1961—2008年三峡库区极端高温的变化及其与区域性增暖的关系

系统地研究了1961-2008年三峡库区不同极端高温指标(包括极值、绝对阈值和相对阈值指标)变化规律及其与区域性增暖的关系.并分析了三峡库区夏季高温干旱异常年的环流形势。结果表明:近48年三峡库区各极端高温指数年代际变化与该区域年平均气温有较好的一致性,20世纪80年代中前期之前为下降趋势,之后转为上升趋势。逐年代变化上均表现为80年代偏低,其他年代均偏高。相对阈值指标(HWDI、WSDI和TX90p)在偏高/低年份、线性趋势、相关系数上都与年平均气温表现出较其他指数更好的一致性。相关分析表明极值指标与绝对阈值指标之间、相对阈值指标之间的关系甚好,而极值指标/绝对阈值指标与相对阈值指标之问的相关关系相对较差。三峡库区夏季高温酷暑年和凉夏年的环流形势存在着明显的差异。酷暑年,乌拉尔山和鄂霍次克海地区无持续性阻塞高压,东亚大槽偏弱,西太平洋副热带高压东撤、位置偏北,同时,青藏高原上升运动减弱。这种环流形势配合有利于三峡库区夏季高温干旱的发生、发展。     

1975—2016年秦巴山区极端气温事件的空间差异性分析

利用秦巴山区88个气象站1975—2016年的逐日气温数据,结合16个极端气温指数分析了秦巴山区极端气温阈值的空间分布及极端气温事件变化趋势的海拔依赖性。结果表明：极端气温阈值存在明显的空间分布差异,表现为极端低温阈值与极端高温阈值由西北向东南均有增温趋势;总体来看,极端气温暖事件（SU25、TR20、TX90P、TN90P、WSDI）增加幅度大于冷事件（FD0、ID0、TX10P、TN10P、CSDI）减少幅度,且变化趋势较冷事件更显著;全区霜冻日数、夏日日数、冷夜日数、暖昼日数及高温极值（TXx、TXn）变化均比较显著;区域作物生长期西部增长趋势较东部显著,多数站点变化幅度在3~6 d/10a之间;海拔越高发生极端低温事件的气温越低,极端低温阈值变化趋势为-0.36℃/100m;海拔越低发生极端高温事件的气温越高,极端高温变化趋势达0.5℃/100m,且均通过99%的信度检验;区域极端气温极值指数的变化趋势与海拔呈显著正相关,具有明显的海拔依赖性,表现为海拔越高,极值指数增加趋势越明显。     

1960年以来藏东南地区气温和降水的变化特征

利用1960年以来藏东南地区27个气象站逐日的气温和降水数据,采用线性倾向率法、 Mann-Kendall检验、小波分析、极端气候指数等方法,研究藏东南地区气候变化特征。结果表明：(1)藏东南地区年平均气温、年最低气温和年最高气温均呈明显的增加趋势,升幅为0.29～0.43℃·(10a)^-1。季节尺度上冬季增温最为明显。年降水量整体上呈增加趋势,线性趋势为6.66 mm·(10a)^-1,其中夏、秋季呈减少态势,冬、春季呈增加态势。(2)气温和降水存在多个周期变化特征,在大时间尺度上均存在28年变化周期。(3)平均气温、最高气温和最低气温分别在1994年、 2001年和1992年发生突变,降水量在1979年发生突变。(4)表征极端气温增暖的指数(极端最高气温TXx、极端最低气温TNn、最高气温极小值TNx、最低气温极大值TXn)均呈增加趋势,高温事件频率指数(暖昼日数TX90p、暖夜日数TN90p)呈上升趋势,低温事件频率指数(冷昼日数TX10p、冷夜日数TN10p)呈减小趋势。高温事件持续性指数WSDI呈增大趋势,低温事件持续性指数CSDI呈...     

