广东省2006—2015年围填海演变分析

文章以landsat5和landsat8的遥感影像为数据源,运用ESRI和ARCGIS等软件对广东省2006—2015年的海岸线进行提取,并对围填海信息的类型和面积进行统计分析,在此基础上对广东省围填海的地理空间分布进行分析探讨,研究表明广东省在10年间围填海面积增加了94.936 km2,主要用途为城镇建设和养殖用海,围填海的区域主要集中在珠三角地区,占了整个广东省围填海面积的近60%。     

基于多源卫星遥感的珠江口围填海生命周期分析

围填海是区域社会经济发展到一定阶段向海洋谋求发展空间的一种基本手段。珠江三角洲是我国社会经济发展的热点区域之一,探索其近岸河口区域围填海时空过程并对其未来趋势进行分析对海岸带综合开发具有重要的意义。本研究以多源陆地资源卫星Landsat为数据源,通过影像数据处理分析探讨了珠江口围填海历史变迁过程,并对其围填海生命周期进行了估计。结果表明,珠江口围填海主要发生在改革开放后,其中1978—1988年围填海面积为18 572hm2,1988—1996年间围填海面积为25 528hm2,1996—2005年间围填海面积为13 911hm2,2005—2015年间围填海面积6 723hm2。截至2015年,珠江口共围填海面积64 753hm2,空间上主要集中分布于西部岸段。基于历史围填海时空演变过程,通过围填海生命周期图进一步对珠江口未来的围填海工程实施潜力进行形式预判。结果显示,珠海岸段和深圳前海岸段是珠江口今后实施围填海热点区域,其他区域围填海速度会相对减缓,但随着珠江口海岛逐渐与陆地海岸带相接,该区域围填海过程也将会终止。围填海生命周期分析可为海岸带实施围填海工程规划提供相关决策依据。     

近20a来渤海岸线演替及其开发利用策略

本文基于1993、2006、2013年遥感影像提取渤海大陆海岸线,分析了渤海海岸线和围填海的时空演变。研究表明:20a间渤海大陆海岸线长度共增加611.81km,形成陆地1888.30km2,1993-2006年影响渤海岸线变迁的主要因素为滩涂围垦,2006年以后填海造地工程对岸线变迁的影响加剧并成为主要因素;天津大港岸段、河北滦南县-唐海县岸段的岸线开发几近饱和,几乎不具备继续围填海的潜力,建议对已成陆区采取优化开发策略;天津塘沽、山东寿光、辽宁大洼岸段围填海强度较大,继续围填海的潜力很小,建议严格控制新增围填海规模,加强对已成陆区的集约利用,以提高利用效率。     

基于GE的世界围填海分布及平面设计分析

利用Google Earth(GE)遥感影像资料,完成了对世界沿海国家的围填海分布及平面设计特征的研究。研究表明:世界围填海主要分布在4大区域,即东亚、波斯湾、欧洲西部和北美沿岸;中国的围填海总量最多,平均粒度第二;4大区域的围填海平面形态呈现规律性,东亚填海基本以几何形状居多,波斯湾填海多为仿自然形态,欧洲西部填海善于利用地理区位优势,北美填海有大量突堤游艇码头。讨论了造成围填海平面形态区域差异的原因及本次研究的优缺点,可为围填海管理和围填海平面设计研究提供方法支持。     

基于机载与高分遥感数据的连云港市东西连岛周边围填海分析

针对连云港市东西连岛周边海域近几年围填海的建设,使用2012年无人机影像、历史航空影像和高分一号卫星影像,应用遥感影像解译和信息提取技术,提取了2009年、2012年和2013年的围填海信息,并分别开展了2009年~2012年和2012年~2013年两个时段的围填海遥感监测与分析。结果显示:2009年~2012年间围填海面积为6.3852 km2,以围海为主,围填海主要分布在连云港港口东部区域;2012年~2013年间,均为填海,面积为0.2581 km2,主要分布在连云港港口内部。     

基岩海岸围填海工程后的流场变化

对舟山岑港北侧基岩海岸围填海工程前(2006年)、后(2008年)水文测验资料进行对比分析,得到该工程所在海域潮流场变化的初步结果.用数值试验的方法进行数值模拟,预测围填海工程对周边海域流场的影响,并对流场预测结果的可靠性进行了分析和讨论,结果表明:(1) 利用数值模拟方法对海岸围填海工程后潮流场的预测结果基本上能如实反映实际工程后的潮流场变化情况;(2) 围填海工程对潮流场的影响范围主要集中在围填海堤的前沿,围堤附近的流速减小,在离围堤一定距离的小范围海域,流速增大,随着离围堤距离的增大,围填海工程对潮流场的影响逐渐减弱;(3) 为全面反映工程海域的潮流场状况,应合理布设水文观测点的断面分布,这对模拟工程所在海域的流场将起重要作用.     

