彩虹4无人机航磁测量系统的安全分析与质量评价

无人飞行平台作为智能搭载平台正推动航空物探技术进入一个新的阶段.面向有人驾驶飞行平台的痛点,无人机航空物探技术的推广应用对安全生产管理工作及高质量数据的采集有着重大意义.本文基于最新集成的长航时彩虹4无人机航磁测量系统,对彩虹4无人机测量飞行安全和数据采集效果进行分析研究,结果表明:彩虹4无人机经改装后,可安全有效的执行航空磁测测量任务,并可推广应用于航空物探领域.     

新型AGRSS航空伽玛能谱测量系统设计及其性能测试

新型AGRSS航空伽玛能谱测量系统(简称AGRSS)采用自主开发的数字化多道分析器和数据通讯技术,实现了对航空伽玛能谱测量过程中航放数据的采集与控制,并且系统的设计易于维护和升级.文中详细介绍了AGRSS系统的组成、主要性能指标,校准与测试等方面的内容.AGRSS系统主要包括3箱Na I(Tl)晶体,航空伽玛能谱多道分析器和通讯接口、航空物探综合测量收录系统、电源分配器和辅助设备等.对AGRSS进行长时间测量和试验区测试飞行,测试了其性能.测试结果表明,该系统的技术指标达到或优于航空伽玛能谱测量规范要求,其性能稳定、具有较好的一致性,采集的数据信息可信.成功研发的AGRSS航空伽玛能谱测量系统可以在地质填图、区域地质研究和寻找放射性矿产方面发挥其特有的作用.     

我国金属与非金属矿物探的回顾与展望

概要回顾了我国金属与非金属矿物探的历史及47年来所经历的四个发展阶段．物探方法由4种增加至40余种，一些已达国际先进水平．47年来，航空物探和区域重力调查基本覆盖了我国陆地面积，提出一大批基础地质和深部地质问题的新认识．物探发现了数以千计的金属与非金属矿的矿床．在技术方面，建立起了第二代航空物探系列、地面高精度重力和磁勘查系列、综合电法系列、综合核物探系列以及地下物探和测井系列．针对固体矿产的勘查任务，提出了物探的发展方向和一些建议．     

航空重力测量研究进展

近十几年来,航空重力测量技术的研究和应用日趋活跃,业已成为地球重力场研究中最为热门的领域之一．航空重力测量可分为航空标量重力测量、航空矢量重力测量和航空梯度重力测量．本文概述了航空标量重力测量的研究现状及发展动态,传统航空重力测量系统的改进,新型系统方案的研究,从GPS中导出加速度的理论和方法．滤波和估算方法及航空重力数据的应用等五个方面的重要研究成果．文中最后介绍了我国自行研制的航空重力测量系统的概况。     

矿井物探技术应用现状与发展展望

通过回顾近六十年来矿井物探的发展历程,简要分析总结了国内外现有的煤矿矿井物探技术的分类与特点、研究现状与应用成果,详细介绍了主要矿井物探方法技术（矿井地震法、矿井电磁法）的研究应用新进展,提出了目前我国矿井物探技术存在的一些迫切需要解决的问题和今后的发展方向.结果表明：矿井物探是地面勘探技术的重要补充,是矿井地质工作的重要手段,它相对于常规的矿井地质手段而言,具有更准确、更快捷、更方便等特点,已成为我国煤矿现代化安全生产中必备的探测技术手段,具有广阔的发展前景.     

中国水文、工程、环境物探的回顾和展望

回顾了我国水文、工程和环境物探近50年的历史，简介了我国水文、工程、环境物探发展的四个阶段．重点论述了我国能源、交通和城市工程物探在电力、铁路、水利建设以及海洋平台工程建设等领域内取得的重大成就；介绍了水资源和地热物探在农业、工业和城市建设中的重要贡献；分析了我国水文、工程、环境物探的技术进步；最后提出了发展方向．     

航空重力仪发展现状和趋势

航空重力仪的持续发展使航空重力测量的分辨率和精度得以不断提高.本文较全面地介绍了国外多个型号航空重力标量测量仪的发展历程,比较分析了其主要技术指标和应用特点;同时简要介绍了国外航空重力梯度仪的现状和发展趋势,对我国航空重力仪的研制现状作了扼要评述.     

中国煤炭物探技术的现状与发展

总结了近年来我国煤田物探与矿井物探技术的6大突出进展,即三维地震应用领域不断扩大、地震资料精细处理与动态解释得到推广、地震勘探正在实现从构造勘探向岩性勘探的跨越、地面瞬变电磁技术得到广泛应用、矿井物探技术重新得到重视、以“嵌入式”服务为标志的煤矿安全生产地质保障模式出现了可喜创新等;通过与国内外同类技术发展水平的对比分析,找出了我们存在的差距,提出了加快我国煤炭物探技术发展的对策与建议,并对今后煤炭物探技术与装备的发展前景进行了展望.     

