华北煤田岩溶陷落柱及其突水研究综述及展望

华北煤田岩溶陷落柱（简称“陷落柱”）是地质历史演化过程中形成的产物。80多年来,在中国华北煤田39个矿区煤矿开采过程中共揭露10 000多个陷落柱,因其导致的重大突水淹井事故20余起,研究岩溶陷落柱对系统认识中国矿山岩溶水文地质条件以及防治岩溶水害具有十分重要的理论与现实意义。文章系统梳理、总结了华北煤田陷落柱的发育特征、成因机理、突水机理、探查与防治方法,归纳出近年来华北南缘陷落柱的研究成果,并结合目前华北煤田生产过程中陷落柱研究与水害防治中存在的问题,从陷落柱形成机理与演化过程、小型隐伏陷落柱精细化探查与解译、陷落柱“动态监测—预测模型—突水机理”模式以及陷落柱水害防治技术体系等方面展望了其今后研究趋势及水害防治的方向。      

涟邵煤田北段测水煤系岩相古地理与聚煤作用

测水组是湘中早石炭世主要的含煤地层。该区早石炭世的海侵主要来自西南侧,物源主要来自东北方向的雪峰古隆起。测水早期沉积物有煤、泥岩、砂质泥岩及细砂岩,沉积环境为潟湖相、泥炭沼泽相、潮坪相及滨海相;晚期主要沉积了细-粗粒石英砂岩、砂质泥岩、泥岩及石灰岩,沉积环境有滨外泥质陆棚、滨外碳酸盐陆棚及滨海相。煤层主要形成于潟湖淤浅而成的泥炭沼泽环境,含煤性与煤系厚度、砂岩含量及砂泥比值等有一定相关性,富煤带只存在于一定厚度的含煤地层分布区。本区于早石炭世时期形成了西部金竹山和东部太平寺二个聚煤中心,其中西部含煤性及煤层稳定程度比东部好,是勘查找煤的重要地区。     

范各庄矿12煤底板突水过程模拟分析

以范各庄煤矿水文地质条件为基础,建立了承压水上采煤的岩体水力学模型,应用岩石破裂过程渗流-应力耦合分析系统(RFPA2D-Flow)模拟分析了范各庄矿12煤层底板开采扰动下,裂隙形成、扩展到突水通道最终贯通形成突水的全过程。通过对损伤区分布、应力场和渗流场的演化分析,揭示了开采扰动及水压驱动下完整泥岩底板由隔水岩层到突水通道的演化过程,对突水通道进行了模拟定位,并对不同水压条件下含水砂岩层对底板突水的影响进行了分析。结果表明:12煤底板突水问题取决于含水砂岩中的水压力,在假设隔水层厚度不变时,水压力与突水系数呈正相关关系,随着水压的增大突水越易发生。该研究为12煤底板突水预测与防治提供了理论依据。      

两淮煤田煤系地层岩石热导率特征

基于对淮北和淮南煤田煤系地层所测定的127块岩石样品的热导率结果,对测试的岩石热导率结果进行校正,还原 岩石初始压力和温度环境下的热导率,校正结果值略大于实测值。同时结合区内前人的实测数据,全面报道了两淮煤田岩 石热导率参数及其特征,并从多方面分析了影响热导率大小的因素。结果表明：两淮煤田煤系地层岩石热导率变化范围为0.37～ 4.36 W/mK,平均值2.54 W/mK;热导率与岩性、埋藏深度、地层时代和密度等相关密切,砂岩的热导率普遍大于泥岩和 煤,热导率和深度、密度均表现为正相关关系。     

