6,LREE/HREE = 5.54～12.46,轻稀土相对富集,重稀土相对亏损。δEu负异常明显,Ce无异常,具有与中国大陆上地壳相似的高场强元素（Pb、Zr、Hf）和大离子亲石元素（Rb、Ba）组成,化学蚀变指数（CIA）值介于56.99～75.87之间,反映了较低的古风化程度,指示了干旱、炎热的的古气候条件。La/Yb-ΣREE图解和F1-F2判别函数图解研究表明,丹霞组锦石岩段砂岩的母岩物质成分以古老上地壳的长英质为主,具有被动大陆边缘属性的陆内裂谷特征。丹霞盆地晚白垩世锦石岩段沉积时期,具有干燥的地表沉积环境,可能与晚白垩世中期Campanian期东亚中纬度地区的干旱古气候条件相关。     

Ostracod Biostratigraphy of the Late Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation in the Songliao Basin

An ostracod biostratigraphic study was performed on 425 samples from the composite geological section constructed by using cores taken from five selected wells drilled in the Late Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation in the Songliao basin.A total of 19 ostracod zones are established in the formation,of which 3 are newly established and 3 are revised.The 19 ostracod zones are described in detail.This study provides a basis for the detailed stratigraphic division and correlation of the Qingshankou Formation and the Gaotaizi oil reservoir in the oilfield in the Songliao basin.     

鸡西盆地下白垩统城子河组-穆棱组露头砂岩中的黏土矿物成因探讨

对鸡西盆地下白垩统城子河组—穆棱组露头砂岩中的黏土矿物进行了X-衍射分析。研究结果表明,黏土矿物主要由伊利石,高岭石和伊/蒙混层组成,组合可分为高岭石型与伊/蒙混层和伊利石型两种,根据黏土矿物组合判断露头砂岩处于中成岩阶段A期。下白垩统城子河组—穆棱组煤系地层和泥岩成岩过程中析出的有机酸是高岭石型黏土矿物组合发育的重要原因,而沉积相带水动力条件弱导致砂岩渗滤条件的变差则是伊/蒙混层和伊利石型黏土矿物组合形成的原因。     

Implications of trace fossil assemblages from Late Paleozoic Glaciomarine Talchir Formation, Raniganj Basin, India

The trace fossil assemblages of the ice-marginal shallow marine sediments of the Talchir Formation (Permo-Carboniferous), Raniganj Basin, India, record the adverse effect of extreme climatic conditions on biota. The glaciomarine Talchir succession starts with glacial sediments near the base and gradually passes to storm-laid shallow marine sediments up-section. The fine-grained storm sediments host abundant trace fossils. Although the studied ichnites characteristically show marginal marine affinity, the ichnodiversity and bioturbation intensity suggest a lower than normal shallow marine trace fossil population. Further, endobenthic annelids, worms and crustaceans are identified as dominant trace-makers.

Sediment reworking near the ice-grounding line, extremely cold climate, high-energy storm sedimentation and anomalous water chemistry hindered organic colonization during the early phases of Talchir sedimentation. Later, climatic amelioration ushered in a favourable ambience for the benthic community to colonize within or beyond the storm weather wave-base in the outer shoreface–shelf environment. Fluctuating storm energy dominantly controlled the availability and influence of other environmental stimuli in the environment, and thus, governed the distribution, abundance and association of the studied ichnites. However, impoverished ichnodiversity, sporadic distribution of the traces, overall smaller burrow dimensions, absence of body fossils, dominance of worms and annelids as trace-makers all indicate a stressed environmental condition, induced by cold climate and lowered marine salinity due to influx of glacier melt-out freshwater during climatic amelioration, in the Permo-Carboniferous ice-marginal sea.     

松辽盆地白垩系营城组古火山机构特征

在系统总结Hawaiian等7种喷发方式、互层状火山等3种火山机构的岩性岩相和垂向序列特征与识别标志基础上,通过剖面火山机构剖析及其与盆内埋藏火山机构对比,总结出营城组2类古火山机构特征。营城组玄武岩火山机构自下而上为枕状、渣状集块熔岩（占总厚度30%）,气孔杏仁和致密块状熔岩（70%）,喷溢相为主,火山口附近隐爆角砾岩发育,为夏威夷式喷发。火山机构厚度以200~500 m居多,顶面盾状,相对高差100~250 m,以坡角小于10°为特征,属于盾状火山。营城组流纹岩火山机构的纵向序列300~700 m,内部结构呈现上中下三段式：下部火山碎屑（熔）岩为主（30%）,爆发相为主,以基浪（base surge）沉积为标志,喷发方式主要表现为高粘度岩浆强烈气射作用的培雷式喷发;中部主要为气孔、石泡和流纹构造流纹岩（60%）,构成火山机构的主体,喷溢相为主,火山口附近常见侵出相珍珠岩穹隆,喷发类型接近于斯通博利式;上部主要为细粒（层）凝灰岩（火山灰湖相沉积,10%）,爆发相为主,以普林尼式喷发为主。流纹岩火山机构顶面呈丘状,相对高差200~300 m,以坡角多大于15°为特征,属于互层状火山。