塔里木盆地塔河油田原油芳烃地球化学特征及其成因

芳烃是原油的重要组分,含有丰富的地球化学信息,但塔里木盆地塔河油田原油芳烃地球化学研究仍是薄弱环节。通过对塔河油田原油的系统采样和GC-MS分析,研究了原油中萘、菲和三芴系列等芳烃化合物组成特征并分析了其成因,进行了油源对比。研究认为,烷基萘和芴系列化合物分布特征指示原油形成于海相还原环境,母质来源为菌藻类;甲基菲和烷基二苯并噻吩系列化合物显示原油成熟度较高;油源对比研究表明塔河油田原油主要来源于中、上奥陶统烃源岩。这些研究成果为塔河油田的油气勘探提供了科学数据,对我国同类型海相碳酸盐岩油气田原油有机地球化学及成因研究具有一定的参考意义。     

东海盆地西湖凹陷轻质原油芳烃地球化学特征

采用GC-MS实验技术,对西湖凹陷8口井12个轻质原油样品的芳烃地球化学特征进行了系统研究。平湖斜坡带北部地区NB14-1井、NB14-2井和NB14-3井这3口井的轻质原油与平湖斜坡带中部地区的NB25-1井和NB25-2井、西次凹的HY1-1井以及黄岩构造带的HY2-1井和HY2-2井这5口井的轻质原油芳烃化合物的分布特征和相对含量存在明显差别。轻质原油芳烃馏分中以二环和三环的化合物为主,前者富含菲系列化合物,萘系列和联苯系列化合物含量相对较低,后者则相反,其富含萘系列和联苯系列化合物,菲系列化合物含量相对较低。轻质原油生源和沉积环境的研究表明,原油的母源都主要为陆源高等植物来源,成因环境都为氧化环境,但后者的1,2,5-TMN和1,2,5,6-TeMN相对含量更高,氧芴相对含量和Pr/Ph值更大,反映其母源的陆源高等植物输入程度更大,沉积环境的氧化性更强。烷基萘、烷基菲和烷基二苯并噻吩成熟度指标表明,轻质原油以达到成熟到高熟演化阶段,平湖斜坡带北部地区的NB14-1井、NB14-2井和NB14-3井这3口井的轻质原油热演化程度相对更高。     

油气运移方向探讨——以南堡凹陷1号构造带为例

提要：利用原油中含氮化合物的组成和绝对浓度的变化并结合烃类生物标志化合物指标的研究,探讨了南堡凹陷1号构造带油气的运移特征。结果表明,原油中含氮化合物的分布和组成特征较好地指示了该区的油气运移效应。随着运移作用的加强,含氮化合物绝对浓度下降,“屏蔽”型与“暴露”型化合物的比值增加,油气沿着1号断层外侧的砂体,向构造的高部位运移。这与烃类生物标志化合物的成熟度参数变化所揭示的油气运移方向相一致,也与该区油气分布和勘探实践吻合较好。但两个参数间又存在区别,用生物标志化合物的组成和分布来指示油气运移分馏作用时,由于分馏作用较弱,各井间的数值变化较小。而含氮化合物的分馏作用较强,各参数随着运移距离的增加发生显著变化,且受成熟度的影响较小,更有利于油气运移方向的判别。     

塔里木原油芳烃的地球化学特征

塔里木不同类型原油的芳烃分布和组成有较大差异。陆相原油的萘系列、二苯并噻吩系列（１．４１－３．０７％）较少；菲系列、联苯系列（平均值２０．４％）和二苯并呋喃系列较丰富；萘系列中有较高的１，２，５－三甲基萘和１，２，５，６－四甲基萘。海相原油中二苯并噻吩化合物含量高（７．７０％－３１．２４％）。这反映出两类原油成油母质的沉积环境和生源的差别。芳烃成熟度指标表明，这些原油相当的Ｒ０值在０．６％－１．１     

