白音查干凹陷扇三角洲与辫状河三角洲沉积

二连盆地白音查干凹陷为白垩系陆相断陷盆地。受构造沉降的控制,凹陷北部为陡坡,南部为缓坡,整体表现为北断南超格局;在巴彦花群沉积时期,共发育冲积扇、三角洲、滨浅湖、深湖一半深湖等沉积相;本文重点讨论了扇三角洲和辫状河三角洲的沉积特征、识别标志;在凹陷演化的主体阶段下白垩统巴彦花群沉积期,凹陷北部陡坡带发育扇三角洲沉积,南部缓坡带发育辫状河三角洲沉积。     

Fan-Delta,Braid Delta and the Classification of Delta Systems

This paper mainly discusses the origin and deposhional features of fan-deltas and braid deltas. Fan-del-tas are storm discharge-dominated, while braid deltas are usually flashy flood-dominated. The two types ofdelta, like common deltas, were reworked by marine processes. Delta systems are classified into nine deltatypes on the basis of the subaerial depositional processes and the nature of marine reworking. Fan-deltas and braid deltas are of great significance for petroleum exploration. In divergent-marginforeland and intraplate rift-subsided basin settings fan-deltas often form combination traps for petroleum ac-cumulation.     

扇三角洲、辫状河三角洲与三角洲体系的分类

本文主要讨论扇三角洲和辫状河三角洲的成因和沉积特征。扇三角洲是由风暴型流量控制的;辫状河三角洲通常是由湍急洪水控制的。这两种三角洲象正常的三角洲那样经受过海洋的改造。根据沉积过程和海洋改造的性质,可把三角洲体系划分为9种类型。扇三角洲和辫状河三角洲对勘探石油具有重要的意义。在前陆盆地和板内裂谷沉降盆地中,人们发现扇三角洲常常形成聚集油气的复合圈闭。     

河控三角洲生长的动力和沉积模式

分析河口动力特征,进而揭示其控制下的三角洲前缘挟沙河流床沙载荷(推移质)搬运和沉积机制,是合理构建河控三角洲生长沉积模式的前提.运用流体力学的湍流理论从微观动力过程角度分析失去河床约束条件下依靠惯性作用流动的河水入湖过程中河、湖两类水体的相互作用机制及流动规律,结合水槽物理模拟及前人开展的数值模拟,并借鉴河流泥沙动力学...     

Intercalibration of Mg Isotope Delta Scales and Realisation of SI Traceability for Mg Isotope Amount Ratios and Isotope Delta Values

The continuous improvement of analytical procedures using multi‐collector technologies in ICP‐mass spectrometry has led to an increased demand for isotope standards with improved homogeneity and reduced measurement uncertainty. For magnesium, this has led to a variety of available standards with different quality levels ranging from artefact standards to isotope reference materials certified for absolute isotope ratios. This required an intercalibration of all standards and reference materials, which we present in this interlaboratory comparison study. The materials Cambridge1, DSM3, ERM‐AE143, ERM‐AE144, ERM‐AE145, IRMM‐009 and NIST SRM 980 were cross‐calibrated with expanded measurement uncertainties (95% confidence level) of less than 0.030‰ for the δ^25/24Mg values and less than 0.037‰ for the δ^26/24Mg values. Thus, comparability of all magnesium isotope delta (δ) measurements based on these standards and reference materials is established. Further, ERM‐AE143 anchors all magnesium δ‐scales to absolute isotope ratios and therefore establishes SI traceability, here traceability to the SI base unit mole. This applies especially to the DSM3 scale, which is proposed to be maintained. With ERM‐AE144 and ERM‐AE145, which are product and educt of a sublimation–condensation process, for the first time a set of isotope reference materials is available with a published value for the apparent triple isotope fractionation exponent θ_app, the fractionation relationship ln α(^25/24Mg)/ln α(^26/24Mg).     