薄互层条件下围岩变化对煤层反射波的影响研究

为研究薄互层条件下围岩变化对煤层反射波的影响,以地震勘探中λ/4薄层范围内含煤地层为研究对象,建立围岩岩性、厚度与结构变化三类模型,基于薄层反射系数谱理论中Brekhovskikh方程,计算并总结围岩变化对煤层AVO曲线、属性及道集的影响。研究结果表明:λ/4范围内围岩岩性变化会对煤层AVO响应产生显著影响,其中顶板为砂岩会使得煤层AVO截距和梯度属性明显增大,顶板为泥岩会使得煤层AVO截距和梯度属性增大,且顶板岩性不同,对应的煤层AVO道集特征也会发生变化;λ/4范围内围岩互层结构和厚度变化会对煤层AVO响应产生一定影响,但是影响较小,其中围岩互层结构的变化会使得煤层AVO道集特征产生变化,围岩厚度的变化会使得煤层AVO截距属性产生变化;基于界面型的Zoeppritz方程不适用于薄互层含煤地层的正演模拟,应选取更适用于薄互层的Brekhovskikh正演方程或者其他模拟方法。      

煤层顶底板反射波的干涉效应

理论分析与实际资料证实,煤层顶、底板反射波的干涉,在煤层厚度所产生的时差小于半个周期时,导致反射波的振幅随着煤层厚度的减小而减弱,且在煤层厚度较小（趋于0m）的情况下,仍然是可以连续对比追踪的;大于半个周期时,反射波的振幅与干涉效应无关。通过实际资料的分析计算发现,在煤层厚度趋于0m时,其顶、底板反射波的干涉所形成的振幅极限值仍然是砂、泥岩界面反射波振幅的3倍,依据这个特征可有效识别煤系地层中的薄、无煤带。     

Characteristics and evaluation of Mesozoic source rocks in the southeastern East China Sea continental shelf

Source rocks are the material basis of oil and gas generation and determine the potential resources of exploration blocks and have important research value. This paper studies the lithology, thickness, and geochemistry of Mesozoic source rocks in the southeastern East China Sea continental shelf. The results show that the Mesozoic source rocks are mainly dark mudstone and coal-bearing strata. The total thickness of Lower–Middle Jurassic source rocks ranges from 100 m to 700 m, and that of Lower Cretaceous source rocks ranges from 50 m to 350 m. The overall thickness of Mesozoic source rocks is distributed in the NE direction and their thickness center is located in the Jilong Depression. The Lower–Middle Jurassic source rocks are mainly developed shallow marine dark mudstone and transitional coal measure strata. Those of the Lower Cretaceous are mainly mudstone of a fan delta front. Lower–Middle Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous hydrocarbon source rocks are dominated by type III kerogen, with Lower–Middle Jurassic hydrocarbon source rocks having high organic matter abundance and being medium–good hydrocarbon source rocks, while Lower Cretaceous hydrocarbon source rocks have relatively poor quality. From northwest to southeast, the vitrinite reflectance Ro of Mesozoic source rocks increases gradually. Source rocks in the study area are divided into three types. The first hydrocarbon-generating area is mainly located in the southeastern region of the study area, and the Jilong Depression is the hydrocarbon-generating center. The results of this study can provide a basis for exploration of Mesozoic oil and gas resources in the southeastern East China Sea continental shelf.© 2019 China Geology Editorial Office.     

两淮煤田煤系岩石热导率特征及其对地温场的影响

随着煤炭开采深度的增大,矿井高温问题日益突出,因此必须对矿区的地温场特征进行研究。基于安徽淮北和淮南煤田煤系所测定的127块岩石样品的热导率数据,结合区内前人的研究成果,全面报道两淮煤田岩石热导率参数及其特征,并分析热导率对现今地温场的影响。结果表明:两淮煤田煤系岩石热导率变化范围为0.37~4.36 W/(m·K),平均值为2.54 W/(m·K);热导率与岩性、埋藏深度、地层时代和密度等密切相关,砂岩的热导率普遍大于泥岩和煤,热导率和深度、密度均表现为正相关关系;岩石导热性的差异对区内地温场的影响较大,导热性差的松散层和煤层往往会造成地温异常,且上覆松散层愈厚其地温愈高。      

