柴达木盆地及邻区侏罗纪原型盆地恢复及油气勘探前景

侏罗系是柴达木盆地最重要的源储层系之一。通过野外地质、剖面实测、地震解释、显微构造分析等大量系列资料的综合应用与分析,认为研究区自中生代以来,经历了印支期右行逆冲-走滑构造运动、早—中侏罗世伸展运动、早白垩世北西-南东向挤压及新生代南北向挤压运动,它们与早侏罗世至中侏罗世早期(小煤沟组至大煤沟组)在NE向伸展应力场作用下形成的断陷盆地、中侏罗世晚期至晚侏罗世(彩石岭组—洪水沟组)热力沉降坳陷盆地、早白垩世南北向挤压坳陷盆地密切相关。侏罗纪原型盆地发育三类沉积边界,即盆缘不整合边界(缓坡型和陡坡型边界)、盆内正断层边界、后期逆断层改造边界。不同的现存盆地边界类型对原型盆地恢复的作用不同。侏罗纪盆地以东昆仑构造带为界具有"北陆南洋"的古地理格局,柴达木地区的侏罗纪盆地主要发育在沿岸造山带和岛弧带的山前坳陷以及薄弱的柴北缘加里东俯冲碰撞带之上,形成相对分隔的独立盆地群。柴达木早、中、晚侏罗世原型盆地的分布因受到古特提斯洋向北偏东方向的俯冲作用和阿尔金断裂左旋走滑作用的影响,其沉积中心和沉积范围呈现出从早到晚向东北方向逐渐迁移的规律。早侏罗世盆地的沉积沉降中心主要位于柴北缘西部的冷湖—马海一带,中侏罗世盆地的沉积沉降中心主要位于柴北缘中段的大柴旦—怀头他拉一带,而晚侏罗世盆地的沉积沉降中心主要位于德令哈—乌兰一带。     

辽西地区中生代板内造山带挤压作用与收缩构造

辽西地区中生代地层发育,挤压作用强烈,可划分为中三叠世末、晚三叠世末、早侏罗世末、晚侏罗世末、早白垩世末和白垩纪末六个时期,其中以晚侏罗世末期最为强烈.每时期都形成了褶皱、逆冲断层等收缩构造形迹,由早期至晚期,挤压作用减弱,每次挤压收缩作用,均使先期地层褶皱、冲断,沉积盆地萎缩消亡,上升隆起,或对盆地进行改造.三叠纪时期总体处于近南北向强烈挤压的古构造应力场;而在侏罗纪以后,转为北西-南东向挤压为主的应力场.     

金衢盆地的原型及其含油气前景

金衢盆地是中国东南部晚中生代断陷盆地之一,发育在前中生代变质褶皱基底之上,主要由北部浅凹陷带、中央隆起带以及南部深凹陷带三个构造单元组成。运用盆地原型分析方法,对盆地的构造事件、深部构造、蚀源区、沉降史、沉积中心、盆地边界构造和沉积间断等进行了研究。盆地经历了早期陆内挤压、早白垩世晚期伸展拉张、晚白垩世拗陷、白垩世末萎...     

东至断裂带构造变形特征及其构造演化

东至断裂带是皖西南一条重要的北北东向断裂带。详细的构造解析表明,该断裂带主要经过3期构造变形,分别是发生在晚侏罗世末—早白垩世初的左行平移断层、早白垩世期间的伸展构造和晚白垩世—新生代的右行平移断层。通过断层擦痕矢量反演和断层叠加改造关系分析,认为东至断裂带及其两侧多期构造变形对应的区域应力场分别为近南北向挤压、北北西—南南东向挤压、北西—南东向伸展和近东西向挤压应力场。东至断裂带的形成和演化与郯庐断裂带相似,主要与华南与华北板块俯冲碰撞、伊泽奈崎板块和古太平洋板块向欧亚板块俯冲碰撞与弧后扩张、及印度板块向北碰撞后产生向东的构造挤出等多构造体制共同作用有关。     

