云南迪庆小中甸古湖的形成演化及其与石鼓古湖和金沙江河谷发育的关系

在云南迪庆高原上的中甸和小中甸盆地中,可以见到3套第四纪湖相沉积物。第一套湖相与三角洲相沉积物分布于中甸盆地的东南部,因其含有丰富的哺乳动物化石而可确定其时代为早更新世。第二套厚逾百米的湖相沉积物分布于小中甸盆地,往往构成小中甸河5级河流阶地的基座。本文用光释光(OSL)和U系法测定了采自盆地东部的小中甸林业局东北侧和盆地中部的单高地两剖面6个湖相沉积物样品的年龄。测试结果表明,该套湖相沉积物的中部到顶部的年龄为147.2±13.9~67.57±5.30ka BP,属于中更新世晚期至晚更新世早中期。第三套湖相沉积为以纳帕海为代表的现代湖沼沉积。两剖面各层位湖相沉积样品的介形类以Li mnocythere-Leucocythere-Candona-Eucypris为特征,应是中、晚更新世以来所沉积的。本文认为,早在上新世早中期,金沙江已经在其现今的位置上存在。上新世晚期至早更新世广泛发育的断陷活动并不影响金沙江的流动。中更新世时期,金沙江河谷不同地段可因冰川、冰水、崩塌、滑坡或泥石流等堆积物的堰塞而形成湖泊,邻近的石鼓古湖8万多年前被金沙江再次贯通而消失。作为金沙江支流的小中甸河在6万多年前将小中甸古湖泄空,在小中甸盆地中发育了以第二套湖相沉积为基座的5级河流阶地。     

滇西北中甸地区哈工组放射虫及其构造古地理意义

位于甘孜-理塘构造带和金沙江构造带之间的德格-中甸微板块,可分为乡城晚三叠世岛弧带、义敦晚三叠世弧后盆地带和中咱地块等次级构造单位.滇西北中甸地区上三叠统哈工组包含大量沉积混杂岩块,与乡城、得荣泥砾混杂岩相连,形成晚三叠世沉积混杂岩带.哈工组沉积序列和沉积混杂岩沉积特征研究表明,中甸地区沉积混杂岩带为义敦晚三叠世弧后盆地形成过程中,由盆地边缘垮塌沉积形成,混杂岩块物源为近源下伏地层.沉积混杂岩块主要为晚古生代灰岩,但也有含中泥盆世、早石炭世和中二叠世放射虫化石的层状硅质岩,说明德格-中甸微板块晚古生代不是统一的碳酸盐台地,而是碳酸盐台地与深水断陷盆地并存的构造古地理格局.另外,哈工组三段还发现侏罗纪放射虫化石,说明金沙江带以东地区侏罗纪仍存在海盆.     

玉龙山西麓更新世冰川作用及其与金沙江河谷发育的关系

在玉龙山东麓更新世冰川作用研究的基础上,对其西麓和金沙江河谷中的古冰川与冰水沉积物的分布和特征进行了调查.结合ESR测年,划分出4次冰期,即0.7～0.6MaB.P.的玉龙冰期,0.53～0.45MaB.P.的干海子冰期,0.31～0.13MaB.P.的丽江冰期和晚更新世中晚期的大理冰期,其中玉龙冰期为规模较大的山麓冰川,丽江和大理冰期为山谷冰川,干海子冰期则为山麓冰川与山谷冰川的过渡类型.来自玉龙山西坡的玉龙冰期冰碛物充填于现今金沙江谷底的事实和大具金沙江下渡口西岸早更新世金沙江砾石层的发现表明,金沙江在早更新世早期即已存在,也说明了在该段金沙江河谷中多处发现的湖相沉积物是冰川沉积堰塞河谷而成石鼓古湖的结果.在该段金沙江河谷中仅发现拔河50m左右以内的4级河流阶地,且往往以这些湖相沉积为基座的现象,则是石鼓古湖被外泄后金沙江现代河谷形成的结果.     

滇西北小中甸盆地湖相粘土沉积特征与工程特性研究

滇西北小中甸盆地是上新世末期以来在青藏高原强烈隆起过程中形成的NNW向第四纪断陷湖盆地,从深切的小中甸河谷剖面可见盆地上部发育中晚更新世湖相粘土。规划建设中的滇藏铁路将从小中甸盆地穿过。野外调查发现小中甸湖相粘土厚数十米以上,粘土细腻、层理发育。室内试验表明:小中甸湖相粘土是一种高分散性、高含水量、高塑性和高孔隙性的结构性粘土,其力学性质指标表现为高粘聚性、以中低膨胀性为主。工程开挖卸荷、浅表层土体暴露在干湿交替环境中,土体收缩强度衰减,由此产生土体差异变形和粘土边坡滑塌破坏。     