废黄河三角洲海域表层沉积物分布特征

采用2007年8月、2008年3月、2008年7月和2008年12月在灌河口至射阳河口岸段6条断面采集的底质样和相应潮滩表层沉积物样,以及废黄河口附近12条加密断面底质样,进行了粒度分析,并结合地质地貌、动力条件和水深资料,探讨了废黄河三角洲海域沉积物的粒度特征、分布类型及其规律。结果表明：废黄河三角洲海域沉积物类型主要为粘土质粉砂,由陆向海粒径逐渐变细,沿岸分布上则呈现自北向南逐渐变粗的规律;整个研究区域的沉积物呈现较粗,分选较差,呈正偏峰态窄尖的粒度特征;潮间带表层沉积物出现粗化现象。     

扇三角洲形成过程及演变规律

应用实验沉积学的方法对扇三角洲的形成过程及演化规律进行了较为详细的研究。指出扇三角洲的形成是突发性洪流与常态水流交替作用的结果,洪水期以碎屑流或泥石流沉积为主,平水期以牵引流沉积为主。随着沉积作用的延续,在基准面下降过程中,扇三角洲形态在平面上不同步增长,展宽速率大于伸长速率,扇三角洲的形态呈边缘圆滑的舌状。辫状河道的迁移摆动是导致扇三角洲演化的根本内在原因,而构造运动的强度与辫状河道的迁移摆动速率呈近似正相关关系。湖水深度、入湖坡降、辫状河道的形态、流量变化率以及粒径大小是影响扇三角洲演化的重要因素。     

尼日尔三角洲的沉积-构造特征

尼日尔三角洲位于非洲大陆西海岸的几内亚湾,由尼日尔河注入大西洋形成的,是世界上最大的三角洲之一。它发育于冈瓦纳大陆裂解形成的中、西非裂谷系和大西洋被动大陆边缘交汇部位,主体位于大西洋洋壳之上,部分位于非洲前寒武纪结晶基底之上。中、西非中生代裂谷系通过控制贝努埃-尼日尔河系的发育,间接控制三角洲的形成演化。尼日尔三角洲是一个进积型三角洲,具有典型的进积三角洲沉积序列,自下而上依次是海相页岩(Akata组)、近海三角洲相砂岩-页岩互层(Agbada组)和陆相冲积砂岩(Benin组)。三个岩石地层单位均规律性穿时,向洋方向变新。尼日尔三角洲层序中发育一大型重力滑动构造。该重力滑动构造的主滑脱面位于Akata海相页岩中,可以划分出前缘挤压构造变形区和后缘拉张伸展构造变形区。挤压构造变形区发育褶皱冲断带,伸展构造变形区发育堑垒构造,两者之间的过渡带发育滑脱褶皱。尼日尔三角洲的重力构造伴生有广泛发育的泥构造。重力动构造的形成可能与新生代喀麦隆火山带(Cameroon volcanic line)有一定的关系。     

陆架边缘三角洲研究进展及实例分析

自上世纪90年代以来,发育在大陆架边缘的一种特殊类型的三角洲（shelf-edge delta）,因其厚度大,分布面积广,储层物性好,常常与陆坡深水扇体伴生,成藏条件好等特点而引起了广泛关注,成为当前国际沉积学界研究的热点和油气勘探新领域。陆架边缘三角洲一般形成于相对海平面下降或低位时期,主要受控于物源供给、可容纳空间和气候变化,并受到陆坡构造活动影响;也可发育在高位时期,受到波浪与潮汐的影响。前人提出了利用陆架边缘迁移轨迹预测深水沉积和基于陆架斜坡发育模式预测深水沉积的模型,即强烈抬升的陆架边缘迁移轨迹、强烈加积的陆架斜坡发育模式,对应的深水区物质传输体系为泥质;水平—轻微下降的陆架边缘迁移轨迹、强烈前积的陆架斜坡发育模式,预示着大量砂体被搬运至深水区;轻微抬升的陆架边缘迁移轨迹、加积与前积的陆架斜坡发育模式,暗示深水沉积砂体发育介于上述二者陆架边缘迁移与深水扇预测模式之间。陆架边缘三角洲—深水扇规模砂体毗邻优质烃源岩,具备多种类型的油气运移通道,成藏条件良好,是油气勘探的有利领域。实例分析表明:渐新世珠海组沉积时期构造相对稳定,在古珠江充足的供源条件下,南海北坡珠江口盆地鹤山凹陷发育陆架边缘三角洲并伴随陆架不断向海迁移而不断进积,S型前积体不断向海迁移,并在晚期发育下切谷及大型盆底扇沉积。鹤山凹陷珠海组沉积时期发育水平—轻微下降的陆架边缘迁移轨迹,对应于强烈前积的陆架斜坡发育模式,在珠海组沉积晚期发育较大规模叠合连片深水扇富砂沉积体系,是研究区极好的潜在油气勘探目标。     

The Danube Delta: Geographical characteristics and ecological recovery

The Danube Delta is very large with diverse resources which have been intensively exploited during the modern period. It is now of great interest to conservationists with 280 species of birds (177 of which hatch in the delta). The origin of the delta is considered and its development is traced from the initial offshore bar, referring to the writings of the classical scholars and other sources. Modern developments involve the navigational work of the European Commission of the Danube (set up in 1856) and the more intensive exploitation of the reed beds, fisheries, agricultural lands and forests since 1950. Since the revolution of 1989 this programme has stopped and the delta (including the Razim-Sinoie lake complex) is now a Biosphere Reserve. The reserve is described and the principles for management are discussed.     