复杂地形条件下航空伽玛能谱地形改正方法探讨

应用矩形辐射体航空伽玛辐射场理论,研究应用于复杂地形条件下的航空伽玛能谱资料的地形改正方法,并针对该方法进行验证. 本文利用航空物探测量过程中获得的DTM数据（达到了地形改正所需的地形起伏数据精度）,应用矩形辐射体航空伽玛辐射场理论,根据地面辐射体与航空伽玛场分布之间的正演关系,对航空伽玛能谱解释方法的原理进行了正演分析和反演推导. 探索出一种按影响角进行地形改正的方法. 该方法特点是适合于任意飞行方式(缓地形和水平飞行均可)和任意地形条件航空伽玛能谱的逐点地形改正. 结果表明该地形改正方法能够基本消除航空伽玛能谱测量中的地形起伏产生的影响,经地形修正后的航空伽玛能谱异常能较正确地反映地面辐射体的真实情况.     

国外物探仪器新进展

本文介绍了国外航空、地面及井中物探仪器的最新进展，和一些新型仪器的性能。     

The influence of alongshore and cross‐shore wave energy flux on large‐ and small‐scale coastal erosion patterns

A strong low‐pressure system traveled along the Japanese main island Honshu in October 2006. High waves and storm surge attacked the Kashima Coast resulting in huge erosion over the area. Airborne laser data measured in October 2005 and November 2006 were analyzed to estimate cross‐sectional changes within the subaerial zone. The results of the alongshore distribution of the changes of cross‐sectional area indicate that the amount of erosion of the 38 km‐long northern and 15 km‐long southern parts decreased toward the south in each part and that the amount of erosion was smaller in protected areas with artificial headlands than in unprotected areas. The local alongshore variation of the erosion and accretion patterns showed wavy fluctuations of several hundreds of meters. The total amounts of the estimated eroded volume of the subaerial zone over the northern and southern parts were 620 000 m³ and 600 000 m³, respectively. The Simulating Waves Nearshore (SWAN) wave model was applied to estimate wave conditions along the coast during the storm. The computational results were verified, and then the alongshore distribution of wave energies, expressed as the alongshore and cross‐shore components of the wave energy flux, was compared with the alongshore distribution of cross‐sectional change. The results show that the distribution of energy flux explains the distribution of erosion well: The alongshore variability in the cross‐shore energy flux is responsible for the large‐scale variability in erosion, and shorter‐scale variability is due to gradients in the alongshore energy fluxes, especially for the areas without coastal works. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

豫北地区居里面与地震关系的研究

利用频率域三维磁性界面反演广法和程序反演计算了豫北地区居里面埋深图,结合地质构造特征及人工地震测深资料对豫北地区地震成因机制进行了探讨：认为该区地壳上隆增厚区和地壳下沉减薄区之间产生的巨大剪切力和地下热物质上涌产生的热应力的双重作用乃是地震发生的直接动力,汤阴地堑和东濮断陷之内形成的居里面梯级带即高温块体和低温块体相交汇聚的地带是地震发生的构造基础。并对豫北地区潜在震源区的重点监测提出了一些观点。     

航空重力测量数据的滤波与处理

我国首套航空重力测量系统(CHAGS)于2002年研制成功.本文设计了CHAGS观测数据的滤波处理流程,着重讨论了比力及各项改正的滤波计算方法,提出了'两步滤波法'.基于某航空重力测量实测数据,对测线重力异常的计算精度作了比较和分析,重复测线计算结果表明,CHAGS确定测线重力异常的内符合精度优于±3mGal,相应的波长分辨率为8km;与地面实测数据向上延拓数值比较表明,对于同样的波长分辨率,外部符合精度优于±4mGal.     

Comprehensive Study of the Activity in the Middle Sections of Huangzhuang-Gaoliying and Babaoshan Faults

To monitor the activity of the Huangzhuang-Gaoliying and Babaoshan faults in their middle sections,a network for leveling,short-side ranging,and gravity and geomagnetic observations at the same time and at the same station was set up.By this network,the time and space distribution and the relation between different observations have been studied.It is considered that the Huangzhuang-Gaoliying fault is in a locked state for rapid strain energy accumulation,while the Babaoshan fault is in a state of creep or unrestrained motion.To do comprehensive monitoring of fault activity by making deformation,gravity,and geomagnetic observations at the same time and at the same station,it would be possible to acquire the microscopic state of fault activity and the data of earthquake preparation; such an approach is considered worth popularizing.     

