青藏高原那曲河流域降水及河流水体中氧稳定同位素研究

根据青藏高原中部那曲河流域1998年夏季测得的上下游中稳定同位素的日变化,并与同期观测的流域降水中稳定同位素比较,分析了河水中δ18O的变化特征,初步研究了该流域的稳定同位素水文循环过程.河水中δ18O的变化幅度远小于降水,它是降水中δ18O、降水量以及地表蒸发过程共同作用的结果.研究发现湖水对于稳定同位素变化起着显著的调节作用.河水中δ18O与流域降水中δ18O的差异可能反映了该流域强烈的地表和湖面蒸发作用.     

青藏高原典型冰川和湖泊变化遥感研究

青藏高原冰川和湖泊变化是气候变化敏感的指示器,利用地形图、航空照片、TM卫星遥感资料和其它相关研究文献资料,分析了青藏高原典型地区的冰川和湖泊变化情况.结果表明:1960-2000年期间,在气温上升、降水增加、最大可能蒸散降低的背景下,研究区内不同地区湖泊的面积变化存在比较大的空间差异.以冰川融水为主要补给的纳木错和色林错地区的主要湖泊以扩大为主,而以降水为主要补给的黄河源地区的主要湖泊则基本上全面萎缩.研究区的冰川在1960-2000年期间以退缩为主,但各地退缩的幅度有较大的差异.     

Unraveling the mechanisms underlying lake expansion from 2001 to 2020 and its impact on the ecological environment in a typical alpine basin on the Tibetan Plateau

Yanhu Lake basin (YHB) is a typical alpine lake on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau (TP). Its continuous expansion in recent years poses serious threats to downstream major projects. As a result, studies of the mechanisms underlying lake expansion are urgently needed. The elasticity method within the Budyko framework was used to calculate the water balance in the Yanhu Lake basin (YHB) and the neighboring Tuotuo River basin (TRB). Results show intensification of hydrological cycles and positive trends in the lake area, river runoff, precipitation, and potential evapotranspiration. Lake expansion was significant between 2001 and 2020 and accelerated between 2015 and 2020. Precipitation increase was the key factor underlying the hydrological changes, followed by glacier meltwater and groundwater. The overflow of Yanhu Lake was inevitable because it was connected to three other lakes and the water balance of all four lakes was positive. The high salinity lake water diverted downstream will greatly impact the water quality of the source area of the Yangtze River and the stability of the permafrost base of the traffic corridor.©2023 China Geology Editorial Office.     

季风与西风对青藏高原全新世气候变化的影响:同位素证据

青藏高原气候变化在冰期-间冰期、千年、十年际和季节尺度上受亚洲季风和西风环流的交互影响,表现出显著的区域性特征。然而全新世以来青藏高原气候变化的机制还不甚清楚,主要原因之一是缺少指示意义明确的古气候代用指标。课题组近年来利用叶蜡氢同位素(δDwax)重建了高原东北部的青海湖、中北部的令戈错、中部的达则错、西部的班公错和阿翁错不同时间尺度的大气降水同位素记录,本文对上述工作进行总结,并结合青藏高原全新世以来已发表的其他地点的同位素和古水文记录,揭示全新世以来季风与西风对青藏高原不同区域气候变化的影响。结果表明:1)早全新世青海湖、令戈错、班公错和阿翁错4个湖泊均主要受夏季风影响,夏季风可以影响到青藏高原的大部分地区,此时夏季风在青藏高原的最北界限可能位于青海湖以北、克鲁克湖以南。2)中全新世青海湖、班公错和阿翁错受夏季风影响逐渐减弱;然而令戈错在7.0~4.5 ka水汽主要来源于西风环流。3)晚全新世青海湖和班公错受季风的影响进一步减弱;西风在3.5~1.7 ka和2.0~1.0 ka分别影响到高原中部的令戈错和达则错;晚全新世阿翁错受冰川融水补给影响降水同位素异常偏负。4)本研究表明在中晚全新世季风较弱的时期,西风能够深入到青藏高原内部地区,给高原内部地区带来冷湿的水汽。     

基于GIS的玛旁雍错流域冰川地貌及现代冰川湖泊变化研究

基于多源多时相的数字遥感影像、地形图和DEM数据,利用遥感(RS)和地理信息系统(GIS)技术,对西藏玛旁雍错流域冰川地貌类型和空间分布进行了研究,并对流域内近30 a来冰川和湖泊的变化进行分析.结果表明:1974-2003年玛旁雍错流域冰川总面积减少了7.27 km²,平均退缩速率0.24 km²·a^-1;湖泊总面积减少37.58 km²,平均退缩速率1.25 km²·a^-1.多时相的监测表明,冰川在加速退缩,且阳坡冰川的消融速度大于阴坡,坡度陡、面积小的冰川消融比例大于坡度缓、面积较大的冰川;湖泊面积先减少后有所增加,但总面积还是减少了,不少小湖泊消失.分析流域附近气象资料可知,气温上升和降水量减少是玛旁雍错流域内冰川消融与退缩的主要原因.     