珠三角地区岩溶分布特征及发育规律

在综合分析区域构造、地层岩性与岩溶发育关系的基础上,结合钻探资料,系统总结出珠三角地区的岩溶分布特征和发育规律。结果表明:珠三角地区的岩溶分布可分为3个条带,形成发育分为3个阶段,分别受地质构造、古水文网和地下水控制。岩溶横向发育规律受地质构造和岩石化学性质综合控制,岩石化学性质为内在因素,起决定性作用,地质构造为地下水提供通道,起主导作用;区内强岩溶发育带集中分布在石炭系的壶天组和石磴子组中,国土空间规划布局和工程建设选址应重点评价。岩溶纵向发育分为4层,最深可达标高400 m以下,其中标高-35~-80 m为岩溶极强发育带,地下空间开发利用应尽量避让,而标高-35 m以上和-100 m以下岩溶发育较弱,在适当采取工程措施后,较适宜开发利用。      

现代缓坡三角洲沉积模式--以鄱阳湖赣江三角洲为例

在我国,缓坡三角洲形成了不少大油田。关于缓坡三角洲的沉积模式,前人做了大量研究,但大都针对古代地层。由于古代地层精细对比和沉积环境解释常常因人而异,因此总结出来的沉积模式五花八门,可靠性较低。鉴于此,本文从现代实例入手,选择了鄱阳湖赣江三角洲,采用野外实地测量、探槽、浅钻孔、探地雷达、粒度分析等方法,对其沉积特征进行系统研究,建立了缓坡三角洲沉积模式。本次研究主要取得了如下重要认识:①在三角洲平原上发现了两种新的砂体类型,即汊口滩和并口滩,分别位于分流河道分汊处和合并处,这意味着分流河道的分汊、合并部位也是有利的油气聚集部位;②在分流河道砂体中存在连片披覆型、孤立充填型、孤立残留型三种类型的落淤层,并提出了其形成机制;③统计了分流河道的定量参数,提出了分流河道宽度的变化规律,即从上三角洲平原到下三角洲平原,分流河道逐渐变窄,分一次分汊其宽度平均降低1/2,而且分汊频率增高,数量变多,弯度降低,沉积物变细变薄,砂体间连通性变差;④三角洲前缘不发育水下分流河道,而是发育河口坝和席状滩;⑤由于坡度平缓,湖平面小幅度变化会引起湖岸线大规模进退,可导致水下与水上沉积频繁交互,因此缓坡三角洲沉积在地震上不会有叠瓦状或反S形前积反射,而是呈平行或亚平行反射。     

Manganese fluxes from Mississippi Delta sediments

Massive sediment deposition on the Mississippi River Delta establishes reducing conditions sufficient to bring about Mn dissolution in the top millimeters of sediment. As a result, significant fluxes of dissolved Mn pass from the Delta sediments to the overlying water column. This process is examined by study of chemical partitioning of Mn in river particulates and Delta sediments and from interstitial water chemistry. Remobilized Mn is actively transported away from the Delta area with aluminosilicate detritus thereby providing “excess” Mn to the deep Gulf of Mexico at the expense of the Delta sediments.     

Radiocarbon dating of Danube Delta deposits

The Holocene history of the Danube Delta has been studied using ¹⁴C analyses of faunal material. The principal phases of development include: (1) initial Letea Caroarman spit, 11,700–9800 yr B.P. in its central part, 8800-5500 yr B.P. in its southern part; (2) Sf. Gheorghe I Delta, 8900-7200 yr B.P.; (3) Sulina Delta, 7200-2000 yr B.P., and (4) Sf. Gheorghe II Delta-Chilia Delta 2000 yr B.P.-present. Other smaller-scale features have also been dated, including secondary deltas (Co?na and Sinoe Deltas) and littoral bars. Age determinations carried out on whole samples were erratic and it was found that individual species had to be separated and dated. In all cases, the older dates were of transported material whereas the younger dates gave the true age of the formation.     

