地震资料自适应时变卡尔曼反褶积

应用卡尔曼滤波的一步预测方法,并根据卡尔曼滤波方程适用于时变系统的特点,给出了利用卡尔曼滤波进行地震资料自适应时变反褶积的方法,文中给出了理论和实际资料处理的例子.     

地震资料自适应时变卡尔曼反褶积

应用卡尔曼滤波的一步预测方法,并根据卡尔曼滤波方程适用于时变系统的特点,给出了利用卡尔曼滤波进行地震资料自适应时变反褶积的方法,文中给出了理论和实际资料处理的例子.     

地震资料自适应时变卡尔曼反褶积

应用卡尔曼滤波的一步预测方法,并根据卡尔曼滤波方程适用于时变系统的特点,给出了利用卡尔曼滤波进行地震资料自适应时变反褶积的方法,文中给出了理论和实际资料处理的例子.     

DYNAMIC PREDICTIVE DECONVOLUTION*

Dynamic predictive deconvolution makes use of an entire seismic trace including all primary and multiple reflections to yield an approximation to the subsurface structure. We consider plane-wave motion at normal incidence in an horizontally layered system sandwiched between the air and the basement rock. Energy degradation effects are neglected so that the layered system represents a lossless system in which energy is lost only by net transmission downward into the basement or net reflection upward into the air; there is no internal loss of energy by absorption within the layers. The layered system is frequency selective in that the energy from a surface input is divided between that energy which is accepted over time by net transmission downward into the basement and the remaining energy that is rejected over time by net reflection upward into the air. Thus the energy from a downgoing unit spike at the surface as input is divided between the wave transmitted by the layered system into the basement and the wave reflected by the layered system into the air. This reflected wave is the observed seismic trace resulting from the unit spike input. From surface measurements we can compute both the input energy spectrum, which by assumption is unity, and the reflection energy spectrum, which is the energy spectrum of the trace. But, by the conservation of energy, the input energy spectrum is equal to the sum of the reflection energy spectrum and the transmission energy spectrum. Thus we can compute the transmission energy spectrum as the difference of the input energy spectrum and the reflection energy spectrum. Furthermore, we know that the layered system acts as a pure feedback system in producing the transmitted wave, from which it follows that the transmitted wave is minimum-delay. Hence from the computed energy spectrum of the transmitted wave we can compute the prediction-error operator that contracts the transmitted wave to a spike. We also know that the layered system acts as a system with both a feedback component and a feed-forward component in producing the reflected wave, that is, the observed seismic trace. Moreover, this feedback component is identical to the pure feedback system that produces the transmitted wave. Thus, we can deconvolve the observed seismic trace by the prediction-error operator computed above; the result of the deconvolution is the wave-form due to the feedforward component alone. Now the feedforward component represents the wanted dynamic structure of the layered system whereas the feedback component represents the unwanted reverberatory effects of the layered system. Because this deconvolution process yields the wanted dynamic structure and destroys the unwanted reverberatory effects, we call the process dynamic predictive deconvolution. The resulting feedforward waveform in itself represents an approximation to the subsurface structure; a further decomposition yields the reflection coefficients of the interfaces separating the layers. In this work we do not make the assumption as is commonly done that the surface as a perfect reflector; that is, we do not assume that the surface reflection coefficient has magnitude unity.     

A COMPARISON OF STATISTICAL AND DETERMINISTIC WIENER DECONVOLUTION OF DEEP-TOW SEISMIC DATA*

Wiener ‘spiking’ deconvolution of seismic traces in the absence of a known source wavelet relies upon the use of digital filters, which are optimum in a least-squares error sense only if the wavelet to be deconvolved is minimum phase. In the marine environment in particular this condition is frequently violated, since bubble pulse oscillations result in source signatures which deviate significantly from minimum phase. The degree to which the deconvolution is impaired by such violation is generally difficult to assess, since without a measured source signature there is no optimally deconvolved trace with which the spiked trace may be compared. A recently developed near-bottom seismic profiler used in conjunction with a surface air gun source produces traces which contain the far-field source signature as the first arrival. Knowledge of this characteristic wavelet permits the design of two-sided Wiener spiking and shaping filters which can be used to accurately deconvolve the remainder of the trace. In this paper the performance of such optimum-lag filters is compared with that of the zero-lag (one-sided) operators which can be evaluated from the reflected arrival sequence alone by assuming a minimum phase source wavelet. Results indicate that the use of zero-lag operators on traces containing non-minimum phase wavelets introduces significant quantities of noise energy into the seismic record. Signal to noise ratios may however be preserved or even increased during deconvolution by the use of optimum-lag spiking or shaping filters. A debubbling technique involving matched filtering of the trace with the source wavelet followed by optimum-lag Wiener deconvolution did not give a higher quality result than can be obtained simply by the application of a suitably chosen Wiener shaping filter. However, cross correlation of an optimum-lag spike filtered trace with the known ‘actual output’ of the filter when presented with the source signature is found to enhance signal-to-noise ratio whilst maintaining improved resolution.     