生物降解作用对原油中烷基菲分布的影响

辽河盆地冷东油田原油来源单一,成熟度相近,生物降解是导致原油中烷基菲含量和组成发生变化的主要原因。通过对不同降解程度油砂样品中烷基菲含量和分布的详细地球化学分析,发现中等程度生物降解（3到5级）使烷基菲含量大大降低,而异构体相对含量的变化主要发生在中等程度生物降解之后（4级以上）,原油遭受4级以下生物降解影响时,烷基菲参数仍能有效指示成熟度。烷基菲生物降解的难易程度明显受烷基化程度的控制,C₃-菲比低烷基取代化合物的抗生物降解能力强,但甲基菲比菲更容易降解,推测这与甲基菲的脱甲基作用有关。生物降解对烷基菲各异构体的消耗有强烈的选择性,在9位或 10位上取代的烷基菲比其他位置取代的烷基菲抗生物降解能力强,根据烷基菲系列中化合物相对含量随生物降解程度的变化,确定了甲基菲、C₂-菲和C₃-菲各异构体的生物降解顺序,研究成果为芳烃成熟度参数的合理选用和生物降解定量评价提供了依据。     

江汉盆地西南缘原油中含硫化合物的分布特征及其地球化学意义

对江汉盆地西南缘12个原油样品中含硫化合物分布特征的研究表明,原油中二苯并噻吩系列化合物和苯并萘并噻吩系列化合物分别占芳烃总量的4.61%～9.79%和0.27%～1.32%,与烃源岩中含硫化合物的含量一致,反映原油中含硫化合物的含量与沉积环境有关.原油含硫化合物的内组成表明,咸水环境有利于二甲基二苯并噻吩和三甲基二苯并噻吩系列化合物的相对富集.4-甲基二苯并噻吩/1-甲基二苯并噻吩峰面积比值(MDR)在低成熟阶段(Ro＜0.7%)的变化范围较小,当成熟度进一步增加时,因热稳定性较差的1-甲基二苯并噻吩向其他化合物转化的速度加快,相对丰度降低,而4-甲基二苯并噻吩的相对丰度增加,致使MDR值随成熟度的增加而很快增大.同时,DR值受到沉积条件的影响,可能指示沉积环境的咸水化程度.2 3-甲基二苯并噻吩/二苯并噻吩峰面积比值与4-甲基二苯并噻吩/二苯并噻吩峰面积比值之间表现为正相关,说明2 3-甲基二苯并噻吩与4-甲基二苯并噻吩的形成机理相似,同样受沉积环境和成熟度的影响.     

金湖凹陷西斜坡油气运移分子地球化学研究

应用非烃技术、多馏分绝对定量技术,在分析苏北金湖凹陷原油、烃源岩地球化学特征、油源对比的基础上,重点对吡咯类含氮化合物在岩-油、油-油运移中的分馏效应进行了研究,并对骨架相似的另两类杂原子化合物-氧芴 (二苯并呋喃 )、硫芴 (二苯并噻吩 )的运移分馏效应作了初步探讨。结果表明,金湖凹陷西斜坡原油中吡咯类化合物具有较好的运移分馏效应,油气主体运移方向为东北至西南,相邻的三河次凹为其主要的油源区;杂原子化合物-氧芴、硫芴系列运移分馏效应不及吡咯类;绝对定量技术可弥补常规生物标志物在油气二次运移过程中异构体间分馏效应难以观察的不足,可作为继非烃技术后的另一评价油气运移过程的重要工具。     

金湖凹陷西斜坡油气运移分子地球化学研究①

应用非烃技术、多馏分绝对定量技术,在分析苏北金湖凹陷原油、烃源岩地球化学特征、油源对比的基础上,重点对吡咯类含氮化合物在岩一油、油一油运移中的分馏效应进行了研究,并对骨架相似的另两类杂原子化合物一氧芴(二苯并呋喃)、硫芴(二苯并噻吩)的运移分馏效应作了初步探讨.结果表明,金湖凹陷西斜坡原油中吡咯类化合物具有较好的运移分馏效应,油气主体运移方向为东北至西南,相邻的三河次凹为其主要的油源区;杂原子化合物一氧芴、硫芴系列运移分馏效应不及吡咯类;绝对定量技术可弥补常规生物标志物在油气二次运移过程中异构体间分馏效应难以观察的不足,可作为继非烃技术后的另一评价油气运移过程的重要工具.     

