On the Coupling Between Channel Level and Surface Ground-Water Flows

This paper is devoted to a mathematical analysis of some general models of mass transport and other coupled physical processes developed in simultaneous flows of surface, soil and ground waters. Such models are widely used for forecasting (numerical simulation) of a hydrological cycle for concrete territories. The mathematical models that proved a more realistic approach are obtained by combining several mathematical models for local processes. The water-exchange models take into account the following factors: Water flows in confined and unconfined aquifers, vertical moisture migration allowing earth surface evaporation, open-channel flow simulated by one-dimensional hydraulic equations, transport of contamination, etc. These models may have different levels of sophistication. We illustrate the type of mathematical singularities which may appear by considering a simple model on the coupling of a surface flow of surface and ground waters with the flow of a line channel or river.     

The Structure of Flows in the Ivan'kovo Reservoir

The results of field hydrodynamic studies of the flow structure in the Ivan'kovo reservoir are analyzed. Lateral and vertical heterogeneity was established in the flow velocity, water temperature, and the concentration of suspended matter; and a near-bottom density-controlled current was revealed. The major portion of the suspended matter was shown to be transported by the near-bottom density-controlled current along the Volga navigable channel.     

基于不同摩擦系数水平的滑移隔震体系的相对输入能量与绝对输入能量的差异性分析

定义了能量变化率指标,以简谐激励作用下的滑移隔震结构为例,探讨了摩擦系数对滑移隔震结构能量变化率指标的影响,通过对这些能量指标的研究,分析了系统的相对输入能量和绝对输入能量的差异性随摩擦系数的变化规律,为后续研究提供理论依据。     

Friction of rocks

Experimental results in the published literature show that at low normal stress the shear stress required to slide one rock over another varies widely between experiments. This is because at low stress rock friction is strongly dependent on surface roughness. At high normal stress that effect is diminished and the friction is nearly independent of rock type. If the sliding surfaces are separated by gouge composed of Montmorillonite or vermiculite the friction can be very low.     

Specific Properties of Groundwater Flows in Heterogeneous Media

Water Resources - The paper deals with justification of estimates for solutions of groundwater flow equations in the case of incomplete information on soil permeability. In engineering...     

髂胫束摩擦综合征的低场MRI表现

目的：探讨髂胫束摩擦综合征的低场MRI表现特征。方法：回顾性分析临床随访证实的12例髂胫束摩擦综合征的临床及0．35T磁共振成像（MRI）资料。结果：全部患者均有膝外侧疼痛,以跑步等运动时为著。MRI急性期及亚急性期以髂胫束肿胀、信号增高,髂胫束内侧和（或）外侧肿胀积液为主要表现（本组4例）;慢性期以髂胫束增厚、伴髂胫束内外侧积液为主要表现（本组8例）。MRI显示以冠状位为佳。结论：认识髂胫束摩擦综合征的临床及低场MRI表现特征有助于早期正确诊断。     

以反射系数为特征量的瞬变电磁电性界面的成像

目的：为提高瞬变电磁探测精度，提出用反射系数作为特征量来对地下电性分界面成像，给出了方法的数学模型和实现步骤，并给出从实测数据中提取反射系数，对电性界面实现成像的思路，资料和方法：由野外实测资料出发，在频率域内用数字滤波技术计算波阻抗，再通过域的变换在时间域内建立含有反射系数的方程组。结果：最终后通过线性规划法求出反射系数，并以此值为参数来绘制成像断面。结论：数值模拟结果和实例的应用结果表明方法正确、有效。方法本身提高了瞬变电磁对电性层的分辨能力。     

Numerical Modeling of Wind-Induced Flows in Stratified Water Bodies

Two-dimensional (in the vertical plane) wind-induced flows in no-flow-through reservoirs are considered. A numerical algorithm in the flow function–vortex variables is proposed based on the equations of slow stratified flows in the Boussinesq and boundary layer approximations with variable coefficient of vertical turbulent exchange. An analytical solution is given for a simplified problem.     

Injection Effects on Sediment Transport in Closed-Conduit Flows

Experiments were conducted to investigate injection effects on sediment transport in closed-conduit flows. The results show that the sediment transport rate essentially remains unchanged when the ratio of the injection velocity and that at boiling, Vi/Vcr < 10. However, significant sediment transport rate is observed when Vi/Vcr increases beyond this limit. In the literature, three semi-empirical models have been developed to relate seepage effects on the sediment transport rate. The experimentally measured data in the pre- and post-boiling condition (Liu and Chiew 2014, and the present study, respectively) are compared with these models. The results show that the models of Francalanci et al. (2008) and Nielsen et al. (2001) perform poorly in predicting injection effects on the sediment transport. Although Yang’s (2013) model could reasonably predict the influence of injection on the sediment transport rate in the post-boiling condition, it similarly fails when applied to the pre-boiling condition.     