广州岩溶地区深基坑开挖对周围环境影响的研究

以广州地铁9号线在岩溶地区施工深基坑为例,研究岩溶地层基坑施工对周围环境的影响。该车站基坑长259.7 m,宽18.7 m,深15.8 m。基坑深度范围内包括溶洞和砂层,溶洞地层富水、稳定性差、物理力学性质差,砂层厚0～15 m,有较大的渗透性,基坑施工过程中对地下连续墙的侧向位移和地面沉降进行了监测。监测结果表明,基坑开挖结束时地下连续墙的最大侧向位移为12 mm,地面沉降的最大值为10.1 mm,基坑开挖过程中对周围环境的影响很小。研究成果可为今后类似工程施工提供经验借鉴。     

The Spatial Distribution of CBM Systems under the Control of Structure and Sedimentation: The Gujiao Block as an Example

A multilayer coal bed methane system with a complex superimposed relationship developed vertically in the Gujiao block. Taking the cumulative thickness of mudstone between neighbouring coal seams and open faults as object of research, the key strata for the division of different CBM systems was defined. The connection of an open fault for the fluid pressure system and the spatial distribution of the CBM system were analysed. The results showed that the porosity of compact mudstone is extremely low. When the mudstone thickness of the roof and floor increases, the gas content increases. Taking the Lijiashe and Wangzhimao faults as the boundary lines, the fluid pressure gradient between the Shanxi and Taiyuan formations is less than 0.08 MPa /100 m in the northern fracture zone, such as the Zhenchengdi, the Xiqu, the Tunlan, and the northern Dongqu well fields. The vertical gas units of different strata may belong to the same CBM system. The structure is simple in the southern Lijiashe fault. The vertical gas units in the southern Lijiashe fault belong to different CBM systems. Combined with the minimum thickness of the mudstone layer (2 m) and coal seam (0.5 m) standards, the spatial distribution of CBM systems was analysed.     

松辽盆地北部登娄库组二段烃源岩分布定量研究

勘探开发初期有限的油气资源评价资料限制了暗色泥岩预测方法的可靠性,松辽盆地北部登娄库组烃源岩主要为登二段灰色泥岩,其分布情况是评价松辽盆地北部深层致密砂岩气藏资源量的重要基础。本文以井震信息和基于沉积特征的多元地震属性定量方法,预测研究区泥岩厚度平面分布,综合地层沉积厚度平面信息、地震相平面信息及井点暗色泥岩和泥岩厚度比值信息,预测全区暗色泥岩和泥岩厚度比值的平面分布,预测结果显示松辽盆地北部登二段烃源岩主要有3个较大的发育,同时伴有其它零星小范围暗色泥岩发育,大部分厚度分布在70 m以下,最大暗色泥岩预测厚度约为350 m。该方法以井震信息为基础结合沉积规律定量预测暗色泥岩分布,为松辽盆地北部深层致密砂岩气藏资源量的可靠评价提供了必要的基础。     

雅布赖盆地构造演化与油气聚集

雅布赖含油气盆地位于中国西部河西走廊地区北部,处于华北克拉通阿尔善地块中南部过渡带,属北祁连构造带,中生代为走滑拉分盆地,新生代为挤压冲断坳陷盆地。燕山早期,形成东西向雅布赖拉张断陷,主控断裂为北大山正断层,沉积中心位于盆地南部;燕山中期,碰撞造山作用致使盆地北部急剧抬升,北部中-下侏罗统地层遭受强烈剥蚀;燕山晚期,阿拉善地块及其北部地区处于伸展构造环境,雅布赖山前产生东西向正断层,急剧活动,快速沉降,形成了北东向展布的新的拉张断陷盆地。喜马拉雅期,在挤压走滑作用下,雅布赖盆地南部形成北西向南倾逆冲的推覆构造,致使北大山正断层发生错断瓦解,最终形成"东隆西坳,南断北超"的挤压坳陷构造格局。雅布赖盆地主体沉积凹陷具有较强分割性,沉降凹陷分布于南部,最大沉积岩厚度为5 400 m;凹陷内侏罗系最为发育,中侏罗统新河组、青土井组暗色泥岩、煤岩为烃源岩,砂岩为储集层,新河组泥岩互层作盖层,构成盆地内最主要的含油气组合。由于雅布赖盆地特定的早期深埋,晚期抬升破坏构造格局,造就侏罗系砂岩储层早期强烈压实致密,侏罗系煤系烃源岩成熟较晚,构造发育期与烃源岩排烃期不匹配,生成油气主要表现为近源成藏与层内滞留,形成源内自生自储,致密油应是主要勘探对象。     

