基于生态流量过程线的水库生态调度方法研究

传统的水库调度以兴利调度和除害调度为主,而水库生态调度则是为了实现人类需要的生态环境目标而进行的水库调度,相关的生态目标涉及水质、泥沙、生态系统和防治血吸虫病等。以水电站年发电量最大为优化目标,以生态方案为约束,提出了基于生态流量过程线的水库优化调度模型。利用该模型对黄河流域某子流域进行了水库生态调度计算,提出了4项生态环境目标,组合出5个生态方案。优化计算结果表明,与不考虑生态目标的方案相比,满足4项生态目标的水库调度方案的年发电量仅减少7.6%,可以看出如果采取合理的调度方案实现生态环境目标不会对水库的经济效益产生大的影响。     

水口水电站泄流模型与原型值偏差及率定的探讨

水电站大坝建成后，水库的泄流由闸门控制，但泄往往与水下游水文的流量不一致，给水库防洪调度的安全带来影响。本文通过水口水电站水库运行中出现泄流量模型与原型值偏差的分析，以及通过测验率定情况，表明电站水库运行后，必须对益洪道泄流曲线模型值进行率定，提高泄流量精度，以确保水库防洪调度的安全。     

有限供水条件下水库和田间配水整合优化调度

针对多水源多作物灌区,研究有限供水条件下灌区优化配水问题。模型中既考虑水库优化调度,又考虑田间优化配水。模型思路:根据灌区水土资源分布状况,将全灌区划分为多个子区,每个子区种植有若干种作物。如果把每个子区每种作物所在的田块看作一个土壤水库,则可采用水库群调度的方法研究这类灌区优化配水问题,文中采用的是优化控制方法。为了证明模型的正确性,同时建立了3个模型。模型1:既不考虑水库优化调度又不考虑田间优化配水;模型2:只考虑水库优化调度;模型3:只考虑田间优化配水。实例计算表明,整合调度模型能产生较多的效益(特别在干旱年份),优化控制方法计算性能良好。     

基于集对分析理论的水电站中长期风险调度问题研究

解决水电站中长期风险调度问题,在电力市场环境下显得尤为必要。在纵观国内外水电站中长期风险调度问题研究现状的基础上,应用集对分析理论对市场环境下水电站中长期调度的风险问题进行具体分析,对径流、发电用水和电价进行同异反描述,建立了基于集对分析理论的中长期风险调度模型,并用一次二阶矩法进行求解,可以提供效益与风险的定量关系。同时,对中长期风险调度进行了基于不确定数i的敏感性分析,给出了风险因子变化时所引起的发电收入变化幅度。实例研究表明了该方法的可行性与有效性。     

雅砻江下游梯级水库生态友好型优化调度

根据雅砻江下游梯级水库水电站的布置和河道生态环境要求,分别设置了两个流量控制断面:锦屏二级电站引水闸址下减水河段、二滩电站坝址下游河段.针对这两个控制断面河道流量的要求,提出了25组生态流量控泄方案,建立了以梯级水电站群发电量最大为目标的长期优化调度模型,并采用动态规划法进行求解,获得各个方案下梯级水电站群多年平均发电量及水库调度出流过程.比较分析了减水河段生态流量及二滩水库泄流控制方案对发电量的影响,定义并计算了生态需水电能损失指标.对梯级水库调度出流过程进行了初步评价.结果表明:二滩水库出流维持天然径流模式,将限制水库调节能力和减少梯级电站发电效益.     

水电站水库优化调度研究的若干进展

从单一水库优化调度、水库群优化调产时洪水预报三个方面,阐述了水电站水库优化调度研究的进展。     

综合利用水库群多目标优化调度

研究了五个水库系统的多目标优化调度问题.根据系统中各水库及用户特点,建立了一个多目标分层序列优化的数学模型.第一层目标是对两个城市、三个灌区的供水优化;第二层目标是对水电站A₁的发电优化.计算表明,这个模型能获得较好的多目标效益.     