自适应的最小平方反褶积及在地震勘探中的应用

本文给出了一种自适应的最小平方反褶积方法（ALSD法）,其基本原理是用滤波器的输出来修正愿望输出,从而使结果得到改善。从迭代格式来讲,它是极小熵反褶积方法的推广。本文还从理论上讨论了自适应函数的选取方法。通过人工模拟地震记录数据及真实地震剖面计算的结果,显示出ALSD法是一种计算量省且效果好的方法。对小相位子波,滤波效果与最小平方预测反褶积相当;对混合相位子波,仍具有近于小相位时的效果。     

自适应的最小平方反褶积及在地震勘探中的应用

本文给出了一种自适应的最小平方反褶积方法（ALSD法）,其基本原理是用滤波器的输出来修正愿望输出,从而使结果得到改善。从迭代格式来讲,它是极小熵反褶积方法的推广。本文还从理论上讨论了自适应函数的选取方法。通过人工模拟地震记录数据及真实地震剖面计算的结果,显示出ALSD法是一种计算量省且效果好的方法。对小相位子波,滤波效果与最小平方预测反褶积相当;对混合相位子波,仍具有近于小相位时的效果。     

WAVE SCATTERING DECONVOLUTION BY SEISMIC INVERSION*

We propose a wave scattering approach to the problem of deconvolution by the inversion of the reflection seismogram. Rather than using the least-squares approach, we study the full wave solution of the one-dimensional wave equation for deconvolution. Randomness of the reflectivity is not a necessary assumption in this method. Both the reflectivity and the section multiple train can be predicted from the boundary data (the reflection seismogram). This is in contrast to the usual statistical approach in which reflectivity is unpredictable and random, and the section multiple train is the only predictable component of the seismogram. The proposed scattering approach also differs from Claerbout's method based on the Kunetz equation. The coupled first-order hyperbolic wave equations have been obtained from the equation of motion and the law of elasticity. These equations have been transformed in terms of characteristics. A finite-difference numerical scheme for the downward continuation of the free-surface reflection seismogram has been developed. The discrete causal solutions for forward and inverse problems have been obtained. The computer algorithm recursively solves for the pressure and particle velocity response and the impedance log. The method accomplishes deconvolution and impedance log reconstruction. We have tested the method by computer model experiments and obtained satisfactory results using noise-free synthetic data. Further study is recommended for the method's application to real data.     

DIRECTIONAL DECONVOLUTION OF MARINE SEISMIC REFLECTION DATA: NORTH SEA EXAMPLE1

Directional deconvolution of the signature from a marine seismic source array may be achieved in combination with prestack migration or dip moveout (DMO) processing. The benefit is demonstrated using an example profile from the southern North Sea. In particular, shallow, dipping reflectors have improved continuity and frequency content. The method could be extended to 3D data to remove both in-line and cross-line directivity effects.     

LINEARIZED INVERSION OF SEISMIC REFLECTION DATA*

This is the first of a series of papers giving the solution of the inverse problem in seismic exploration. The acoustic approximation is used together with the assumption that the velocity field has the form . The forward problem is then linearized (thus neglecting multiple reflected waves) and the inverse problem of estimating δ is set up. Its rigorous solution can be obtained using an iterative algorithm, each step consisting of a classical Kirchhoff migration (hyperbola summation) plus a classical forward modeling step (circle summation).     

COMPLETE INVERSION OF ZERO-OFFSET SEISMIC DATA*

The one-dimensional seismic inverse problem consists of recovering the acoustic impedance (or reflectivity function) as a function of traveltime from the reflection response of a horizontally layered medium excited by a plane-wave impulsive source. Most seismic sources behave like point sources, and the data must be corrected for geometrical spreading before the inversion procedure is applied. This correction is usually not exact because the geometrical spreading is different for primary and multiple reflections. An improved algorithm is proposed which takes the geometrical spreading from a point source into account. The zero-offset reflection response from a stack of homogeneous layers of variable thickness is used to compute the thickness, velocity and density of each layer. This is possible because the geometrical spreading contains additional information about the velocities.     

CURVED RAYPATH INTERPRETATION OF SEISMIC REFRACTION DATA*

Vertical velocity gradients can be readily accommodated in seismic refraction interpretations by using simple mathematical idealizations of curved raypaths entailed by certain analytic representations of these gradients. Computation procedures are formulated for velocity gradients in the overburden or an intermediate layer of a multilayer section. The former is demonstrated for an overburden velocity gradient manifest in published time-distance data.     

USE OF THE SEISMIC DYNAMIC DECONVOLUTION ALGORITHM IN DIRECT RESISTIVITY INTERPRETATION*

Seismic dynamic deconvolution is the mathematical basis on which a degree of unification in different prospecting methods is possible, relative to the parameter identification in horizontally stratified media. There is a basic structure which has some immediate applications to the inversion of resistivity data and possibly to other problems. For resistivity soundings there exists a key equation which is parallel to the energy conservation law in the theory of synthetic seismograms.     