河南商城地区石炭系胡油坊组潮坪沉积组合的发现及意义

通过对河南省商城地区出露的中石炭统胡油坊组的沉积特征研究、微量元素分析并结合古生态分析,首次提出胡油坊组属于较为典型的潮坪沉积组合,分别发育了潮下—潮间—潮上的进积型与退积型沉积相序列,主要发育潮道、潮间带混合坪—泥坪及潮上带沼泽亚相。胡油坊组是河南商城地区石炭系的主体部分,属于华北板块南缘合肥—北淮阳石炭-二叠纪弧后前陆盆地残留海相沉积;预测合肥盆地肥中断裂以南下伏相当层位应以浅海陆棚相为主,可能发育了较好生烃条件的暗色泥岩。综合分析认为,二郎坪—信阳—歪庙—六安断裂带是加里东晚期—海西早期北秦岭—北大别岛弧与华北陆块的碰撞缝合带,商丹加里东缝合带向东的延伸位置至少应该在北淮阳佛子岭群分布区以南。     

三侧向电流曲线在贵州矿区煤层解释效果

由于贵州矿区煤系地层以烟煤为主,灰分高,煤层顶、底板基本上是泥岩,井径扩孔,利用三侧向电流对地层的高分辨率原理,其曲线解释煤层的结果与实际煤层的深厚度极为一致。     

深埋泥岩地层的最小主应力测定方法探讨

结合理论分析与实际资料统计,根据泥岩地层在水力压裂垂直裂缝剖面中所占的比例大小和瞬时停泵压力的变化趋势,获得了鄂尔多斯盆地西峰地区长8层(2 100 m)和靖边地区盒8地层(3 000 m)的泥岩最小主应力,这可为油气钻采、压裂设计以及测井、地震资料解释提供参考依据。间接证据表明,利用该方法求取的泥岩地层地应力更符合实际情况。      

Mechanism of the Mudstone Tunnel Failures Induced by Expansive Clay Minerals

Expansive clay minerals can be a serious threat to underground rock structure because of their swelling behavior when absorbing water. Roof and wall collapse as well as large deformation were observed in Xiaotun Coal Mine, Guizhou Province, China. This paper studies the characteristics of expansive clays in order to understand the mechanism of the mudstone tunnel failures in the mine. The physical and mechanical properties of the tunnel surrounding rock samples, including mudstone, silty mudstone, argillaceous siltstone and fine sandstone were determined. X-ray diffraction analysis was conducted to determine the mineralogical composition while the scanning electron microscope was used to examine the internal structure of the different samples. The results indicate that the illite–smectite and the montmorillonite are the main minerals composing the rock samples. A series of micro-cracks and pores occur in the samples which suggest a good hydraulic conductivity. The results indicate that the mudstone has poorer mechanical properties in comparison to the fine sandstone. Also, the Flac3D numerical simulations were conducted and it was shown that the large deformations were consistent with the field observation due to weak mechanical properties of the surrounding rock under seepage action especially with the increase of water head and porosity. It is concluded that internal structure and mechanical strength of the mudstone is weakened by the illite–smectite and the montmorillonite mineral content as well as the combined action of underground water causing physical disintegration.     

湖南省煤田地质特点及其找煤方向

湖南省煤田主要有地台型和地洼型两类。地台型煤田主要为斗岭煤系,次为测水煤系,煤系地层以海陆交互相细碎屑岩为主,含菱铁矿或黄铁矿结核,煤系厚2—44m,含煤l—3层,煤系地层与下伏岩层为整合或假整合关系。地洼型煤田主要为石门口煤系,煤系地层以陆相杂色粗碎屑岩为主,含泥岩、菱铁矿,煤系厚19—948m,含煤1—11层,煤系地层与下伏岩层呈不整合接触。全省煤炭尚可供建井的储量仅为保有储量的2l％,要加强煤炭资源的寻找,其方向一是在已知煤矿深部找煤,二是在地洼阶段形成的逆掩断层和飞来峰下找隐伏煤,三是在白垩系或下第三系下找煤。     