辽西地区中生代盆地构造演化

辽西地区为华北地台北缘阴山－燕山造山带的东延部分，中生代发育火山－碎屑岩沉积盆地。盆地地质分析表明，该区在早白垩世早期之前发育的沉积盆地为挤压型盆地，早白垩世中期以后属伸展断陷盆地。根据沉积－构造分析，该区中生代盆地构造演化可划分为5个构造演化阶段；（1）早三叠世－－早侏罗世；（2）早侏罗世－中侏罗世；（3）中侏罗世－晚侏罗世；（4）早白垩世早期；（5）早白垩世中期－晚白垩世。     

郯庐断裂带(安徽段)及邻区的动力学分析与区域构造演化

依据区域构造层次划分,采用构造筛分法,层层深入,层层筛分,确定发生于各个不同时代地层/岩层内的断裂活动的同期及叠加的应力场特征。综合所有的同期应力场特征及辅以叠加的应力场特征来验证,从而确定了一个连续的、完整的断裂活动的应力场演化序列;结合区域构造变形特征分析,阐明郯庐断裂带(安徽段)的构造演化。应力场分析显示:晚三叠-早侏罗世应力场为北北西—南南东或近南北向挤压,属古特提斯构造域,断裂发生同造山走滑;早白垩世早期,应力场为北西—南东向挤压,断裂发生左行走滑运动,中国东部处于西环太平洋构造域;早白垩世晚期—古新世(始新世),区域发生北西—南东向伸展作用,断裂处于伸展断陷作用阶段;新生代,受区域上近东西向的挤压作用影响,断裂发生挤压逆冲兼右行走滑作用。     

扬子北缘黄陵地区晚中生代盆地演化及其构造意义

扬子北缘黄陵地区古构造应力场于晚中生代经历发生了重大转变,是扬子板块与华北板块在三叠纪碰撞造山之后陆内构造变形的体现。由黄陵背斜周缘晚中生代盆地充填记录所反映出这一变革的起始时间为中侏罗世晚期。早侏罗世-中侏罗世早期,盆地内沉积了以桐竹园组为代表的河流-湖泊相岩层,由沉积碎屑成分和古水流统计所得出的物源区为北部的秦岭地区,黄陵背斜上部可能也接受了碎屑沉积;中侏罗世晚期-晚侏罗世,沉积中心发生了改变,表现为仅仅在黄陵背斜西侧的秭归盆地内有所保存,沉积环境以曲流河到辫状河流和三角洲为主,物源区则局限于黄陵背斜;早白垩世初期,周坪盆地和宜昌盆地为沉积中心,近缘冲积扇和辫状河流体系占据主体,物源区依然为黄陵地区,两盆地在黄陵背斜南缘可能相连,黄陵背斜上部的原下侏罗统被剥蚀;早白垩世晚期-晚白垩世,远安盆地逐渐发育,盆地西缘为冲积扇-辫状河流体系,中、 东部则以曲流河-湖泊沉积环境为主体,并间有干旱沙漠环境。原型盆地再造结果显示,早侏罗世-中侏罗世早期盆地展布具有近东西向特点,古地貌总体呈现出北部为山脉、 南部为盆地的格局;中侏罗世晚期以来,盆地呈近南北向,黄陵背斜逐渐形成山脉,盆地位于其东西两侧。两期盆地沉积特征反映了扬子北缘古构造应力场由近南北向转变为近东西向的过程。     

内蒙古石拐中生代断陷盆地形成与成因初探

石拐中生代断陷盆地发育在大青山逆冲推覆体系前缘,其形成与发展主要受早侏罗世南北向伸展变形作用和晚侏罗世逆冲挤压构造变形作用控制.根据地壳构造变形特点、沉积建造和沉积环境不同,把盆地演化分为3个阶段:早、中侏罗世五当沟时期,地壳以伸展变形机制为主,盆地快速堆积,沉积了一套巨厚的含煤碎屑建造;在中侏罗世长汉沟时期,地壳构造变形不强烈,处于稳定湖相沉积环境,沉积一套滨浅湖相的泥岩和淡水灰岩;晚侏罗世大青山时期区内发生了强烈南北向挤压变形作用,形成了同构造前陆挤压沉积盆地,形成了紫红色-灰紫色粗碎屑岩.盆地内部岩相变化、沉积建造特点、地层之间接触关系和构造变形特征都记录了地壳构造变形的重要信息.     