重庆极端高温的变化特征及其对区域性增暖的响应

利用重庆1961-2006年31个站逐日最高温度资料,统计出年极端高温发生频次、年极端高温强度、年极端最高温度,分析了它们近46年来的变化情况.结果表明:近46年来重庆年极端高温发生频次呈西减东增的趋势,但增加/减少趋势并不显著.年极端高温的强度和年极端最高气温均在不断增强.年极端高温发生频次的增加对于重庆区域增暖的响应最显著,而年极端最高温度的升高比年极端高温频次的增加对重庆区域性增暖的响应偏弱,但又比年极端高温强度的增强对重庆区域性增暖的响应程度要偏强.     

重庆地区极端高温事件的模拟研究

该文使用了中国科学院大气物理研究所大气环流模式IAP AGCM4.1和中尺度数值模式WRF3.2建立的耦合模式(IWRF),利用该耦合模式对1982—2014年重庆夏季气候进行了试验,将模拟结果与NCEP/DOE再分析资料驱动WRF3.2(NWRF)的模拟结果进行了比较,并利用观测资料评估了这2个试验对于重庆极端高温事件的模拟能力。结果表明:(1)2个试验均能较为合理地再现重庆夏季地表气温的气候态特征,IWRF的模拟偏差较大,尤其对于高海拔地区。它们对极端高温事件的模拟存在较大偏差,对日最高气温最大值(TXx),两者的距平分布相似,对暖昼指数(TX90p)和热浪持续指数(HWDI),IWRF的表现好于NWRF。在西部和东南部地区,2个试验对暖昼指数都具有一定的模拟能力;(2)NWRF能够模拟出极端高温指数的年际变化特征,而IWRF表现欠佳;(3)它们都不能模拟出TXx的变化趋势,但是,NWRF能够模拟出HWDI和TX90p的增加趋势。该文的结论可为重庆短期气候预测系统用于极端高温的预测提供一定参考。     

RegCM3 CORDEX东亚试验模拟和预估的中国夏季温度变化

按照CORDEX (COordinated Regional Downscaling Experiment) 计划试验设计要求,利用中国科学院大气物理研究所全球模式FGOALS-g2的数据驱动区域气候模式RegCM3,针对1986~2005年历史气候和2010~2065年RCP8.5排放情景下气候预估,对东亚地区进行了50 km动力降尺度模拟。首先评估了RegCM3模式及驱动模式FGOALS-g2对1986~2005年夏季中国地表气温和极端高温事件的模拟能力,然后比较了两个模式在RCP8.5排放情景下对中国夏季地表气温和极端高温事件预估的变化,重点分析了动力降尺度结果的优势。结果表明,两个模式均能合理再现夏季中国地表气温和极端高温事件的大尺度气候态特征。相对于全球模式,区域模式由于水平分辨率较高,能在刻画地表气温分布的细节上体现出优势。在RCP8.5排放情景下,两个模式预估的三个地表气温指标均显著升高,到21世纪中期 (2046~2065年),两个模式预估的全国平均地表气温增幅相当,气温日较差变化均较小。在FGOALS-g2模式预估中,到21世纪中期,三个地表气温指标的增幅相当,气温日较差没有明显变化,东北和青藏高原的地表气温增幅最大。在RegCM3模式预估中,到21世纪中期,中国大部分地区日最高气温 (Tmax) 增幅大于日最低气温 (Tmin) 增幅,气温日较差增加;而在青藏高原西部,Tmax的增幅较Tmin偏低,气温日较差减小。在RCP8.5排放情景下,两个模式预估的极端高温事件到21世纪中期也显著增加,RegCM3模式预估的极端高温事件全国平均增幅略高于FGOALS-g2模式的预估。在两个模式的预估中,日最高气温最大值 (TXx)、暖昼指数 (TX90p) 和持续暖期指数 (WSDI) 变化的空间分布特征与Tmax相似;和当代相比TX90p增加了60%以上,而WSDI增加了一倍以上。     