济阳坳陷石炭二叠系埋藏条件及煤型气源岩分布特征

山东地区经历了多次构造运动,含煤地层遭受严重破坏,因此各地煤系保存程度差异较大。济阳坳陷是石炭—二叠系的深陷区,但济阳坳陷构造十分复杂,煤系保存于坳陷中的一些次级凹陷中。石炭二叠系的埋深多在30 0 0~5 0 0 0m范围内,次级凹陷局部出现较大的埋深变化,最大埋深可达上万米,最小埋深仅在千米左右。煤型气源岩主要为煤层和暗色泥质岩。泥质岩最厚为5 5 5.5m (惠民凹陷),煤层最厚4 0.5m (车镇凹陷),泥岩、煤层厚度分布与残留厚度的变化趋势大体一致。研究表明,济阳坳陷石炭二叠系煤层属较好的烃源岩,泥岩整体上为差—中等烃源岩,局部发育有好的烃源岩。      

不同埋深条件下砂泥岩互层中砂岩储层物性变化规律

砂泥岩组合方式在不同埋深条件下影响了砂泥岩界面附近储层的物性。在浅—中等埋藏条件下(深度 <2 5 0 0 m )砂泥岩界面附近的砂岩物性好于内部 ;在深埋藏条件下 ,砂泥岩组合方式、与砂岩接触的泥岩厚度以及砂泥岩的相对厚度比例对砂泥岩界面附近的砂岩物性影响很大。在泥岩夹砂岩的情况下 ,当砂岩厚度极薄、比例极低时砂岩物性很差 ;当砂岩厚度增大到中—厚层时 ,则从砂岩内部某一点开始向砂泥岩界面 ,物性逐渐降低 ,顶底界面都存在一个约为砂层厚度 1/ 5～ 1/ 4的物性过渡带 ;在上泥下砂或下泥上砂的情况下 ,仅在与厚层泥岩接触一侧的砂岩界面处出现物性过渡带。在砂泥岩近于等厚互层的情况下砂岩界面附近物性仍比内部差 ,且随着砂岩单层厚度减薄、厚度比例降低 ,泥岩比例增高 ,砂岩的物性越来越差。在砂岩夹泥岩的情况下 ,砂泥岩界面附近与砂岩内部物性趋于一致 ,物性过渡带消失。这一现象与泥岩的成岩演化密切相关 ,浅—中等埋藏条件下泥岩排出的为低矿化度、富含有机酸的流体 ,在砂泥岩界面附近溶蚀作用强于内部 ;在深埋条件下 ,从泥岩内排出的 K 、Na 、Ca2 、Mg2 、Fe3 与 Si4 等物质以沉淀为主 ,砂泥岩界面附近胶结强于内部 ,泥岩的厚度越大 ,影响就越强     

A method for prevent water inrush from karst collapse column: a case study from Sima mine,China

Mining-induced groundwater inrush could result in serious economic losses and casualties. This disaster usually depends on geological structure, such as the karst collapse column (KCC). It could reduce the aquifuge thickness, causing a great risk of water bursting. In order to assess the impact of mining on the KCC, we have developed a complete set of methods, including three-dimensional seismic exploration, connectivity experiment, water injection experiment in two sidewalls, numerical simulation based on Drucker–Prager (D–P) elastoplastic damage theory. This method is used to test the size, type and the damage thickness of the KCC named DX1 in Sima mine, and the results indicate that the type of DX1 is good cementation. In addition, under the influence of the shear stress at the coal wall and the unloading at the goaf, a significant compressive damage zone with a large damage thickness will form at the sidewall of the KCC. As the roof collapses, the backfill is compacted and the maximum damage thickness gradually moves to the other side of the KCC. Eventually, an asymmetric inverted saddle-shaped damage distribution is formed with a maximum compression damage depth of 32.5 m. The results provide a basis for preventing water inrush from KCC.