基于库容分区运用的水库群生态调度模型

在不影响防洪、供水等现有利益格局的前提下,通过改善水库调度方式、发挥库群联合调控作用,提高生态供水保证率,是当前中国北方缺水地区流域水资源管理中的重大科学问题。把河流生态系统作为一个独立用水户,制订多用户分区运用水库群调度模拟规则,同时考虑调度方案对生态与发电的影响,建立水资源系统仿真模型,结合保证各用户供水保证率最大且尽可能均衡的目标函数,构建基于库容分区运用的水库群生态调度模型。将模型应用于海河流域滦河水系,提出了现状供水条件下潘家口、大黑汀和桃林口三大水库联合调度方案,绘制了水库群分区运用调度图,评价了调度方案对水力发电和下游生态系统的影响。结果表明,所提出的模型有效,水库群生态调度方案较之现行调度,可在不降低兴利和防洪效益的前提下,将河流生态系统供水保证率由46.9%提高到93.8%,生态水文改变度指标改善明显。     

灌溉水库水资源综合利用的多目标决策模型

以湖南龙源水库为例,应用系统分析方法,建立了以灌溉为主综合利用水库优化续建规划和调度运用的大系统多目标决策模型,并提出用带有变动惩罚项的动态规划法求解多目标动态规划模型.实例研究表明:数学模型和求解方法是可行的,优化调度所取得的效益是显著的.     

水库洪水调度系统的模糊循环迭代模型及应用

多目标水库洪水调度目标的权重确定一直是实际防洪调度中的难点,针对过去单一考虑主观权重或客观权重的多目标决策模式的缺陷,通过引入权重折衷系数的概念,提出了兼顾主观决策与客观决策统一的模糊循环迭代模型,可以同时得到方案优属度和目标权重。由于模型同时考虑了决策者意图和方案本身属性,使方案排序结果更为合理适用,将其应用于水库洪水调度方案的评价中,实例表明,该模型科学、实用。     

Multi-agent simulation-based residential electricity pricing schemes design and user selection decision-making

Multi-agent system employs the functions of communication, coordination and cooperation among intelligent agents to help people judge and analyze complex phenomena that cannot be directly observed, and it has become an important tool for solving large-scale complex problems. The problem of demand response (DR) in electric power system is difficult to be modeled due to the complicated environment and continuously evolving subjects. Multi-agent system can simulate the operation mechanism of electric power system, thus playing an important role in solving the DR problems. In this study, based on multi-agent simulation, we establish a multi-agent model of residential power market and propose a satisfaction function of residential users about electricity price. We focus on the interaction process among all the agents of power supply side, selling side and demand side and conduct simulation to obtain the selection and decision-making of residential users on different electricity pricing schemes. The results show that multi-agent system is beneficial to analyze, simulate and solve the DR problem in power market. Also, the satisfaction function of residential users on electricity price can support power selling enterprise to better understand the intention of residential users when choosing electricity pricing schemes and participating in DR program.     

Optimal scheduling of household appliances for smart home energy management considering demand response

As an important part of demand-side management, residential demand response (DR) can not only reduce consumer’s electricity costs, but also improve the stability of power system operation. In this regard, this paper proposes an optimal scheduling model of household appliances for smart home energy management considering DR. The model includes electricity cost, incentive and inconvenience of consumers under time-of-use (TOU) electricity price. Further, this paper discusses the influence of inconvenience weighting factor on total costs. At the same time, the influence of incentive on optimization results is also analyzed. The simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed model, which can reduce 34.71% of consumer’s total costs. It also illustrates that the total costs will be raised with the increase in inconvenience weighting factor. Thus, consumers will choose whether to participate in DR programs according to their preferences. Moreover, the result demonstrates that incentives are conducive to shifting load and reducing the consumer’s total energy costs. The presented study provides new insight for the applications of residential DR.     

The stabilization value of groundwater: evidence from Indian tank irrigation systems

Groundwater is now a major source of agricultural water supply in many parts of the world. The value of groundwater as a new source of supply is well known. However, its additional buffering or stabilization value is less appreciated and even less analysed. Knowledge on groundwater’s stabilization value is advanced by developing and estimating an empirical model using the case of tank irrigation systems in Tamil Nadu, India. Unlike previous work, the model uses cross-sectional rather than time-series data. The results show that for the case-study region, the stabilization function added approximately 15% to supply value. Scenarios with surface water and electricity price were incorporated in the model. Increased surface-water supply and electricity price caused reduction in groundwater use but the percent of stabilization value of groundwater increased. The findings are used both to suggest improvements in tank irrigation systems and to further contextualize knowledge of groundwater’s stabilization value.     