1951—2020年广州地区极端气温指数年月尺度变化研究

根据广州国家基本气象站1951—2020年的逐日气温资料,采用线性趋势法、距平及累积距平法和Mann-Kendall检验法,对WMO推荐的16种极端气温指数中的13种以及2种结合本地实际的新的极端气温指数共计15种指数进行计算,从月尺度和年尺度分析广州地区各极端气温指数随时间变化的趋势和突变年份,并对以往研究中较少探究的基期的选择对相对极端气温指数的结果影响进行了对比分析。(1)从年尺度看,广州地区近70 a的夏日日数SU25、酷热日数SU35、热夜日数TR20、非常热夜日数TR26、最高气温TXx、最低气温TNn、最低气温最大值TNx、相对暖夜日数TN90p、暖昼日数TX90p、显著偏暖持续指数WSDI均呈现明显的上升趋势,相对冷夜日数TN10p、冷昼日数TX10p和偏冷持续指数CSDI呈现下降趋势,气温日较差DTR和最高气温最小值TXn变化趋势不明显;(2)新的极端气温指数SU35和TR26的上升速率明显大于SU25和TR20的上升速率,能更好地反映近70 a昼夜体感炎热日数呈现极显著的上升趋势,更加符合评估气候变化对当地生产生活的影响;(3)从月尺度来看近70 a广州地区的暖系列...     

城市化对天津近60年平均温度和极端温度事件的增暖影响

基于天津均一化的逐日平均、最低和最高气温观测数据,以及利用天津区域自动站定时观测气温整合数据对城乡台站的划分结果,研究分析了天津地区1959～2000年、1959～2005年、1959～2012年、1959～2017年4个时段平均温度和极端温度事件的趋势特点及其变化幅度。结果表明,天津地区的气温增暖是毋庸置疑的,4个时段年平均气温增加幅度分别达1.35°C、1.65°C、1.71°C、2.05°C,其中,冬季上升幅度相对最大,分别为2.45°C、2.82°C、2.55°C、2.86°C。城市化导致的年平均气温增暖幅度在逐年增强,4个时段的增暖贡献分别达3.73%、3.71%、4.73%、5.17%,但对于冬季来说,乡村区域的增暖趋势幅度明显大于城市区域,这一特点在年和季节极端冷事件（TN10p、TX10p）和极端最低气温事件（TNn）中有明显表现。因此,在时间尺度上,城市化对天津地区的平均和极端温度增暖影响仍然是较为显著的,并且乡村区域的城市化进程相对城市区域更为突出。     

上海市极端高温天气变化特征

利用1960—2013年上海市徐汇站日最高气温、日最低气温和相对湿度及2004—2014年上海市10个气象站夏季日最高气温与日最低气温等观测资料,采用夏季日最高气温、高温日数、暖夜日数、高温热浪指标、炎热日数和广义极值分布等分析了上海市极端高温天气的变化特征。结果表明:1960—2013年上海市夏季日最高气温明显升高,暖夜日数和高温热浪指标明显增加,均在2013年达最大值,炎热日数和广义极值分布在1976年出现转折呈两种变化趋势。2004—2014年上海市徐汇站极端高温现象最显著,奉贤站、金山站和崇明站极端高温现象最不显著。不同极端高温指标可综合表征极端高温事件的变化趋势。     

1961—2013年内蒙古极端气温变化分析

文章选用全区均一性较好的71个地面气象站1961—2013年逐日最高和最低气温资料,给出了极端气温指标定义,计算分析了内蒙古极端气温事件时空变化特征。结果表明:1961—2013年内蒙古地区极端气温以极端高温事件增多、极端低温事件减少为主,但近几年这种变化有所减缓,主要表现在极端高温事件发生频率下降、极端低温事件发生频率明显上升。极端最低气温的变化趋势或幅度较极端最高气温明显。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.