准噶尔盆地中部Ⅰ区块现今油气运移方向研究

根据石油成熟度梯度、原油中吡咯类含氮化合物丰度和异构体参数变化特征以及原油中高分子量正构烷烃的分布特征,结合车—莫古隆起的构造演化,探讨了准噶尔盆地中部Ⅰ区块油藏可能的油气运移方向。结果表明,研究区原油间运移分馏效应十分复杂,近期原油主要运移方向是由南向北,即油气是从南部的征1井区向沙1井、庄1井区运移。     

利用芳烃化合物研究东濮凹陷西斜坡地区原油成熟度

采用GC-MS分析技术探讨了东濮凹陷西斜坡胡状集-庆祖集油田原油芳烃化合物成熟度参数,包括烷基二苯并噻吩系列、脱羟基维生素E和三芳甾烷系列化合物。分析结果表明,芳烃化合物分布特征、脱羟基维生素E的β/α异构体比值、4/1MDBT、2,4/1,4DMDBT比值、C₂₀/(C₂₀+C₂₆)TAS以及三芳甾烷的相对含量均反映胡状集-庆祖集油田二台阶构造带内的原油为烃源岩低熟阶段的产物,而来自长垣断层断裂带和长垣断层下降盘的原油属于烃源岩成熟阶段的产物。     

Geochemical characteristics and analysis of crude-oil source in the deep-water area of the Baiyun Sag,South China Sea

In the Baiyun Sag, the oil relationship with possible source rocks is complicated, and little research on oil sources in the area has been performed. In this paper, geochemical studies of carbon isotopes, biomarkers, paleoenvironmental deposition, and crude oil maturity, carried out with the use of oil samples from the Baiyun Sag, demonstrate that the organic matter in crude oil has an oxidizing depositional environment and primarily lacustrine facies conditions, with a significantly higher plant input. The oil samples used are mature to highly mature. Crude oil in the northern area of the Baiyun Sag is more mature than samples in the eastern part of the sag. Despite limited source rock data, we were able to conclude that the crude oil samples were derived mainly from the Enping Formation; other potential source rocks of the Wenchang and Zhuhai Formations may also have contributed to the reservoirs in different parts of the sag. Furthermore, the source of crude oil in each structure in the Baiyun Sag was analyzed; for example, crude oil in the LH19-5 structure was generated from the organic matter of the Enping Formation, and crude oil in the LW3-1 structure was derived from the mixed organic matter of the Enping, Wenchang, and Zhuhai Formations. © 2018, V.S. Sobolev IGM, Siberian Branch of the RAS. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.     

Geochemical Characteristics of Crude Oils from Zao-V Oil Measures in Shenjiapu Oilfield

The geochemical characteristics of crude oils from Zao-V oil measures in the Shen-jiapu oilfield are systematically described in terms of the fractional composition of crude oils, GC characteristics of saturated hydrocarbon fraction of crude oils and the characteristics of their bio-markers. The deposifional environment, type and evolution of the biological source are also discussed. All pieces of evidence such as low saturated hydrocarbon fraction, high resin and asphalt, high isoprenoid alkane, weak odd-carbon number predominance ( CPI ranging from 1.23 to 1,29, OEP ranging from 1.14 to 1.16) and low sterane and terpane maturity parameters show these crude oils are immature oils. Low Pr/Ph ratios (0.66 -0.88) and high gammacer-ante/C31 hopane ratios ( 0.59 - 0.86 ) indicate the source rocks were formed in a slightly saline to brackish reducing lake depositional environment. Gas chromatographic characteristics of the saturated hydrocarbon fraction and the predominance of C30 hopane in terpane series and C29 sterane in sterane series indicate the biological source of the crude oils is composed mainly of bacterial and algal organic matter, and some algae are perhaps the main contributor of organic matter to the source rocks.     

溱潼凹陷斜坡带原油物性和地化特征及成因

原油的物性和地化特征是油气成藏过程的综合反映,能预测油气运移距离、母源性质、保存条件等成藏要素。将溱潼凹陷的原油划分为超重油、重质油、中质油三类。平面上,相同层系的原油从深凹带向外斜坡带物性逐渐变差、成熟度降低,含硫量增加。纵向上,从深层向浅层原油物性逐渐变差。原油成熟度与形成环境具有良好相关性,低熟原油形成于咸化泥灰岩。外斜坡普遍发育低成熟油,深凹带阜二段烃源岩在三垛初期生成低熟油,三垛末期生成成熟油,低熟油先充注,后期成熟原油驱替低熟油不断运聚到外斜坡成藏。溱潼凹陷斜坡带油源比较充足,原油经过较长距离运移,阜三段剥蚀带也是有利的勘探区。原油物性受油源、油气运移、氧化作用、生物降解等因素影响,油源差异和油气运移对原油物性的环带状分布起主要作用,而保存条件对于局部原油物性变化起重要作用。     