柴达木侏罗纪盆地性质及其演化特征

根据侏罗纪地层分布、沉积特征和构造演化史的综合分析，柴达木盆地侏罗纪经历了两期不同盆地性质的发育和叠加，中侏罗世末期的中燕山运动是盆地性质的转变期。早中侏罗世盆地为南北向伸展构造环境下的断陷型盆地，主要表现为系列小型断陷盆地群，分布在祁连山南侧和阿尔金南缘断裂带附近；晚侏罗世（至白垩纪）为南北向挤压构造环境下的挤压型坳陷盆地，受南祁连山前冲断构造体系控制，其沉积范围明显变大。     

辽西北票(金-羊)盆地中生代砂岩碎屑组分对区域构造演化的响应

根据北票 (金-羊 )盆地中生界砂岩碎屑组分分析,综合区域构造演化背景、盆地沉积充填序列及砾岩特征,对盆地中生代物源及构造演化进行了示踪 :晚三叠世为盆地构造活化的起始阶段,盆地物源应主要来自周缘隆升蚀源区的前中生代碎屑沉积物;早侏罗世辽西地区发生了明显的差异升降,北票 (金-羊 )盆地相对伸展陷落,盆地范围有所扩大;晚侏罗世北西-南东向逆冲推覆作用成为盆地的主要控制因素,北票 (金-羊 )盆地具有明显前陆盆地特征,盆地西缘太古代变质岩系出露剥蚀而成为盆地的主要物源之一;早白垩世辽西地区发生构造反转,北票 (金-羊 )盆地相对萎缩。Dickinson模型并不完全适用于辽西地区。     

塔里木板块北缘前陆盆地的构造演化及其与油气的关系

循天山地区板块构造作用这主线,系统地讨论塔里木板块北缘前陆盆地和类前陆盆的构造演化,将前陆盆地和类前陆盆和类前陆盆地划分为两个阶段,指出前陆盆地演化具从不稳定向稳定发展的特征。早期前陆盆地以深水复理石建造为主,夹火山岩建造,晚期前陆盆地以磨拉石建造为主。前陆盆地和前陆隆起具横向和纵向上的迁移性,这种特性影响了类前陆盆地的演化和油气分布。     

扬子板块北部古被动大陆边缘的地球化学特征

本文初次提出扬子板块北部古被动大陆边缘的地球化学特征是:a、裂陷早期阶段,发育碱性双峰式火山岩,但在裂陷的晚期和移离的早期阶段,发育碱性而不具双峰特征的火山岩、岩脉群;b、发育具两类不同地球化学特征的砂页岩,裂陷阶段形成的砂页岩与活动大陆边缘形成的砂页岩具相似的地球化学特征,移离阶段所形成的砂页岩才真正具被动大陆边缘砂页岩的地球化学特征。     

The Northern Carpathians plate tectonic evolutionary stages and origin of olistoliths and olistostromes

The olistostromes formed in Northern Carpathians during the different stages of the development of flysch basins, from rift trough post-rift, orogenic to postorogenic stage. They are known from the Cretaceous, Paleocene, Eocene, Oligocene and Early Miocene flysch deposits of main tectonic units. Those units are the Skole, Subsilesian, Silesian, Dukla and Magura nappes as well as the Pieniny Klippen Belt suture zone. The oldest olistoliths in the Northern Carpathians represent the Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous rifting and post-rifting stage of the Northern Carpathians and origin of the proto-Silesian basin. They are known from the Upper Jurassic as well as Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous formations. In the southern part of the Polish Northern Carpathians as well as in the adjacent part of Slovakia, the olistoliths are known in the Cretaceous- Paleocene flysch deposits of the Pieniny Klippen Belt Zlatne Unit and in Magura Nappe marking the second stage of the plate tectonic evolution - an early stage of the development of the accretionary prism. The most spectacular olistostromes have been found in the vicinity of Haligovce village in the Pieniny Klippen Belt and in Jaworki village in the border zone between the Magura Nappe and the Pieniny Klippen Belt. Olistoliths that originated during the second stage of the plate tectonic evolution occur also in the northern part of the Polish Carpathians, in the various Upper Cretaceous-Early Miocene flysch deposits within the Magura, Fore-Magura, Dukla, Silesian and Subsilesian nappes. The Fore-Magura and Silesian ridges were destroyed totally and are only interpreted from olistoliths and exotic pebbles in the Outer Carpathian flysch. Their destruction is related to the advance of the accretionary prism. This prism has obliquely overridden the ridges leading to the origin of the Menilite-Krosno basin.

