郯庐断裂带中段遥感信息的处理与识别

本文采用数字图象增强处理、数据测定及目视解译等方法,研究郯庐断裂带中段的遥感信息。研究结果是:1.建立了区域活动断裂解译标志,从而得知,本区东部两条主断裂的地面平面展布,南部以右列形式为主,北部主要表现为左列,中部为平行破裂;2.影象上可识别出临沂—郯城地区有四条隐伏的北北东向主断裂及若干条切割主断裂的北西—北西西向断裂。郯庐断裂带中段显示了一些纵向差异性;3.高通滤波处理对本区隐伏构造的影象显示较为有效     

AN EVALUATION METHOD FOR GEOMAGNETIC DEEP SOUNDING,ITS DERIVATION AND PRACTICAL USE*

The derivation and application of a new method of geomagnetic deep sounding, that is exploring for underground electrical conductivity anomalies by means of temporal variations of the earth's magnetic field, is presented. The problem is restricted to two dimensions (horizontal and vertical) and for the case of a nearly homogeneous horizontal component of the disturbance vector as compared with the vertical over the area in question. The basis of the method is a relationship between both components of the disturbance vector. The first step is a period analysis of the records and from this the construction of so called “characteristic functions”, one for each station, these functions being determined by the conductivity distribution of the earth's interior. The second step consists of a model interpretation of these functions. The method is applied to simultaneous records from five stations (U. Schmucker, 1959) within the region of the conductivity-anomaly of Northern Germany. A preliminary model of this anomaly is given.     

THE USE OF OBSERVATIONAL SPACE IN SEISMIC REFRACTION TECHNIQUES *

Attention is given in this paper to the display of intensive seismic refraction information in a convenient form similar to spatial display techniques being developed for resistivity methods. An observational space for first arrivals is defined and illustrated with respect to some simple structures and the possible use of such a representation in diagnosis is discussed. The spatial display is suitable both for steeply dipping and gently dipping structures. In the latter case, the low relief space may be subjected to further operations to produce apparent velocity distributions and values simply related to plus times. A practical example of the latter process and the subsequent interpretation is given.     

ARRAYS AND NOMOGRAMS FOR ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY EXPLORATION*

A number of electrical resistivity arrays are available to the exploration geophysicist in the conduct of vertical or horizontal profiling. The advantage of using central-type arrays which produce large potential drops, such as the Wenner or the Schlumberger, must be weighed against the ease of acentral arrays such as the polar and equatorial arrays. A series of nomograms has been designed to provide a means of rapid calculation of the potential drop to be obtained by any of the various central and acentral arrays, as a function of apparent resistivity, electrode spacings and available transmitter power. The same nomograms may also be used for approximate computation of the apparent resistivities in routine surveys. However, the accuracy of resistivity calculation is directly related to the accuracy of drawing lines between the scales and hence is rather limited in reduced-size nomograms in this paper.     

面向对象遥感图像处理方法在建筑物震害评估中的应用研究

以汶川地震中的都江堰地区震后遥感图像为例,研究分析了图像分割技术及模糊分类技术,在此基础上,用分类精度更高的单尺度、多特征的面向对象图像处理方法进行建筑物震害评估。重点探索了混淆矩阵在震害评估中的应用,通过Kappa统计值进行震害分类结果的比对与精度评价,并验证该分类方法的稳定性。研究结果表明：改进后的面向对象图像处理方法简单、快速且精度较高,具有良好的适用性和稳定性。     

数字遥感图像的多源数据融合方法在地质学中的一些应用

简单介绍了几种在地质应用中常用的卫星遥感数据及特点,进一步论述了不同类型的遥感数据及其它地学数据在不同层次上的融合方法;探讨了数据融合技术在突出地质特征信息方面的优势,并给出了几个地质应用的实例     

