稳定的频率域提取接收函数方法研究

频率域提取接收函数时引入“水准量”来代替垂向分量频谱中比较小的成分以保证反褶积结果的稳定性,却降低了精度,尤其对反映深部壳幔结构的低频信息影响较大;实际的等效震源时间函数长度是有限的,由于地震记录上后续干扰震相能量的影响,垂直分量波形往往比较复杂,若将其直接作为等效震源时间函数必然影响所提取接收函数的精度.针对以上问题,本文改进“水准量”的使用方法,并采取折中方案选取“水准量”和等效震源时间函数的长度,以便在频率域反褶积中得到稳定的接收函数,同时提高反褶积的精度.对观测数据的试验效果显示,本文方法提取的接收函数稳定性好、精度高,是一种有效的提取台站高质量接收函数的方法.     

多窗谱分析在Q值估算中的应用

正弦窗谱分析和Slepian窗谱分析是两种常用的多窗谱分析方法.本文利用两种窗函数分别对含噪声的衰减模型进行谱分析对比,并根据谱比法估算了Q值.研究结果表明：正弦窗函数谱分析应用的效果优于Slepian窗谱分析应用的效果,而且多正弦窗谱估计更接近真实的谱.对于深部地层,噪声的影响更加严重,利用多正弦窗谱估计估算的Q值更接近理论的Q值.     

钻柱振动倒谱分析及其钻头源信号提取方法研究

随钻地震参考信号处理的关键是从众多噪音成分中提取较弱的钻头源信号.钻头随机激励源信号由于其频率范围宽,持续时间短,易受钻柱和其他机器噪音的影响.倒谱分析方法是一种非线性滤波技术,该技术不但可以将时域卷积信号转变为倒时域信号的相加,而且通过窗函数的选择,还可消除结构混响,提取源信号.本文根据钻柱模拟实验数据,利用了倒谱滤波技术进行瞬态源信号的提取,并用该方法进行SWD参考信号的处理,从而达到钻头源信号强化的目的.     

重力场径向基函数多尺度分析的直接解算方法

利用径向基函数的多尺度分析方法可以对地球重力场进行分解,提取出细节的地球物理信息.目前通常采用离散积分法进行解算,但信号分解并重构后,所得信号并不能与原始重力场信号完全符合,分解过程中出现了信号泄露.针对这一现象,本文在最小二乘算法和方差分量估计的基础上,提出了新的在各个尺度上直接解算基函数系数的算法(直接法),有效的减少了重力场分解过程中的信号泄露.以南海地区DTU13重力异常数据为例,分别运用离散积分法和直接法对重力异常进行多尺度分解,结果显示:直接法的5个尺度上的信号泄露误差相对离散积分法减小约39%~79%;直接法总的泄露误差为±1.12 m Gal,明显小于离散积分法的±4.04 m Gal,直接法具有更优的效果.     

不规则地震道数据规则化重建方法研究

不规则地震数据会对地震多道处理技术的正确运行产生不良影响,降低地震资料处理质量.本文依据不规则地震数据的表现特征将其划分为四种类型并针对第三类不规则地震道数据采用抗泄露Fourier变换方法进行规则化重建.不规则采样数据会破坏Fourier基函数的正交性并产生频谱泄漏现象.抗泄露Fourier变换方法通过递归相减来压制...     

利用小波变换提取面波群速度

选取了几种常见的小波母函数,分别提取了同一理论下的面波数据的群速度,并与理论群速度进行对比,结果表明Morlet小波提取面波群速度的效果最好.此外,将Morlet小波与常用的多重滤波提取群速度的结果进行了比较,结果表明: ① 多重滤波法非常依赖高斯滤波系数α的取值,α的取值应随面波周期的增大而减小;② 在α取值得当的前提下,在20—35 s周期范围内多重滤波法提取面波群速度的相对误差比Morlet小波小,在周期大于35 s时,两者相对误差相近; ③ 合适的α值的选取需在不同周期段耗费大量时间进行大量试验,这说明多重滤波法不具备自适应性;而采用小波变换分析短周期信号时,时间窗变窄,频率窗变长,当分析长周期信号时,时间窗变长,频率窗变窄,具有对信号的自适应性,这是小波变换相比多重滤波法的最大优点.      