In the final, postcollisional stage of the Northern Carpathian plate tectonic development, some olistoliths were deposited within the late Early Miocene molasse. These are known mainly from the subsurface sequences reached by numerous bore-holes in the western part of the Polish Carpathians as well as from outcrops in Poland and the Czech Republic.

The largest olistoliths (kilometers in size bodies of shallow-water rocks of Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous age) are known from the Moravia region. The largest olistoliths in Poland were found in the vicinity of Andrychów and are known as Andrychów Klippen. The olistostromes bear witness to the processes of the destruction of the Northern Carpathian ridges. The ridge basement rocks, their Mesozoic platform cover, Paleogene deposits of the slope as well as older Cretaceous flysch deposits partly folded and thrust within the prism slid northward toward the basin, forming the olistostromes.     

新疆北部及邻区地壳构造格架及其形成过程的初步探讨

基于笔者近20年来在新疆北部地质调查积累的资料,并结合对现有地质地球物理资料的综合分析,本文简要讨论了新疆北部及邻区地壳现今构造格架及其形成过程。该区地壳现今构造格架的基本特征是垂向上具有双层结构,侧向上不同时期具有不同的构造分区。新生代侧向构造分区表现为盆山构造,古生代晚期侧向构造分区总体表现为显生宙造山带与古老地块的镶嵌,具体划分为两个弧形造山系、两个雁行斜列的帚状构造和3条线性造山系,分别属于西伯利亚、哈萨克斯坦、塔里木、喀拉塔格等4个古板块;喀拉塔格古板块是新元古代地壳作为基底的古岛弧与其周围的海洋岩石圈组成的板块,残迹保存在南天山碰撞带之中;阿尔泰山、东准噶尔、准噶尔—吐哈地块是西伯利亚古板块的一部分,西准噶尔和中亚地区是哈萨克斯坦古板块的组成部分,查尔斯克—斋桑带、依连哈比尔尕带和康古尔塔格带,构成了是西伯利亚古板块的南界,南天山是哈萨克斯坦与塔里木古板块的碰撞带。在纵向上,该区地壳被划分为震旦纪至石炭纪、二叠纪至侏罗纪和白垩纪以来的陆内演化等3个构造层。该区构造格架的形成过程包括中元古代至古生代晚期古洋盆的演化与关闭、二叠纪至侏罗纪受古太平洋和古特提斯洋演化影响、以及新生代期间受印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞影响等3个构造阶段;在某些地质时期还与幔源岩浆的底垫对地壳或岩石圈的改造有关。该区前身的古洋盆包括古太平洋和古亚洲洋两个洋盆。从动力学角度看,该区地壳的形成与演化,分别受控于水平方向上板块之间的相互作用和垂直方向上软流圈地幔与上覆岩石圈或地壳的相互作用。结果是不仅使该区大陆地壳的增生有水平的和垂直的两种方式,而且使该区地壳演化表现为挤压和伸展两种方式并存。     

华北地台北缘海西期花岗岩类地球化学特征及构造环境探讨

本文论述了华北地台北缘多条海西期花岗岩带的常量元素、微量元素和稀土元素分布特征，由北带至南带花岗岩类具有成分空间变化规律，微量元素特征类似于同碰撞花岗岩中微量元素分布特征。从而论述了在晚古生代期间蒙古洋壳继续俯冲消减在华北增生板块之下，多条海西期花岗岩带继承了早古生代岛弧环境成分极性空间变化规律，同时又具有同碰撞花岗岩的特征，探讨了古生代期间蒙古洋壳和华北陆壳板块运动发展历史。     