THE USE OF TWO-ELECTRODE AND SCHLUMBERGER FILTERS FOR COMPUTING RESISTIVITY AND EM SOUNDING CURVES*

Different sets of filter coefficients for the linear filter technique for the computations of resistivity and EM sounding curves are evaluated for several electrode and coil configurations. Instead of this procedure, the two-electrode filter can be used for computations of Wenner, Schlumberger, and dipole—dipole apparent resistivity model curves by defining convolutional expressions which contain the new input functions in terms of the resistivity transform function. Similarly, the Schlumberger filter performs the computations of dipole—dipole apparent resistivity model curves. The Wenner, Schlumberger, and dipole—dipole filter functions are defined in terms of the two-electrode filter using the new convolutional expressions. A relationship between the Schlumberger and dipole—dipole filter functions is given. The above arguments are adopted for the computations of EM sounding curves. It is shown that the EM filter for the horizontal coplanar loop system (which is identical to the two-electrode filter) performs the computations of the mutual coupling ratios for perpendicular, vertical coplanar, and vertical coaxial loop systems. In the same way, the Schlumberger filter can be used to compute vertical coaxial sounding curves. The corresponding input functions are defined in terms of the EM kernel for all convolutional expressions presented. After these considerations, integral expressions of the mutual coupling ratios involving zero-order Bessel function are derived. The mutual coupling ratio for the vertical coaxial loop system is given in the same form as the mutual coupling ratio for the vertical coplanar loop system.     

REMARKS ON THE USE OF THE MAGNETIC GRADIOMETER IN OIL EXPLORATION *

The principle of optical pumping allows the design of magnetometers with high sensitivity. When mapping the field of the total magnetic force, it is no longer possible to make full use of the accuracy of the instruments because the accuracy of the reduction of the diurnal variation is limited. By simultaneously recording with two instruments in different altitudes, the vertical gradient can be measured which doe's not depend on the time variation of the magnetic field. Therefore, the gradiometer seems to be a more adequate tool for oil exploration than the magnetometer. It is investigated in this article whether the results of this gradiometer or the measurements of the total magnetic field by the high sensitive magnetometer are more useful in oil exploration. The article comes to the conclusion that for most problems of oil exploration the total magnetic field is a more valuable unit than the vertical gradient measured directly by the gradiometer. The total magnetic field allows a better investigation of the tectonics than the vertical gradient. The apparent advantages of the gradiometer claimed by its supporters are mainly based on inconsistent mathematical concepts.     

COMBINED USE OF SURFACE AND GROUND WATER FOR THE WATER SUPPLY TO BARCELONA (SPAIN)

Summary

The geological and hydrological caracteristics of the ground-water reservoirs used for the Barcelona water suply are described. The conection between surface and ground water is emphasized.

Ground water meets about 50% of the courrent water demands for water suply to Barcelona Metropolitan area (500 hm³ for year or 360 MGD).

Present and future problems such as water pollution and water shortage, legal cuestions and education are briefty touched upon. Finally the operational plan to solve or to avoid these problems is described This plan includes combined use of surface and sub-surface reservoirs for water concervation.     

STUDY OF MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGE OF THE KUSHIYARA AND MONU RIVERS BY REMOTE SENSING

The Kushiyara and Monu rivers are two of the major river systems in the northeast region of Bangladesh. Analyzing satellite images of the Kushiyara and Monu rivers between 1990 and 1997, it was found that significant changes occurred at five distinct locations; i.e., Ahmadpur, Monumukh, Raysrr, Kaprangibari and Telibil. The amount of change was measured as 168.34 ha by using a plani-meter. Transportation of sediment was the major contributing factor of morphological change. The total average sediment concentration of Kushiyara and Monu rivers was found to be 16889.6 ppm per year during the study period by applying the Engelund and Hansen equation approach. Protection work has been suggested at the vulnerable locations.     

THE USE OF SEISMIC SHEAR WAVES AND COMPRESSIONAL WAVES FOR LITHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF SHALLOW SEDIMENTS*

From a great variety of in situ shear wave experiments, i.e., reflection, refraction and borehole surveys in the shallow sediments of the north German plains, several specific properties have been derived. Shear waves (S) differ from compressional waves (P) in that:

• 1 they are not affected by the degree of water saturation. Thus, they provide a better correlation between the velocity V_s and (solid) lithology;
• 2 they generally have lower frequencies, but shorter wavelength and, hence, a better resolution of thin layers;
• 3 they have lower absorption Q_s^?1 and hence a better penetration in partially saturated and gas-containing sediments than P-waves.

Correlations have been established between V_s and the confining pressure and between reduced V_s values and several lithological parameters like the grain size of sandy material. More lithological and hydrological information is obtained by using S- and P-wave surveys along the same profile. The best information on a sedimentological structure is obtained by the simultaneous observation of V_s, V_p, Q_s and Q_p.     