带有低通滤波的广义S变换在探地雷达层位识别中的应用

同其它分析时变信号的方法相比,S变换具有独特的优点.但是S变换的时窗函数形式固定,限制了其在信号分析和处理中的应用.针对这一问题,本文对S变换进行了改进和推广,在S变换的时窗函数中引入调节参数,同时将低通滤波函数融入其中,提出了一种广义S变换.通过调节参数大小来调节广义S变换的时间分辨率和频率分辨率,从而使该变换具有很强的适用性.本文使用该变换对实测探地雷达数据进行了层位识别研究,取得了较好的效果.     

用多道反褶积方法测定台站接收函数

本文提出了一种在时间域用多道反褶积测定台站接收函数的方法, 以提高台站接收函数的测量精度与分辨率.在单道反褶积的基础上,选取若干个质量较好的远震P波波形事件,构成多道信号,以垂直分量为输入,径向和切向分量作为期望输出,依据最小二乘,设计多道滤波器,提取接收函数.合成地震图与观测地震图的检验表明, 多道滤波方法能有效地测定台站接收函数,特别是多道反褶积能够有效地恢复地壳上地幔间断面所产生的弱转换波震相.     

计算台站接收函数的最大熵谱反褶积方法

提出一种在时间域采用最大熵谱反褶积提取台站接收函数的方法，以最大熵作为自相关函数和互相关函数的递推准则，利用Toeplitz方程及Levinson递推算法，得到预测误差滤波系数的递推公式，从而计算台站接收函数．外推运算过程中，反射系数总是小于1，保证了最大熵谱反褶积的稳定性．时窗外数据熵极大提高了接收函数的分辨率．合成地震图与实测地震图的检验表明, 最大熵谱反褶积是一种在时间域测定台站接收函数的有效方法．      

同步挤压广义S变换在南海油气识别中的应用

受窗函数的影响,短时傅里叶变换、小波变换、S变换等传统时频分析方法的分辨率不高.为了提高信号时频变换分辨率,发展了同步挤压小波变换算法;该算法将信号的时频谱值向其中心频率位置挤压,改善了信号时频分析结果,使得信号时频分辨率得到了很大的提升.但由于传统算法时窗固定,处理缺乏灵活性;因此,本文对S变换窗函数进行扩展,提出了同步挤压广义S变换.通过自适应窗函数挤压信号在S域的时频谱值,提高了算法的灵活性和时频分析聚焦能力.运用同步挤压广义S变换对南海某工区实际地震数据进行分频处理,结果显示含油气层能量随着频率的增加而逐渐衰减.因此,使用同步挤压广义S变换对地震数据进行分析处理,不仅可以对储层含油气性进行准确的检测,还可以对地层进行精确的标定.     

IMPROVED LOW-FREQUENCY DECAY ESTIMATION USING THE MULTITAPER SPECTRAL ANALYSIS METHOD1

Spectral analysis is one of the most ubiquitous signal processing tools used in exploration geophysics. Among many applications, it is used simply to look at the frequency content of seismic traces, to find notches, to estimate wavelets under the minimum-phase assumption, and to match broadband synthetic seismograms to seismic data. Seismic spectra exhibit very large dynamic ranges, particularly at low frequencies. Estimation of low-frequency decay is very important for accurate modelling. However, when using traditional spectral estimates incorporating smoothing windows, too much sidelobe energy leaks from high power into low power areas, spoiling our ability to estimate low-frequency spectral decay. The multitaper method of spectral analysis due to D. Thomson does not employ just a single window, but rather a set of orthogonal data tapers. It is possible to have much less sidelobe contamination, while maintaining a stable estimate. The trace is tapered by each of a subset of the orthogonal tapers, and a raw spectral estimate produced in each case. These are combined to produce a final spectral estimate. The technique can be made adaptive by applying different weights to the different raw spectra at different frequencies. A comparison of seismic spectral estimation using this multitaper technique with a traditional approach having the same analysis bandwidth and stability demonstrates the very different estimates of spectral decay in the areas of high dynamic range. The multitaper approach provides estimates with much reduced sidelobe leakage, and hence is a very appealing method for reflection seismology.     