东濮凹陷北部盐湖相原油特征与成因

东濮凹陷盐湖相油气成因与成藏机理研究薄弱。采用色谱/质谱(GC/MS)等常规技术,结合傅立叶变换离子回旋共振质谱、单体烃碳同位素技术,对东濮凹陷北部文明寨、卫城地区油气特征及其成因进行了解剖。结果表明,该区原油具有植烷对姥鲛烷优势显著、伽马蜡烷富集、升藿烷“翘尾”、甾烷异构化程度较低等咸水、盐湖相原油的典型特征。原油还具有正构烷烃单体烃碳同位素呈低碳重、高碳轻、近两段式分布的特征,与柴达木盐湖相原油有所差异。原油中检测到丰富的S1、S2、O1S1、N1、O1、O2、O3等芳构化程度较低的NSO化合物,其与该区低熟油的形成关系密切。油-油、油-岩详细对比表明,东濮凹陷北部原油主要来自埋深超过3 000 m的沙三—沙四段烃源岩、存在不同成熟度原油混合聚集现象。研究结果对该区进一步油气勘探具有重要指示意义。     

The evolution characteristics and fractionation mechanism of carbon isotopes in the process of "multi-stage hydrocarbon generation"

The Jiyang Sag and the Liaohe Basin are the two important areas where immature oil resources are distributed in China. From these two areas immature-low mature to mature oil samples were collected for carbon isotopic analysis. The extracts of source rocks are dominant in the Jiyang Sag while crude oils are dominant in the Liaohe Basin. The maturity index, R., for source rocks varies from 0.25%(immature) to 0.65% (mature). Studies have shown that within this range of R. values the extracts of source rocks and crude oils, as well as their fraction components, have experienced observable carbon isotope fractionation. The carbon isotopic values tend to increase with burial depth, the oils become from immature-low mature to mature, and the rules of evolution of oils show a three-stage evolution pattern, i. e. ,light→heavy→light→heavy oils. Such variation trend seems to be related to the occurrence of two hydrocarbon-generating processes and the main hydrocarbon-forming materials being correspondingly non-hydrocarbons and possessing MAB characteristics, lower thermodynamic effects and other factors. In the process towards the mature stage, with increasing thermodynamic effects, the thermal degradation of kerogens into oil has become the leading factor, and correspondingly the bond-breaking ratio of 12 C-13C also increases,making the relatively 12C-rich materials at the low mature stage evolve again towards 13C enrichment.     

Geochemical characteristics of aromatic hydrocarbons in saline lacustrine crude oils and their significance as exemplified by the south area of western Qaidam Basin

Based on quantitative GC-MS analysis of 40 crude oil samples collected from the south area of western Qaidam Basin,one of the largest saline lacustrine basins in China,the geochemical characteristics of aromatic hydrocarbons in oils were studied systematically in this paper.Among those constitutes,naphthalene(43% 59%),phenanthrene(12% 21%) and taromatic-sterane series(6% 28%) were the main ones of aromatic hydrocarbons.The ratio of aromatic hydrocarbon maturity parameter vs.saturated hydrocarbon maturity parameter C 29 20S/(20S+20R) shows that some aromatic hydrocarbon maturity parameters are not suitable for low-mature oils,including MPI,MNR,DNR,etc.Meanwhile,maturity parameters for dibenzothiophene and taromatic-sterane series are more appropriate for low maturity saline lacustrine crude oils.Based on the ratio of 4,6-DMDBT/1,4-DMDBT,the R c values are within the range of 0.59% 0.72%.However,the abundance of dibenzothiophene(DBT) is low,and the dibenzofuran(DBF) content is even lower,suggesting that the crude oils were formed in a saline lacustrine anaerobic environment.The high abundance of C 26 triaromatic steroid also indicates that the source material is brackish water-saline water with strong reducibility.     