Isotopic Evolution of Saline Lakes in the Low-Latitude and Polar Regions

Isotopic fractionations associated with two primary processes (evaporation and freezing of water) are discussed, which are responsible for the formation and evolution of saline lakes in deserts from both low-latitude and the Polar regions. In an evaporative system, atmospheric parameters (humidity and isotopic composition of water vapor) have strong influence on the isotopic behavior of saline lakes, and in a freezing system, salinity build-up largely controls the extent of freezing and associated isotope fractionation. In both systems, salinity has a direct impact on the isotopic evolution of saline lakes. It is proposed that a steady-state “terminal lake” model with short-term hydrologic and environmental perturbations can serve as a useful framework for investigating both evaporative and freezing processes of perennial saline lakes. Through re-assessment of own work and literature data for saline lakes, it was demonstrated that effective uses of the isotope activity compositions of brines and salinity-chemistry data could reveal dynamic changes and evolution in the isotopic compositions of saline lakes in response to hydrologic and environmental changes. The residence time of isotopic water molecules in lakes determines the nature of responses in the isotopic compositions following perturbations in the water and isotope balances (e.g., dilution by inflow, water deficit by increased evaporation, and/or reduction in inflow). The isotopic profiles of some saline lakes from the Polar regions show that they switched the two contrasting modes of operation between evaporative and freezing systems, in response to climate and hydrological changes in the past.     

青藏高原湖泊变化遥感监测及水量平衡定量估算研究进展

青藏高原湖泊是气候变化的重要指示器,20世纪90年代中期以来,在暖湿化环境下降水增多和冰川冻土加速融化导致的湖泊扩张是青藏高原最为突出的环境变化特征。值得注意的是,湖泊水位变化的空间分布特征和西风带及印度季风带影响区的降水量变化具有高度的空间一致性。严酷的自然环境导致对青藏高原内陆湖泊的实地观测变得难以企及,而遥感技术的发展正好可以克服以上局限,该技术已经成为青藏高原湖泊变化监测的主要研究手段。本文围绕遥感监测技术与方法,综述了青藏高原湖泊面积、水量、冰物候、水体参数以及水量平衡定量估算等方面的研究进展。部分研究以流域为尺度应用多源遥感与水文模型进行水量平衡定量评估,结果表明青藏高原内陆地区的湖泊水量增加的主要贡献因素是降水增多,而冰川融化、冻土消融及其他因素的贡献程度却相对较小。当前,学术界一般认为：大尺度的降水年代际变化是青藏高原湖泊近期变化的主要原因,而冰川冻土加速消融又进一步加速湖泊扩张或抑制了部分湖泊收缩。过去,关于青藏高原湖泊变化的气候响应机制研究大多停留在对降水、蒸发、温度、风速、冰冻圈融化等气候因素的定性描述上;现在,在湖泊水量平衡方面,越来越多的研究开始在定量化方面取得进展;将来,随着更多遥感数据的开放共享,以及更多水文与气象站点的投入使用,将为青藏高原湖泊的水量平衡定量研究提供更好的数据条件。     

近50a中国寒区与旱区湖泊变化的气候因素分析

以青藏和蒙新两大湖区代表的我国寒区和旱区湖泊为对象,通过各湖区典型湖泊与气候变化的时间序列分析,揭示了湖泊与气候变化的动态关系;通过区域尺度湖泊面积的阶段性变化过程与区域气候变化的关系,分析了湖泊变化的区域气候影响背景.结果表明:位于我国寒区和旱区的湖泊对气候变化具有高度敏感性,从气候的角度来看,内蒙古的湖泊受降水影响较为明显,新疆湖泊总体上受降水影响显著,但由于冰川的存在气温对湖泊也有一定影响.青藏高原典型湖泊变化的分析表明,降水、气温对不同湖泊有着不同的影响,在区域上湖泊与气候的变化关系表现的更为复杂,在降水增加、气温上升的情况下由于升温引起的湖泊蒸发效应超过降水增加导致的补给影响,湖泊总体趋于萎缩.     