Reproducing fling-step and forward directivity at near source site using of multi-objective particle swarm optimization and multi taper

This paper presents a technique to reproduce compatible seismogran3s involving permanent displacen3ent effects at sites close to the fault source. A multi-objective evolutionary algorithm is used to minimize the differences between the response spectra and multi-tapered power spectral delsilies corresponding to the recorded and simulated wavelbrms. The multi-taper method is used to reduce the spectral leakage that is inherent in the Fourier rams formed form ofwavelbrms, ieading to a reduction of variance in power spectral amplitudes, thus permitting the calibration of the two sets of data. The technique is implemented using the 1998-Fandoqa （lran） earthquake data and the results are compared with the actual observed data. Additionally, a comparison is made with a SAR interfcrometry study leading to fair agreement with the reported dislocation along the main fault. The simulation procedure and results are discussed and assessed concluding that, although the technique may be associated with uncertainties, it can still be used to reproduce wavelbnns at near source sites that include permanent dislocation, and can be used for seismic pertbrmance evaluation of structures in the region under study.     

Variable Chandler and Annual Wobbles in Earth’s Polar Motion During 1900–2015

The Chandler wobble (CW) and annual wobble (AW) are the two main components of polar motion, which are difficult to separate because of their very close periods. In the light of Fourier dictionary and basis pursuit method, a Fourier basis pursuit (FBP) spectrum is developed, which can reduce spectral smearing and leakage caused by the finite length of the time series. Further, a band-pass filtering method based on FBP spectrum (FBPBPF), which can effectively suppress the edge effect, is proposed in this paper. The simulation test results show that the FBPBPF method can effectively suppress the edge effect caused by spectral smearing and leakage and that its reconstruction accuracy at the boundary is approximately three times higher than the Fourier transform band-pass filtering method, which is based on Hamming windowed FFT spectrum, in extracting quasi-harmonic signals. The FBPBPF method is then applied to Earth’s polar motion data during 1900–2015. Through analyzing the amplitude and period variations of CW and AW, and calculating the eccentricity variation of the AW, we found that: (1) the amplitude of the CW is currently at a historic minimum level, and it is even possible to diminish further until a complete stop; and (2) the eccentricity of the AW has a gradually decreased fluctuation during the last 116 years.     

SPECTRAL ANALYSIS OF GEOMORPHIC TIME SERIES: AUTO-SPECTRUM

The collection of time series data is an essential component in the investigation of earth surface processes. Spectral analysis of these time series can provide an invaluable insight into the behaviour of geophysical processes. Spectral analysis of a single time series produces an auto-spectrum which provides a representation of the amount variance of the time series as a function of frequency. Prior to spectral analysis, the time series should be plotted to identify the presence of any trends in the mean or the variance of the series, and to identify anomalies in the data which should be corrected. To satisfy the assumption of stationarity, any trend (in either the mean or variance) should be removed from the time series. Consequently, the probability density function of the time series should be plotted and compared with the Gaussian distribution. The final stage in preparing the time series for spectral analysis is to apply a taper to reduce spectral leakage and distortion of the auto-spectrum. Following the calculation of the periodogram, spectral estimates should be combined to reduce the variability associated with the estimates and thereby ensure that the autospectrum is more representative. Finally, confidence limits should be constructed around the spectral density function so that statistically significant spectral peaks (or troughs) can be identified.     

Estimation of lightning and sprite parameters based on observation of sprite-producing lightning power spectra

Spectrograms and ELF power spectra of magnetic variations originated from sprite-producing lightning discharges have been analyzed to extract both parent lightning and sprite parameters. Some of the spectrograms and power spectra have been found to have approximately quasi-oscillatory shape in the frequency range 0–40 Hz with maximum repetition period about 15–20 Hz. A theory predicts that this interesting peculiarity of the power spectra can be due to interference between electromagnetic fields originated from the parent lightning discharge and from the sprite. A smooth envelope of the power spectrum was shown to have a form of damped oscillations with period close to reciprocal value of sprite lag time. A technique of extracting sprite parameters based on the sprite-producing lightning power spectrum is proposed. The lack of the first Schumann resonance and other features occasionally observed in spectral resonance structure were also discussed.     