滇西北小中甸盆地湖相粘土沉积特征与工程特性研究

滇西北小中甸盆地是上新世末期以来在青藏高原强烈隆起过程中形成的NNW向第四纪断陷湖盆地,从深切的小中甸河谷剖面可见盆地上部发育中晚更新世湖相粘土.规划建设中的滇藏铁路将从小中甸盆地穿过.野外调查发现小中甸湖相粘土厚数十米以上,粘土细腻、层理发育.室内试验表明:小中甸湖相粘土是一种高分散性、高含水量、高塑性和高孔隙性的结构性粘土,其力学性质指标表现为高粘聚性、以中低膨胀性为主.工程开挖卸荷、浅表层土体暴露在干湿交替环境中,土体收缩强度衰减,由此产生土体差异变形和粘土边坡滑塌破坏.     

滇西北金沙江古特提斯造山带地层及构造演化

以造山带地层学的思想方法为指导,将滇西北金沙江造山带划分出５个构造地层带,建立了新的造山带区域地层系统。根据古生物生态组合、沉积组分、盆地充填序列及沉积环境的研究,识别出不同构造地层带分别形成于稳定地块、裂谷盆地、被动大陆边缘、洋盆及岛弧环境之中。在造山带区域地层系统研究基础上,阐述了金沙江古特提斯造山带的演化历史。     

银额盆地厚层粗碎屑岩沉积特征与地层沉积年代的厘定

银根-额济纳旗盆地（简称银额盆地）中生界中下部广泛发育一套厚层粗碎屑岩,结合沉积特征,利用U-Pb定年、孢粉和介形虫资料对其沉积年代进行的厘定结果显示,这些粗碎屑岩可能是凹陷形成初期扇三角洲、水下扇等环境接收的沉积,相对稳定的湖盆沉降和沉积速率形成了银额盆地沉积地层"广泛发育、局部巨厚"的分布特征。锆石U-Pb测年厘定的粗碎屑岩沉积时间为115.6~137.0 Ma,对应年代为早白垩世。粗碎屑岩段的孢粉以Classopollis-Protoconiferus-Perinopollenites组合为特征,介形虫化石主要有单肋女星介、圆星介、狼星介等。这些古生物特征与前人建立的银额盆地及其周缘盆地早白垩世化石特征相似。因此,该粗碎屑岩的地层年代应该为早白垩世,其底界应该是下白垩统底界,可以作为区域性标志层。这样一来,不仅解决了银额盆地中生界下白垩统底界划分依据不明确、划分方案不统一的问题,也能为中生界断陷湖盆形成时期的确定、该区地层普遍缺失的三叠纪-侏罗纪时段的构造演化特征研究等提供依据。     

察尔汗盐湖的突然形成与地表系统巨变——据介形类研究

本文根据青海省柴达木盆地察尔汗盐湖中6个钻孔岩心介形类的研究,确定了咸水湖相、微咸水湖相、淡水浅湖-湖滨相和池沼相4类介形虫组合,发现该湖区在0.78MaBP以来长期处于寒冷、干燥气候背景下,基本是浅湖-湖滨相环境,只是在末次盛冰期开始时才突然形成盐湖。由于柴达木盆地西部自上新世末即为盐湖,故而盐类矿床沉积中心的迁移是地表系统巨变的反映,即地表径流及大气降水突然减少导致湖泊成盐。      

兰坪中新生代沉积盆地演化

兰坪中新生代沉积盆地形成和演化与金沙江洋的俯消减及洋陆转换过程密切相关,记录了其盆－山转换过程,早二叠世晚期－晚二叠世时期,由于金沙江洋的俯冲消减,形成了金沙江弧－盆系的空间配置,兰坪地区成为弧后盆地,早中三叠世,金沙江弧－盆系及东西两侧的昌都－兰坪陆块和中咱－中甸陆块的构造沉积式样发生大的转米,开始了兰坪中新生代盆－山转换历史,由于弧陆碰撞作用,使得兰坪分国地由弧后盆地转化成弧后前陆舅地,盆地中     

鲁西南莱芜、蒙阴、平邑盆地早第三纪地层的划分和对比

鲁西南地区分布着近东西向大致平行排列的早第三纪盆地群。在蒙阴、莱芜盆地早第三纪沉积称为官庄组，在平邑盆地称为卞桥组。依据沉积物特征和沉积旋回都能分为下段、中段和上段。通过对哺乳动物、介形类、轮藻、腹足类和孢粉等化石的研究可确定中段的沉积时代为早始新世，通过对轮藻、介形类和哺乳类动物的研究能确定下段和上段分别为始新世早期和中期。在卞桥组中段和官庄组中段发现介形类Ｃｙｐｒｉｄｅａ属，该属起源于晚侏罗世或早白垩世，在早白垩世繁盛，晚白垩世逐渐衰落，灭绝于晚古新世或早始新世，在早始新世沉积中的发现，是迄今在我国发现的最高层位。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.