北京黄庄—高丽营断层,八宝山断层中段活动性综合研究

在黄庄－高丽营断层及八宝山断层中段布设了监测断层活动性的水淮、短边测距、重力、地磁等的共点同步观测网，分析了各观测量的时空分布及相互关系。研究认为，黄庄－高丽营断层处于应变能积累的闭锁状态；八宝山断层处于蠕动或旷动的状态；应用形变及重磁手段共点同步综合监测断层活动性，可以获得断层活动的微动态的丰富信息。     

地气测量和射气测量的探测机理对比研究

通过对地气测量和射气测量原理的对比研究,分析其异同,总结地气测量在理论认识和实际工作中存在的问题,提出借鉴射气测量的理论和实践经验,促进地气测量方法的发展。     

Coil response inversion for very early time modelling of helicopter‐borne time‐domain electromagnetic data and mapping of near‐surface geological layers

Very early times in the order of 2–3 μs from the end of the turn‐off ramp for time‐domain electromagnetic systems are crucial for obtaining a detailed resolution of the near‐surface geology in the depth interval 0–20 m. For transient electromagnetic systems working in the off time, an electric current is abruptly turned off in a large transmitter loop causing a secondary electromagnetic field to be generated by the eddy currents induced in the ground. Often, however, there is still a residual primary field generated by remaining slowly decaying currents in the transmitter loop. The decay disturbs or biases the earth response data at the very early times. These biased data must be culled, or some specific processing must be applied in order to compensate or remove the residual primary field. As the bias response can be attributed to decaying currents with its time constantly controlled by the geometry of the transmitter loop, we denote it the ‘Coil Response’. The modelling of a helicopter‐borne time‐domain system by an equivalent electronic circuit shows that the time decay of the coil response remains identical whatever the position of the receiver loop, which is confirmed by field measurements. The modelling also shows that the coil response has a theoretical zero location and positioning the receiver coil at the zero location eliminates the coil response completely. However, spatial variations of the coil response around the zero location are not insignificant and even a few cm deformation of the carrier frame will introduce a small coil response. Here we present an approach for subtracting the coil response from the data by measuring it at high altitudes and then including an extra shift factor into the inversion scheme. The scheme is successfully applied to data from the SkyTEM system and enables the use of very early time gates, as early as 2–3 μs from the end of the ramp, or 5–6 μs from the beginning of the ramp. Applied to a large‐scale airborne electromagnetic survey, the coil response compensation provides airborne electromagnetic methods with a hitherto unseen good resolution of shallow geological layers in the depth interval 0–20 m. This is proved by comparing results from the airborne electromagnetic survey to more than 100 km of Electrical Resistivity Tomography measured with 5 m electrode spacing.     

Advancing process‐based watershed hydrological research using near‐surface geophysics: a vision for,and review of,electrical and magnetic geophysical methods

We want to develop a dialogue between geophysicists and hydrologists interested in synergistically advancing process based watershed research. We identify recent advances in geophysical instrumentation, and provide a vision for the use of electrical and magnetic geophysical instrumentation in watershed scale hydrology. The focus of the paper is to identify instrumentation that could significantly advance this vision for geophysics and hydrology during the next 3–5 years. We acknowledge that this is one of a number of possible ways forward and seek only to offer a relatively narrow and achievable vision. The vision focuses on the measurement of geological structure and identification of flow paths using electrical and magnetic methods. The paper identifies instruments, provides examples of their use, and describes how synergy between measurement and modelling could be achieved. Of specific interest are the airborne systems that can cover large areas and are appropriate for watershed studies. Although airborne geophysics has been around for some time, only in the last few years have systems designed exclusively for hydrological applications begun to emerge. These systems, such as airborne electromagnetic (EM) and transient electromagnetic (TEM), could revolutionize hydrogeological interpretations. Our vision centers on developing nested and cross scale electrical and magnetic measurements that can be used to construct a three‐dimensional (3D) electrical or magnetic model of the subsurface in watersheds. The methodological framework assumes a ‘top down’ approach using airborne methods to identify the large scale, dominant architecture of the subsurface. We recognize that the integration of geophysical measurement methods, and data, into watershed process characterization and modelling can only be achieved through dialogue. Especially, through the development of partnerships between geophysicists and hydrologists, partnerships that explore how the application of geophysics can answer critical hydrological science questions, and conversely provide an understanding of the limitations of geophysical measurements and interpretation. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Optimal Model for Geoid Determination from Airborne Gravity

Two different approaches for transformation of airborne gravity disturbances, derived from gravity observations at low-elevation flying platforms, into geoidal undulations are formulated, tested and discussed in this contribution. Their mathematical models are based on Green's integral equations. They are in these two approaches defined at two different levels and also applied in a mutually reversed order. While one of these approaches corresponds to the classical method commonly applied in processing of ground gravity data, the other approach represents a new method for processing of gravity data in geoid determination that is unique to airborne gravimetry. Although theoretically equivalent in the continuous sense, both approaches are tested numerically for possible numerical advantages, especially due to the inverse of discretized Fredholm's integral equation of the first kind applied on different data. High-frequency synthetic gravity data burdened by the 2-mGal random noise, that are expected from current airborne gravity systems, are used for numerical testing. The results show that both approaches can deliver for the given data a comparable cm-level accuracy of the geoidal undulations. The new approach has, however, significantly higher computational efficiency. It would be thus recommended for real life geoid computations. Additional errors related to regularization of gravity data and the geoid, and to accuracy of the reference field, that would further deteriorate the quality of estimated geoidal undulations, are not considered in this study.