扬子板块北缘花山群沉积时代及其对Rodinia超大陆裂解的制约

出露于扬子板块北缘大洪山地区的花山群自下而上由一套以砾岩为主的粗碎屑沉积和一套以砂质板岩为主的细碎屑沉积组成,伴随有拉斑玄武质岩浆活动。花山群整体变质程度不高,形成构造环境复杂,对其构造属性及其与区内所谓的花山"蛇绿混杂岩"的时空关系一直存有争议,它们对新元古代Rodinia超大陆在扬子板块北缘的汇聚-裂解响应具有重要的制约意义。笔者在花山群六房咀组下部细砂岩中采集玄武质熔结凝灰岩夹层样品1件,碎屑岩样品2件,在上覆地层南华系莲沱组采集碎屑岩样品1件;对玄武质熔结凝灰岩进行了SHRIMP锆石U-Pb同位素测年,对碎屑岩样品进行了LA-MC-ICPMS锆石U-Pb同位素测年。获得玄武质熔结凝灰岩锆石U-Pb年龄814.7±7.3 Ma;花山群的碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄谱存在三个明显的峰值:~900 Ma、~2050Ma和~2650 Ma,最显著峰值为~2650 Ma,上覆莲沱组碎屑岩年龄谱的三个峰值为:~900 Ma、~2050 Ma和~2500 Ma,最显著峰值为~2050Ma,三件碎屑岩样品均与扬子板块的碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄统计峰值一致。花山群的碎屑源区可能包括下伏中元古代打鼓石群、太古宙鱼洞子杂岩以及崆岭杂岩。结合前人年代学研究资料和区域构造成果分析,花山群沉积时代应为820~815Ma,形成于伸展构造背景,与花山"蛇绿混杂岩"不是同期同构造背景的产物;花山"蛇绿混杂岩"与花山群沉积建造依次反映了扬子板块北缘由挤压构造背景向伸展构造背景的转换过程。花山群中的碎屑沉积物与基性火山岩、火山碎屑岩属于裂解背景下形成的同时代沉积-火山建造;结合前人在扬子板块周缘发现的大量约820 Ma酸性—基性岩浆活动记录以及同时代(820~800 Ma)的沉积地层,推测花山群形成于Rodinia超大陆裂解背景之下,与超级地幔柱活动有关。     

内蒙古阿拉善地块北缘查干敖包一带二长花岗岩锆石定年、地球化学特征及其构造意义

查干敖包二长花岗岩位于阿拉善左旗诺尔公苏木查干敖包一带.该岩体是阿拉善地块北缘诺尔公—狼山构造带诺尔公大型复式岩基的主要组成部分.通过LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb同位素测年,确定其形成年龄为(278±1)Ma,属早二叠世晚期.二长花岗岩SiO2含量为72.88％ ～ 75.44％,全碱(K2O+ Na2O)含量平均为...     

Anomalous lithospheric structure of Northern Juan de Fuca plate — a consequence of oceanic rift propagation?

Anomalous crustal and upper mantle structure of northern Juan de Fuca plate is revealed from wide-angle seismic and gravity modelling. A 2-D velocity model is produced for refraction line II of the 1980 Vancouver Island Seismic Project (VISP80). The refraction data were recorded on three ocean bottom seismometers (OBSs) deployed at the ends and middle of a 110 km line oriented parallel to the North American continental margin. The velocity model is constructed via ray tracing and conforms to first-arrival amplitude observations and travel time picks of direct, converted and reflected phases. Between sub-sediment depths of 3 to 11 km, depths normally associated with the lower crust and upper oceanic mantle, the final model shows that compressional-wave velocities decrease significantly from southeast to northwest along the profile. At sub-sediment depths of 11 km at the northwestern end of the profile, P-wave velocities are as low as 7.2 km/s. A complementary 2-D gravity model using the geometry of the velocity model and velocity–density relationships characteristic of oceanic crust is produced. The high densities required to match the gravity field indicate the presence of peridotites containing 25–30% serpentine by volume, rather than excess gabbroic crust, within the deep low velocity zone. Anomalous travel time delays and unusual reflection characteristics observed from proximal seismic refraction and reflection experiments suggest a broader zone of partially serpentinized peridotites coincident with the trace of a pseudofault. We propose that partial serpentinization of the upper mantle is a consequence of slow spreading at the tip of a propagating rift.     

Diapirism in Northern Tunisia

The diapirs of Northern Tunisia, composed mainly of evaporitic Triassic material, are the result of a complex evolution initiated by local basement movements of NNE-SSW faults, which at the end of the Early Cretaceous. This first uplift, occurring during a period without any folding of the sedimentary series, is purely halokinetic. Such diapiric activity remained in active progress throughout the Cretaceous and Early Tertiary, causing local disturbance in the related series. And then, during the Alpine Atlas orogeny, the diapiric structures underwent deformation according to their position in the orogenic area.