近40年来青藏高原湖泊变迁及其对气候变化的响应

湖泊对气候波动有敏感记录。本文以GIS和RS技术为基础,在野外实地考察的基础上,从20世纪70年代、90年代、2000年前后和2010年前后4期Landsat遥感影像中提取了青藏高原所有湖泊边界信息,建立了青藏高原湖泊空间数据库。分析表明的青藏高原面积大于0.5 km2的湖泊总面积变化：（1）从20世纪70年代至90年代增加了13.42%; （2）从20世纪90年代至2000年前后增加了4.86%; （3）从2000年前后至2010年前后增加了13.04%。可见,近40年来,青藏高原湖泊个数和面积均呈增加的趋势。气象数据分析表明,青藏高原气候出现了由暖干向暖湿的转型,表现为气温升高、降雨量增加和蒸发量减小。笔者选取了研究区内面积大于10 km2的时间上合适做比较的所有湖泊,逐一分析了其在4个时期的动态变化情况,并根据变化结果进行了分区。不同时期的湖泊变迁具有区域差异性：（1）从20世纪70年代至90年代,西藏北部、中部、藏南、青海羌塘盆地和青海东部湖泊呈萎缩趋势; （2）20世纪90年代至2000年,青海北部湖泊萎缩; （3）2000年至2010年,除藏南外,青藏高原其余地区湖泊全面扩张。不同补给源的湖泊对气候变化的响应模式不同：（1）气温主要影响以冰雪融水及其径流为主要补给源的湖泊,如色林错、赤布张错等; （2）降雨量主要影响以大气降雨和地表径流为主要补给源的湖泊,如青海羌塘盆地; （3）蒸发量直接影响湖泊水量的散失,在青藏高原总体蒸发量减小的大环境下,部分地区因升温引起的湖泊蒸发效应超过了降水和径流量增加,湖泊出现萎缩的现象,如羊卓雍错流域。总之,地质构造控制了湖泊变迁的总格局,而短时间尺度的湖泊变迁主要受气候因素的影响。此外,湖泊动态变化还受冰川、人类活动、湖盆形状、补给和排泄区等因素的影响。     

Preliminary research on hydrogen and oxygen stable isotope characteristics of different water bodies in the Qilian Mountains,northwestern Tibetan Plateau

Hydrogen and oxygen stable isotope in water bodies is a widely used tracer in hydrological process studies. In order to provide a basis for stable isotopic characteristics in different water bodies at the high mountainous area of northwestern Tibetan Plateau, samples for river water, groundwater, soil water, and plant water were collected from 10 sites in the Qilian Mountains during July and August 2015, and then analyzed for δ¹⁸O and δD, respectively. Results indicated that the stable isotope values of soil water were mostly plotted below the global meteoric water line (GMWL), which suggested that evaporation made heavy isotope in soil water enriched. The stable isotope values of soil water were quite different in the top soil layer, but tended to be uniform in the deep soil layer. Furthermore, the stable isotope difference of plant water is related to climatic conditions, water isotopes utilized by plant, plant species, growing season, and so on. Additionally, the variation of δ¹⁸O values for river water and groundwater relatively coincided with each other, and this showed the recharge sources of above two water bodies may be consistent. The stable isotope values of river water and groundwater were mainly plotted on the upper left of GMWL, and the lower level of isotopic fractionation due to weak evaporation may accountable for this.     

青海羌塘盆地近期湖泊扩张特征及成因

选取青海羌塘盆地1976-2010年5期遥感影像, 解译了该区域面积大于1 km²以上的67个湖泊面积.结果表明: 1976-1994年, 研究区大部分湖泊呈萎缩状态, 湖泊面积萎缩了446.8 km², 萎缩幅度为12.5%;1994-2001年, 湖泊面积由3 132.6 km²增加到3 395.2 km², 至2007年和2010年, 湖泊持续扩张, 面积分别达到3 641.7 km²和3 836.2 km², 其中2010年的湖泊面积较1994年增加了22.5%, 甚至超过了1976年, 2007-2010年期间湖泊扩张强度最大.同时, 分析了研究区1959-2010年的气候水文变化, 结果显示年平均气温呈显著上升趋势, 年蒸发量在1959-1980年呈下降趋势, 以后趋于稳定, 年降水量、年径流量在1998-1999年间出现了突变上升.湖泊面积对气候、水文的响应关系表明, 近期的湖泊扩张主要由降水、径流偏丰引起, 与气温上升以及蒸发变化的关系并不显著, 气温上升导致冰川退缩所增加的水量对近期湖泊扩张影响较小. 与青海湖、黄河源等地相比, 青海羌塘盆地近期气候、水文、湖泊面积发生转折的时间要提前7 a左右.     