RESOLUTION ENHANCEMENT OF WELL LOG AND SEISMIC DATA*

A new method with general applications for seismic data is presented for spectral extrapolation. The method gives a restored image that is optimum in the sense of minimum norm and can be adapted to incorporate any constraints on the reconstruction. As an illustration of the technique it is first applied to a synthesized (noise-free) image. Then it is shown that enhancement of a density log (run in a hole drilled entirely in Coal Measures rocks) is possible using constraints taken from the geologist's log. A synthetic trace with significantly improved event arrival times and general character is obtained.     

NON-LINEAR ESTIMATION OF REFLECTION COEFFICIENTS FROM SEISMIC DATA*

For years, reflection coefficients have been the main aim of traditional deconvolution methods for their significant informational content. A method to estimate seismic reflection coefficients has been derived by searching for their amplitude and their time positions without any other limitating assumption. The input data have to satisfy certain quality constraints like amplitude and almost zero phase noise—ghosts, reverberations, long period multiples, and diffracted waves should be rejected by traditional processing. The proposed algorithm minimizes a functional of the difference between the spectra of trace and reflectivity in the frequency domain. The estimation of reflection coefficients together with the consistent “wavelet’ is reached iteratively with a multidimensional Newton-Raphson technique. The residual error trace shows the behavior of the process. Several advantages are then obtainable from these reflection coefficients, like conversion to interval velocities with an optimum calibration either to the well logs or to the velocity analysis curves. The procedure can be applied for detailed stratigraphic interpretations or to improve the resolution of a conventional velocity analysis.     

用遗传算法实现地震信号反褶积

遗传算法作为寻优手段具有全局优化和很好的稳定性．本文将遗传算法用于地震信号反褶积处理，与已往方法相比它具有更好的分辨率和稳定性我们采用Bernoulli－Gaussian模型和ARMA模型分别描述地震反射系数序列和地震子波，用最大似然和最小预测误差准则分别构造用于估计反射系数序列和地震子波的目标函数，用遗传算法优化目标函数，以实现地震信号反褶积．     

POROSITY PREDICTION FROM SEISMIC DATA*

The inversion of seismic traces allows the estimation of reservoir porosity from an analysis of transit times derived from the pseudo-velocity logs. A four-step computational procedure is illustrated consisting of (i) inversion of seismic traces and calculation of interval velocities; (ii) accurate stratigraphic interpretation; (iii) determination of the petrophysical parameters for the porosity evaluation; (iv) analysis of the reliability of the results and final corrections. Both the possibilities and the limits of the method are discussed. One of the causes of error is the fact that impedances—and not velocities—are readily obtainable from seismic data. Moreover, the porosity due to fracturation contributes only slightly to velocity, while it often contributes most importantly to the permeability. Results are shown for two of the most significant reservoir types, i.e. carbonatic and clastic. Two cases belonging to the latter type will be examined. In the first case the primary porosity is dominant. The second case is very complex and both primary and secondary porosity are present.     

用遗传算法实现地震信号反褶积

遗传算法作为寻优手段具有全局优化和很好的稳定性．本文将遗传算法用于地震信号反褶积处理,与已往方法相比它具有更好的分辨率和稳定性我们采用Bernoulli－Gaussian模型和ARMA模型分别描述地震反射系数序列和地震子波,用最大似然和最小预测误差准则分别构造用于估计反射系数序列和地震子波的目标函数,用遗传算法优化目标函数,以实现地震信号反褶积．     

A PREDICTION OF SEDIMENTARY ENVIRONMENT FROM MARINE SEISMIC DATA *

Stratigraphic models are usually oversimplified by petroleum geologists, and the result is that the principles which we use for interpreting geophysical data are also over-simplified or even incorrect. Based on the marine seismic data from the Adriatic Sea, an example of prediction of a rather complex sedimentation model of detrital sediments is shown. On the basis of the stratigraphic interpretation using seismic techniques only for this some very important characteristics are discussed: — paleotopography of the valley and conditions which have given opportunity to map accurately the pre-depositional surface, — seismic signatures of the sedimentary section of the ancient valley in which we have recognized aluvial sequence and marine one. The conclusion is that there is a real opportunity for exploration of stratigraphic traps in this part of the Mediterranean Basin.     

FULL WAVE EQUATION DOWNWARD CONTINUATION OF SEISMIC REFLECTION DATA*

A new method for suppressing multiple reflections in seismograms is developed. It is based on a downward continuation procedure which uses the full acoustic wave equation (hyperbolic form) as a downward continuation operator. We demonstrate that the downward continuation of the recorded wave field maps a reflectivity function without multiply reflected events. The method is applied successfully to individual traces of plane-wave decomposed (slant-stacked) synthetic and field data.