三峡水库汛末蓄水时间与目标决策研究

针对三峡水库运行中存在的防洪、发电与航运之间的矛盾,研究了汛末不同蓄水方案下,三峡水库的防洪风险、发电以及上下游航运效益的变化情况;通过寻求水库防洪、发电及航运之间的相互关系,建立水库水沙联合调度模型,对三峡水库汛末蓄水时间和方式进行了多目标决策;应用加权均衡规划排序模型对非劣方案进行评价,给出了三峡水库汛末蓄水运行的最佳方案,为三峡工程正式建成后制定合理的调度运用方案提供科学依据。     

Regional variations in electricity demand elasticities: The situation in the Central United States

Within the sizable literature on electricity demand relatively little attention is given to regional variations in electricity demand elasticities. This paper investigates 39 electric utility companies having a total of 93 separate operating regions in order to assess the nature of regional electricity demand elasticity variations. Residential, commercial, and industrial demand functions are estimated for each operating region using a flow adjustment model of demand. The resulting electricity price, measure of economic activity, and natural gas price elasticities vary regionally, but not in a systematic manner. The demand elasticities found in each sector range from highly inelastic to highly elastic with the pattern of elasticity variations exhibiting few spatial trends or relationships. Comparisons between operating region results and more aggregated statewide results indicate that statewide and national analysis of electricity demand masks much regional detail — a result which has important implications for energy policy making.     

灌区农业完全成本水价研究——以张掖市甘州区灌区为例

水价是一种重要的经济手段,它是实现水资源可持续利用的重要工具. 现有的水价模型多以供水生产成本代替了供水过程中的全部成本,完全成本水价模型综合考虑了供水生产过程中的所有成本以及利润和税金,使水价能充分体现水资源的稀缺价值、供水服务成本以及水环境的恢复补偿费用. 介绍了完全成本水价模型,然后以张掖市甘州区的灌区为例,计算了其农业完全成本水价. 结果表明：大满、甘浚、上三和乌江4个灌区的完全成本水价分别为0.16元·m^-3、0.15元·m^-3、0.20元·m^-3、0.14元·m^-3. 接着比较了各灌区的现行水价与完全成本水价的差异,得出张掖市现行水价偏低,各灌区现行水价分别占完全成本水价的62.5%、66.67%、50%、71.4%,均未达到各灌区的完全成本水价,无法补偿供水单位的供水成本.     

Analysis of 100% renewable energy for Iran in 2030: integrating solar PV,wind energy and storage

The devastating effects of fossil fuels on the environment, limited natural sources and increasing demand for energy across the world make renewable energy sources more important than in the past. The 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference resulted in a global agreement on net zero CO₂ emissions shortly after the middle of the twenty-first century, which will lead to a collapse of fossil fuel demand. The focus of the study is to define a cost optimal 100% renewable energy system in Iran by 2030 using an hourly resolution model. The optimal sets of renewable energy technologies, least-cost energy supply, mix of capacities and operation modes were calculated and the role of storage technologies was examined. Two scenarios have been evaluated in this study: a country-wide scenario and an integrated scenario. In the country-wide scenario, renewable energy generation and energy storage technologies cover the country’s power sector electricity demand. In the integrated scenario, the renewable energy generated was able to fulfil both the electricity demand of the power sector and the substantial electricity demand for water desalination and synthesis of industrial gas. By adding sector integration, the total levelized cost of electricity decreased from 45.3 to 40.3 €/MWh. The levelized cost of electricity of 40.3 €/MWh in the integrated scenario is quite cost-effective and beneficial in comparison with other low-carbon but high-cost alternatives such as carbon capture and storage and nuclear energy. A 100% renewable energy system for Iran is found to be a real policy option.     

Analyzing regional economic impact and resilience: a case study on electricity outages caused by the 2008 snowstorms in southern China

When we think about the loss caused by natural disasters, we generally think about the direct economic loss. Although the direct economic loss is often obvious, the subsequent indirect economic loss can also be quite substantial. This research is a case study about the indirect economic impact of the Hunan electricity disruptions resulting from the 2008 snowstorms in southern China. Utilizing the computable general equilibrium model, this study shows that the indirect economic loss in Hunan Province resulting from electricity supply disruptions is estimated at USD 372 million over a 3-month recovery period. We also compare our results with other studies that use input–output models and discuss how the total regional economic resilience can mitigate economic losses through market substitutions and price changes.     

嵌入水安全调控因子的短期梯调优化模型

为在梯级水库短期优化调度中更有效地考虑河流水安全需求,建立一种通过调控因子对水安全需求进行表征的短期梯调优化模型。在该模型构建中,应用Vague集对河流水安全进行度量,并引入水安全调控因子,推导得到考虑水安全需求的梯级下泄流量约束计算公式,通过下泄流量约束将调控因子嵌入短期梯调优化模型。通过该模型,可根据河流水安全需求确定调控因子,并求解得到相应的短期梯调优化方案。嘉陵江中游航电三梯级的应用分析表明,该模型能在满足河流水安全需求情况下,实现短期梯调较优的经济效益。在短期梯调优化模型中嵌入水安全调控因子,与未嵌入调控因子情形相比,既能提高梯级发电效益,又能不降低梯级运行相关的河流水安全度。