围填海对伶仃洋水流动力的短期影响模拟研究

利用已经过验证的高分辨率三维海洋动力模型FVCOM,根据1984—2014年内伶仃洋的围填海变化情况,结合情景模拟案例,研究分析围填海对伶仃洋水流动力的影响,探究截流式和顺流式围填海对伶仃洋不同季节的水平余流场、垂向环流结构以及潮汐变化过程的影响。研究结果表明,围填海对伶仃洋的余流流向没有明显影响,但对余流速有较大的影响。在水平方向上,截流式围填海使得周边海域的余流速明显增大,增幅在0.02～0.25 m/s不等,其中口门区域受到的影响最大;相较于底层流场,表层流场受围填海的影响相对更大,围填海以南的较远海域在表层出现一条强度逐渐减弱的流速减小带,减幅在0.02～0.15 m/s不等,且影响范围与流场的分布密切相关,在夏季向南延伸,在冬季向西南延伸。顺流式围填海的影响则主要分布在伶仃洋两侧沿岸,并且不同季节的影响特点有一定区别,在夏季使得内伶仃洋东岸海域流速增大,但在冬季使其流速减小,变化幅度均在0.02 m/s以上。在垂直方向上,围填海使口门区域余流的纵向流速梯度增加,并且改变了伶仃洋余流的垂向分布情况,总体表现为远离围填海的海域表、底层余流的流速减小,中上层余流的流速增大;与此同时,围填海大幅度改变了周边海域的横向流速,并且在伶仃水道、矾石水道等区域产生了新的横向环流。围填海使得河口至围填海的余水位明显上升,使得伶仃洋海域的余水位下降,余水位梯度的增大是围填海周边余流速增大的主要原因。另外,围填海影响了伶仃洋的潮汐变化过程。在大潮期间,围填海改变了伶仃洋海域涨落潮时的潮流流速,使得周边海域落急流速增加,较远海域落急流速减小,而涨急流速都减小;同时,围填海使得海域涨落潮时的潮位受到一定影响。围填海最终使得伶仃洋的潮汐相位提前了20～35 min。     

近年来大连市围填海区域动态演化研究

基于遥感和GIS技术,以2000年、2005年、2010年LandsatTM数据和2014年Landsat OLI数据共4期的遥感影像为数据源,完成了对大连市海岸线变迁及围填海区域演变信息的提取,分析了大连市围填海区域的动态演化特征,并探讨了围填海区域变化的驱动因素。研究表明:2000—2014年,大连市海岸线长度以及围填海面积逐年增加,2005年以后进入快速增长时期,但增速呈由快变慢的趋势;围填海活动主要集中在瓦房店和市辖区岸段;人工岸线增加,岸线年均长度变化强度由大到小依次为普兰店岸段、庄河岸段、瓦房店岸段、市辖区岸段;从驱动因素上看,围填海面积变化是主要是社会经济因素作用的结果,与养殖业、工业以及港口物流业的发展密切相关。     

三沙湾30余年来围填海遥感监测与分析

环三沙湾区域是海峡西岸经济区重要组成部分,经济发展迅速,围填海活动频繁。为了全面摸清三沙湾围填海状况,以美国Landsat系列卫星影像为数据源,采用人机交互的方式提取了1982—1991年、1991—2001年和2001一2013年间的围填海信息,并进行了时空变化分析。结果表明:研究区30余年来围填海活动频繁,围填海总面积为16 122.99 hm~2,围填海利用类型以水产养殖为主;三个时间段中,1991—2001年间围填海面积最大,为9 950.53 hm~2;空间分布上,三沙湾沿岸围填海主要分布在宁德市,其中福安市围填海面积最大。结合相关资料分析发现,研究区围填海变迁与当地的经济发展历程一致。     

围填海工程对半封闭海湾水动力环境的影响

为研究围填海工程对海湾水动力环境的影响,本文基于二维数值模型MIKE21,建立了东山湾附近海域的潮流模型。对比观测数据发现,大潮期间的最高、最低潮位模拟误差在6 cm以内,小潮期间的误差相对较大;流速和流向的模拟误差在9%左右,最大误差出现在转流时刻;总体来看,模拟结果与观测数据吻合良好。在此模型基础上,研究了东山湾围填海前、后潮流动力、水体半交换时间和纳潮量等水动力要素的变化。结果表明:围填海后大范围的涨落流态与围填海前保持一致,大体上仍然呈现S-N走向,涨潮流偏N向,落潮流偏S向,往复流特征较为明显;从局部流场来看,涨落潮流场发生了一定的变化,围填海区域南、北两侧的流矢变化较为明显,涨潮流矢由偏N向改为偏E向,而落潮流矢由偏S向改为偏W向,同时受到围填海区域岸线的遮蔽效应,围填海南、北两侧水域的流速也有一定减弱,而西侧的流速则有一定增强;围填海实施前的水体半交换时间为220.5h,实施后时间为239.4 h;纳潮量变化为–2.5%左右。研究表明,围填海工程对东山湾水动力环境的影响主要集中在工程区域附近,其对泥沙冲淤、生态环境等的影响将在后续研究中进一步探讨。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.