Hydrogeochemistry and isotope techniques to determine water interactions in groundwater-dependent shallow lakes,Wet Pampa Plain,Argentina

This paper gives an account of the implementation of hydrochemical and isotopic techniques to identify and explain the processes that govern solute exchange in two groundwater-dependent shallow lakes in the Southeastern Pampa Plain of Argentina. Water samples (lakes, streams, spring water and groundwater) for hydrochemical and stable isotopic determination were collected and the main physical–chemical parameters were measured. The combination of stable isotope data with hydrogeochemical techniques was used for the identification of sources and preferential recharge areas to these aquatic ecosystems which allowed the explanation of the lake water origin. The hydrochemical processes which explain Los Padres Lake water chemistry are evaporation from groundwater, CO₂ input, calcite dissolution, Na⁺ release by Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ exchange, and sulfate reduction. The model that best aligns with La Brava Lake hydrochemical constraints includes: mixing, CO₂ and calcite dissolution, cationic exchange with Na⁺ release and Mg²⁺ adsorption, and to a lesser extent, Ca/Na exchange. This model suggests that the fractured aquifer contribution to this water body is greater than 50 %. An isotopic-specific fingerprint for each lake was identified, finding a higher evaporation rate for La Brava Lake compared to Los Padres Lake. Isotopic data demonstrate the importance of these shallow lakes as recharge areas to the regional aquifer, becoming areas of high groundwater vulnerability. The Tandilia Range System, considered in many hydrogeological studies as the impermeable bedrock of the Pampean aquifer, acts as a fissured aquifer in this area, contributing to low salinity waters and with a fingerprint similar to groundwater isotopic composition.     

Major Ion Geochemistry of Nam Co Lake and its Sources, Tibetan Plateau

The major cations and anions from lake water samples and its sources, including glacier snow, precipitation, stream, and swamp water in the Nam Co basin, central Tibetan Plateau, were studied. The concentrations of the major ions varied significantly in the five environmental matrices. Generally, the mean concentrations of most ions are in the order of lake water > swamp water > stream water > precipitation > snow. Rock weathering is the dominant process controlling the chemical compositions of the stream and swamp waters, with carbonate weathering being the primary source of the dissolved ions. The Nam Co lake water is characterized by high Na⁺ concentration and extremely low Ca²⁺ concentration relative to other ions, resulting from evapoconcentration and chemical precipitation within the lake. Comparison with the water chemistry of other lakes over the Tibetan Plateau indicated that Nam Co is located in a transition area between non-saline lakes and highly saline lakes. The relatively low concentration of total dissolved solids is possibly due to the abundant inflow of glacial meltwater and relatively high annual precipitation.     

Estimating groundwater inflow and leakage outflow for an intermontane lake with a structurally complex geology: Georgetown Lake in Montana,USA

Stable isotopes of the water molecule (δ¹⁸O and δD) for groundwater, lake water, streams, and precipitation were coupled with physical flux measurements to investigate groundwater–lake interactions and to establish a water balance for a structurally complex lake. Georgetown Lake, a shallow high-latitude high-elevation lake, is located in southwestern Montana, USA. The lake is situated between two mountain ranges with highlands primarily to the east and south of the lake and a lower valley to the west. An annual water balance and (δ¹⁸O and δD) isotope balance were used to quantify annual groundwater inflows of 2.5?×?10⁷ m³/year and lake leakage outflows of 1.6?×?10⁷ m³/year. Roughly, 57% of total inflow to the lake is from groundwater, and 37% of total outflow at Georgetown Lake is groundwater. Stable isotopes of groundwater and springs around the lake and surrounding region show that the east side of the lake contains meteoric water recharged annually from higher mountain sources, and groundwater discharge to the lake occurs through this region. However, springs located in the lower western valley and some of the surrounding domestic wells west of the lake show isotopic enrichment indicative of strong to moderate evaporation similar to Georgetown Lake water. This indicates that some outflowing lake water recharges groundwater through the underlying west-dipping bedrock in the region.     

Quantifying climatic change through the last glacial–interglacial transition based on lake isotope palaeohydrology from central Turkey

Questions remain as to the nature of climatic change through the last glacial–interglacial transition in the eastern Mediterranean region, particularly the relative contribution of evaporation and precipitation to regional water balance. Here changes in oxygen isotope values through this time period from Eski Acıgöl, a crater lake in central Turkey, are investigated using hydrological and isotope mass balance models. These allow changes in evaporation and precipitation to be quantified and their relative importance evaluated. We show that it is the volumetric flux rate of water passing through the lake system and not the precipitation-to-evaporation ratio per se which controlled the stable isotope record in Eski Acıgöl. Early Holocene precipitation is shown to be much greater than that during both the latter part of the last glaciation and the present day. We test these calculated values against other records in the same region, firstly with other lake records in Anatolia, the Konya basin and Lake Van, and secondly with isotope-inferred palaeo-precipitation data from Soreq cave in Israel. This reveals a contrast between pre- and post-LGM precipitation values in Turkey (wetter and drier, respectively) and also suggests that during the last glacial–interglacial transition there was a more marked precipitation gradient than at present between northern/interior and southern/coastal parts of the eastern Mediterranean region.     