赣江三角洲形成及其演变遥感研究

以鄱阳湖区2个时相的M SS、TM遥感影像和1:5万地形图作为数据源,在具有最大信息量背景下,依据地物光谱、形态等影像特征对赣江河道变迁及三角洲成因进行了解译,发现河道的变迁主要表现为河流的改道和袭夺;采用人机交互式手段,利用多时相影像数据对赣江三角洲1976~1991年来演变进行了遥感动态监测,统计出15年间三角洲前缘新淤面积为37.6km2,整体淤积速度约2.5km2/a,且各部位淤积程度不一,并以中支淤积速度最快。     

Climate change and groundwater resources in Mekong Delta,Vietnam

Groundwater resources have considerable influences on the human population and socioeconomic development of Vietnam and the Mekong River Delta (MRD). This paper presents an overview of the relationship between climate change and groundwater in the MRD, including the challenges, strategies and technical measures. Our results showed that groundwater levels are related to other climate and hydrological variables (i.e., rainfall, river levels, etc.); therefore, the impacts of climate change on the groundwater resources of the Mekong delta are significant, especially on groundwater recharge. Based on the results of this study, it is recommended that groundwater development in the future should focus on reducing groundwater harvesting, enhancing groundwater quantity by establishing artificial works and exploiting surface water. This study suggests that the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model is an effective tool for forecasting groundwater levels in periods of 1 month and 3 months for aquifers in the natural and tidal regime areas of the delta.     

赣江三角洲的沉积机制及生长模式

通过前人资料分析和近2年的野外实地调查,并辅以多时相遥感解译手段,对赣江尾闾河道的变化和泥沙淤积情况,以及赣江三角洲的沉积机制有了明确认识,牵引流是鄱阳湖区最主要的湖流形态,它是三角洲向湖区加积生长的主要动力。其生长模式为鸟足状伸长或鸟足状伸长伴生决口分汊。最后对鄱阳湖的未来发展趋势作了初步分析。     

长江三角洲地区地面沉降监测

该文是由中国地质调查局部署,江浙沪地调院开展的“长江三角洲(长江以南)地区环境地质综合研究”项目之子课题——地面沉降监测网络规划方案研究之初步成果的介绍,着重介绍该地区地面沉降现状、地面沉降监测的技术方法和分布,并对今后监测工作做了一定的思考。     

三角洲前缘滑塌浊积体形成过程模拟

三角洲前缘滑塌浊积体是断陷盆地内一类重要的岩性油气藏。通过室内水槽实验模拟了不同条件下三角洲前缘滑塌浊积体的形成过程。实验结果表明，触发机制是三角洲前缘发生滑塌和形成浊积体的前提，它包括地震、波浪等外界触发机制，也包括前缘砂体自身重力所产生的压实沉陷等。其中地震作用可以破坏三角洲前缘的稳定性，形成液化滑塌浊积体和断阶滑塌浊积体。波浪作用可以侵蚀浪基面附近的三角洲前缘砂体，并在回流作用下携带至最大浪基面之下再沉积，沉积过程中形成小型浊积体。无外界触发机制作用下主河道入水口处的砂体在重力作用下向下部泥岩压实沉陷，也可形成滑塌浊积体。浊积体迁移的动力主要是滑塌砂体自身的重力，其中的断阶滑塌浊积体还受到后续叠置体的碰撞力，因此其可以移动更远的距离。     

国外扇三角洲研究新进展

在简略回顾扇三角洲的背景信息、研究历史和介绍了经典的一牙买加。阿拉斯加、吉尔伯特三大模式基础上,总结了国外对扇三角洲的一些新认识有：构造沉降,相对海平面升降和断层运动等因素对扇三角洲沉积的影响;提出由陆架进积至斜坡坡折的大型吉尔伯特型扇三角洲和堆叠于活动断层之上的吉尔伯特三角洲两种新沉积模式;前积层中砾质舌状体,特殊叠覆构造与大型槽状交错层理的研究;裂缝,胶结和碎屑流等具体沉积特征与机理的分析;对扇三角洲相带储层模型的建立等。最后提出未来扇区三角州的研究方向为：之前各项研究争议较大,难以定论的机理,且局限性较强,无法适用于实际情况的储层模型等。