松辽盆地双城—太平川地区原油地球化学特征及其成熟度差异

松辽盆地北部双城—太平川地区扶杨油层原油地球化学特征相近,正构烷烃分布完整,呈单峰型,主峰碳主要为C23,部分原油具有轻碳优势,奇偶优势不明显。三环萜烷含量较丰富,部分原油伽马蜡烷、孕甾烷和升孕甾烷含量较高,规则甾烷呈"V"型分布,碳同位素值偏轻,生源构成以低等水生生物和菌藻类为主,兼有高等植物生源输入,母源形成环境为微咸水还原—淡水氧化环境。本区原油的总体特征比较接近,具有相似的生源母质和有机相,但其成熟度存在着一定差异。根据生物标志物参数,原油分为三个组群,即低成熟油、低成熟—中等成熟油和中等成熟油,主要为低成熟—中等成熟原油。认为研究区具有形成低成熟油的有利烃源条件,应该加强对低成熟油的勘探开发。同时加强长春岭背斜带及其周缘构造高部位有利圈闭的勘探与评价。     

珠江口盆地白云凹陷地温场特征及烃源岩热演化

通过对珠江口盆地白云凹陷108口钻井的地温数据(BHT、MDT、DST)进行校正、分析,以点到面重构白云凹陷的现今地温场,再结合地质与地球化学资料,正演恢复白云凹陷烃源岩的热演化史及生烃史.研究结果显示:(1)白云凹陷具有变地温场,地温梯度分布在35～60℃/km之间,呈现出南高北低的分布特征.(2)受控于白云凹陷变地...     

Petroleum Origins and Accumulation Patterns in the Weixinan Sag in the Beibu Gulf Basin, Using Subsag B as an Example

Crude oil has been discovered in the Paleogene and Neogene units of the Weixinan Sag in the Beibu Gulf Basin. To determine the source and accumulation mode of this crude oil, 12 crude oil samples and 27 source rock samples were collected and an extensive organic geochemical analysis was conducted on them. Based on the geological conditions and the analytical results, the types, origins and accumulation patterns of crude oil in the study area were elucidated. Except for a shallowly-buried and biodegraded crude oil deposit in Neogene rocks, the crude oil samples in the study area were normal. All of the crude oils were derived from lacustrine source rocks. According to biomarker compositions, the crude oils could be divided into two families, A and B, distinctions that were reinforced by differences in carbon isotope composition and spatial distribution. Oil-source correlation analysis based on biomarkers revealed that Family A oils were derived from the mature oil shale at the bottom of the second member of the Liushagang Formation, while the Family B oils formed in the mature shale of the Liushagang Formation. The Family A oils, generated by oil shale, mainly migrated laterally along sand bodies and were then redistributed in adjacent reservoirs above and below the oil shale layer, as well as in shallow layers at high structural positions, occupying a wide distribution range. The Family B oils were generated by other shale units before migrating vertically along faults to form reservoirs nearby, resulting in a narrow distribution range.     

Reservoir geochemistry of the Tazhong Oilfield in the Tarim Basin, China, Part II. Migration, accumulation and mixing of crude oils

Measurements of the absolute and relative concentrations of nitrogen-containing compounds in crude oils from different reservoir strata (Ordovician, Silurian and Carboniferous) in the Tazhong region of the Tarim Basin, Xinjiang, China, showed that even though there are quite a number of factors affecting the distributional and compositional characteristics of neutral nitrogen-containing compounds in crude oils, the distributional and compositional characteristics of crude oils whose source conditions are approximate to one another are influenced mainly by the migration and fractionation effects in the process of formation of oil reservoirs. In addition, crude oils in the Tazhong region show obvious migration-fractionation effects in the vertical direction. Carboniferous crude oils are characterized by high migration parameters and low compound concentrations, just in contrast to Ordovician crude oils. This indicates that crude oils from shallow-level oil reservoirs were derived from those of deep-level oil reservoirs via faults, unconformable contact or carrier beds. Crude oils from the Tazhong region show some migration-fractionation effects in the lateral direction, but mixing of crude oils derived from different hydrocarbon source rocks in the process of formation of oil reservoirs made it more complicated the migration and accumulation of crude oils, as well as the formation of oil reservoirs.