Solitary Rossby Waves in Zonally Varying Jet Flows

The dynamics of solitary Rossby waves (SRWs) embedded in a meridionally sheared, zonally varying background flow are examined using a non-divergent barotropic model centered on a midlatitude g -plane. The zonally varying background flow, which is produced by an external potential vorticity (PV) forcing, yields a modified Korteweg-de Vries (K-dV) equation that governs the spatial-temporal evolution of a disturbance field that contains both Rossby wave packets and SRWs. The modified K-dV equation differs from the classical equation in that the zonally varying background flow, which varies on the same scale as the disturbance field, directly affects the disturbance linear translation speed and linear growth characteristics. In the limit of a locally parallel background flow, equations governing the amplitude and propagation characteristics of SRWs are derived analytically. These equations show, for example, that a sufficiently large (small) translation speed and/or a sufficiently weak (strong) background zonal shear favor transmission (reflection) of the SRW through (from) the jet. Conservation equations are derived showing that time changes in the domain averaged amplitude ("mass") or squared amplitude ("momentum") are due to zonal variation in both the linear, long-wave phase speed and linear growth; dispersion and nonlinearity do not affect the "mass" or "momentum". Provided (1) the background PV forcing is sufficiently small, or (2) the background PV forcing is meridionally symmetric and the disturbance is a SRW, the dynamics of the disturbance field is Hamiltonian and mass and energy are thus conserved. Numerical solutions of the K-dV equation show that the zonally varying background flow yields three general classes of behavior: reflection, transmission, or trapping. Within each class there exists SRWs and Rossby wave packets. SRWs that become trapped within the zonally localized jet region may exhibit the following behaviors: (1) an oscillatory decay to a steady state at the jet center, (2) the creation of additional SRWs within the jet region, or (3) a steady-state wherein the solution has a smoothed step-like structure located downstream along the jet axis.     

一种利用多次波求取反射系数的新技术

传统地震资料处理将多次波视为干扰波进行压制,而多次波是有效波在地层中来回传播的反馈,因此它携带了地层反射系数信息。本文从多次波成因出发,推导出反射系数公式(反射系数等于一阶多次波与一次反射波的反褶积)。理论模型实验证明了该方法的正确性。对实际海洋单道地震资料进行处理,求取的反射系数与有效波基本吻合,但由于资料信噪比、子波及反褶积算法等局限性,该技术有待进一步研究。     

Characteristics of Stable Flows over Southern Greenland

The main characteristic features of stable atmospheric flows over a large mountain plateau are summarised and then compared with mesoscale and synoptic scale numerical simulation, meteorological analysis, satellite imagery, and surface observations for the cases of flows over Southern Greenland for four wind directions. The detailed features are identified using the concepts and scaling of stably stratified flow over large mountains with variations in surface roughness, elevation, and heating. For westerly and easterly winds detached jets form at the southern tip, where coastal jets converge, which propagate large distances across the ocean. Near coasts katabatic winds can combine with barrier jets and wake flows generated by synoptic winds. Note how the approach flow rises/falls over southern Greenland for easterly/westerly winds, leading in both cases to more cloud on the western side. Some conclusions are drawn about the large-scale influences of these flows; detached jets in the atmosphere; air-sea interaction; formation of low pressure systems. For accurate simulations of these flows, mesoscale models are necessary with resolutions of order of 20 km or less.     

Mathematical Modeling of Displacement Processes in Confined Flows in Coastal Aquifers

Mathematical models of fresh subsoil water flows in a confined aquifer to a sea (pit, pool, and the like) containing salt water are considered. To study these models mixed boundary value problems of the theory of analytical functions are formulated and solved with the use of the Polubarinova-Kochina method. The models were used to develop algorithms for calculating displacement in situations where subsoil water flows discharge into the sea at lateral inflow or inflow from below. The effect of the model physical parameters on the character and extent of displacement was analyzed with the use of obtained exact analytical relationships and numerical calculations. The hydrodynamic structure is described, and specific features of the flows being modeled are established.     

Friction coefficients of rippled beds in oscillatory flow

Dissipation and friction factors have been computed for rippled beds in oscillatory flow using a finite-difference solution of the two-dimensional equation of vorticity. The computations show good agreement with available experimental results and also, at very low Reynolds numbers, with the results of a small-perturbation solution of the vorticity equation.     

A Tracer Methodology for Identifying Ambient Flows in Boreholes

Identifying flows into, out of, and across boreholes is important for characterizing aquifers, determining the depth at which water enters boreholes, and determining the locations and rates of outflow. This study demonstrates how Single Borehole Dilution Tests (SBDTs) carried out under natural head conditions provide a simple and cheap method of identifying vertical flow within boreholes and determining the location of in‐flowing, out‐flowing, and cross‐flowing fractures. Computer simulations were used to investigate the patterns in tracer profiles that arise from different combinations of flows. Field tracer tests were carried out using emplacements of a saline tracer throughout the saturated length of boreholes and also point emplacements at specific horizons. Results demonstrated that SBDTs can be used to identify flowing fractures at the top and bottom of sections of vertical flow, where there is a change in vertical flow rate within a borehole, and also where there are consistent decreases in tracer concentration at a particular depth. The technique enables identification of fractures that might be undetected by temperature and electrical conductance logging, and is a simple field test that can be carried out without pumping the borehole.