接收函数的曲波变换去噪

压制横向非均匀地壳介质引起的散射波场对于基于水平分层介质模型的接收函数地壳结构成像及其地震各向异性研究至关重要.虽然通过数据叠加和低通滤波,在一定程度上能够压制散射波场,但也有可能导致不希望的波形畸变、信息丢失或数据分辨率降低.为了避免上述问题,本文将近年来快速发展的曲波变换理论用于远震接收函数的散射噪声压制.与勘探地震学不同,我们面临的主要问题在于地震台站和震源的空间缺失导致的接收函数空间不均匀采样.为此,我们将压缩感知理论与曲波变换去噪相结合,在对缺失数据进行波场重建的同时,实现散射噪声的压制.为了论证方法的可行性,本文进行了噪声压制和波场重建的理论检验.并将本文方法用于处理IRIS全球台网固定台站和川西台阵远震接收函数.结果表明:1)地壳介质横向不均匀引起的散射噪声可以得到有效压制,接收函数的信噪比得到提高,震相的可追踪性得到改善,从而利于进一步的接收函数反演和地震各向异性研究;2)缺失数据可以正确重建;3)本文的方法既可用于单台-多事件的数据集,也可用于单个事件-阵列观测的数据去噪,但单台-多事件数据集的结果优于阵列观测的情况.     

Wavelet-Aggregated Signal in Earthquake Prediction

The concept of aggregated signal is introduced. Quantitatively, an aggregated signal can be defined as the scalar signal: it accumulates in its own variations only those spectral components that are presented simultaneously in each scalar time series of the multidimensional signal to be analyzed. Moreover, an algorithm of aggregation is proposed to suppress the spectral components that are present in any of the scalar components but absent in others (these components can be called local disturbance signals, for instance of technogenic nature). The main purpose of constructing the aggregated signal is to make clearer the common tendency of low-frequency data-flow in geophysical networks, which indicates an increase in collective behavior.It is known that almost all models of the process of earthquake preparation have pointed out an increase in collective behavior of components of geophysical fields in the region of preparation when the coming geocatastrophe has entered its long- and mid-term stages. Long     

An evolutionary ground motion model for earthquake analysis of structures in zones with little history

Time history methods to perform structural dynamic analysis for vulnerability, seismic risk and structural performance studies are frequent in all kinds of projects. To apply these methods it is necessary to have earthquake acceleration records consistent with the seismic characteristics of the zone where the structure or facilities will be constructed. In regions where seismic activity is important but recorded history is scarce, the simulation of acceleration records becomes necessary.In the present work, a methodology to simulate artificial acceleration records is presented. This methodology is based on the theory of non-stationary random processes with evolutive power spectral density function. The random process model proposed uses the definition of the Boore power spectral density function, in order to take into account the seismic mechanism of the zone. The zone of Mendoza, in the province of Cuyo in Argentina close to the border with Chile, was selected to make applications of the theory. This zone was selected because it has important seismic activity but the information about this activity is scarce. To evaluate the performance of the method some response and seismic variables such as response spectra, Arias evolutionary intensity, and power spectra were computed. The results were compared with actual earthquake data obtained in the region.     

Stochastic considerations in seismic analysis of structures

A method is presented for stochastic modelling of a design earthquake by a power spectral density function for seismic analysis of structures. The method can be adopted with information currently available in the form of design response spectra for earthquake motion. Accurate seismic responses of structures can be easily obtained using such stochastic models. The methods for accurate response analysis of structures with closely spaced modes and for generation of floor response spectra of a building using a prescribed ground response spectrum directly are also presented. The hypothesis that a design earthquake can be modelled by a power spectral density function is used only implicitly in developing these methods.