利用稳定同位素比率估计湖泊的蒸发

利用稳定同位素物质平衡方法可以估算湖泊的蒸发，方法的主要特点是不必测定入湖水量，只须测定其稳定同位素比率。文章根据青海湖实测的氧同位素资料和有关水文气象资料，并利用稳定素模型得出，青海湖多年平均蒸发量为８７７ｍｍ，这个值与同一时期９０４．６ｍｍ的实测蒸发量大致相当，不同水体中稳定同位素比的大小对湖蒸发量有不同程度的影响。降水和入湖泊水中的稳定同位素比率与蒸发量存在正比关系；湖泊水和蒸发水中的稳定同     

末次冰期间冰阶(40～22kaBP)内蒙古黄旗海古降水量研究

末次冰期间冰阶(40～22kaBP),黄旗海最高古湖面稳定在1310～1318m之间,比现代湖面约高50m,湖泊面积达到450～515km2(平均为466km2),是现代湖面101km2(1950～1961年平均值)的4.4～5.1倍,湖泊补给系数7.8～9.1。利用逐次逼近法寻找古流域的现代气候相似区域,从而确定相关参数定量重建古降水量;在此基础上,附加另外两个过程,检验了重建结果的可靠性。重建结果认为:40～22kaBP古湖面稳定存在时,黄旗海流域的古降水量可达479～497mm/a,比现在年平均值(353mm/a)高约126～144mm/a。     

青藏高原兹格塘错流域50年来湖泊水量对气候变化响应的模拟研究

运用数值模拟建立青藏高原兹格塘错流域土壤、植被、气候等的空间和属性数据库;接着,借助分布式流域尺度水文模型（SWAT模型）,对兹格塘错1956—2006年间的流量进行模拟实验;最后,反演50年来兹格塘错流域水文过程,测试流域温度、降水和蒸发组合的敏感因子对湖泊水量变化的效应,探讨50年来湖泊水量对气候变化的响应。模拟实验的边界条件设置为自然地形、土壤、植被覆盖,其中土壤资料包括有机质含量、粒径等理化参数。模拟结果表明：兹格塘错的年平均流量为6.3m3/s,流量高峰集中在8月至10月,并且由于融雪补给的关系,3月出现另一个流量高峰;模拟结果与遥感解译所得到的结果吻合较好。敏感实验表明：兹格塘错流域内温度、降水和蒸发组合的敏感因子实验具有高原特征,即高原湖泊的水文过程和湖泊流量变化有着较为敏感的响应关系;兹格塘错流量受降水的影响最大,随着降水的增加,流量有所增加;在温度升高的情况下,流域蒸发量增加速度大,兹格塘错流量增加的效应不明显,而在冷湿模式下,流域蒸发量降低,兹格塘错流量增加显著。     

Holocene alpine glaciation inferred from lacustrine sediments on northeastern Baffin Island,Arctic Canada

With accelerated melting of alpine glaciers, understanding the future state of the cryosphere is critical. Because the observational record of glacier response to climate change is short, palaeo‐records of glacier change are needed. Using proglacial lake sediments, which contain continuous and datable records of past glacier activity, we investigate Holocene glacier fluctuations on northeastern Baffin Island. Basal radiocarbon ages from three lakes constrain Laurentide Ice Sheet retreat by ca. 10.5 ka. High sedimentation rates (0.03 cm a^?1) and continuous minerogenic sedimentation throughout the Holocene in proglacial lakes, in contrast to organic‐rich sediments and low sedimentation rates (0.005 cm a^?1) in neighbouring non‐glacial lakes, suggest that glaciers may have persisted in proglacial lake catchments since regional deglaciation. The presence of varves and relatively high magnetic susceptibility from 10 to 6 ka and since 2 ka in one proglacial lake suggest minimum Holocene glacier extent ca. 6–2 ka. Moraine evidence and proglacial and threshold lake sediments indicate that the maximum Holocene glacier extent occurred during the Little Ice Age. The finding that glaciers likely persisted through the Holocene is surprising, given that regional proxy records reveal summer temperatures several degrees warmer than today, and may be due to shorter ablation seasons and greater accumulation‐season precipitation. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.