DIAGRAMS FOR THE EVALUATION OF PROTON MAGNETOMETER READINGS*

Two alternative types of diagrams are shown which allow the direct conversion of readings taken by certain types of proton magnetometers into magnetic field strength. The accuracy of these diagrams is discussed and found to satisfy the requirements.     

瞬变电磁法在场地勘探中的研究及应用

本文利用等效代换的方法建立计算瞬变电磁响应的概念及方法,通过视电阻率的计算,进行实测剖面的二维电阻率成像,并利用该成像技术进行场地勘探,获得良好的效果。     

由遥感资料反演介质应力状态的原理与数学方法

实验证明，当物质（体）受到应力作用时，应力能够引起物质（体）电磁辐射能量发生改变．遥感器接收到的电磁辐射能量是由受载物体自身温度和应力共同引起的总辐射能量（观测值）组成．如何将二者定量地分离开，进而反演介质所处的温度状态和应力状态，在地震预测预报、大型岩土工程稳定性监测中, 是一个具有实际意义的问题．本文详细论述了如何采用多波段遥感观测，通过数学手段将二者分离并反演应力的方法, 并列举算例加以证实．      

A MODIFIED MODE OF OPERATION FOR THE TURAM ELECTROMAGNETIC EXPLORATION SYSTEM WITH BENEFITS FOR DEEP EXPLORATION*

A new mode of operation for the Turam electromagnetic exploration system is proposed in which the transmitter loop is placed across the expected trend of a conductor and the receiver is operated along lines parallel to one side of the transmitter. The concept appears to offer several benefits which include greatly extended traverse length, the use of large coil spacing, rejection of the effects of conductive environments, and consistency in the indication of target dip.     

PHASE AND GROUP TIME SECTIONS AND POSSIBILITIES FOR THEIR USE IN SEISMIC INTERPRETATION OF COMPLEX MEDIA*

Interpretation problems are discussed for a new class of models for complex seismic media, called heterogeneous models formed by inclusions (HMI). Examples of such models in geology are destructive deformation zones, tectonic raptures, complex folds, magmatogene formations, fronts of metamorphism and of phase transition, etc., which are of importance in interpretation of seismic data. The wavefields in such media have a complicated interferential character and should be considered as complex wave groups characterized by their phase and group properties. To study the phase and group characteristics of such wavefields, a method of construction and comparative analysis of so-called phase and group sections is introduced. This method is based on a transformation of the wavefield (seismogram) into a normalized seismogram (cos of the phase) and a perigram (a low cut version of the trace envelope). The group sections obtained on the perigrams represent zones of energy concentration and give stable estimates of the average characteristics of model structure. The phase sections are obtained on the normalized seismograms and represent primarily, the inner structure of the model. The method was applied to both synthetic and field data. The results of the combined analysis of the phase and group sections show that in many cases there are significant differences between them. On the basis of this analysis, several types of seismic objects may be distinguished which can serve as a basis for seismic interpretation.     

VALUE AND VALIDITY OF EARTH RESOURCES OBSERVATIONS FROM SPACE

ABSTRACT

Observations of the earth from space can provide overall repetitive views in various regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. Data from such surveys can be used as the basis for more detailed observations from aircraft and on the ground to guide resource exploration, development, and conservation activities.

The value of earth resource observations from space has been demonstrated by the practical use of photographs from the Gemini and Apollo spaceflights and particularly by a series of multispectral photographs taken during the flight of Apollo 9. The analysis of those photographs has shown that the performance of the planned Earth Resources Technology Satellite will meet the needs of the resource and environmental community for small-scale repetitive images of the earth in the visible and solar infrared portions of the spectrum and has provided a limited base of material for earth scientists to work with in order to ready themselves for the ERTS data.

The validity of earth resource observations from space can be derived by analogy from the successively closer observations of the moon, culminating in repeated physical sampling of the moon's surface. The method of inductive reasoning and analysis used for the moon is the opposite of the normal deductive analysis used on the earth. Adoption of the inductive methods and reasoning for earth observations will provide a framework of broad observations and conclusions leading to the identification of target areas for more detailed observation and will, in time, reduce the costs and time required for surveys dealing with resource and environmental problems.     

光学遥感影像阴影与2008年汶川地震同震地表变形的影像识别

遥感影像数据在2008年汶川地震抗震救灾和灾后恢复重建中发挥了重要的作用,充分利用遥感技术进行同震地表变形的快速识别与地震地质研究具有重要的现实意义。通过分析震后光学遥感影像的阴影、纹理等特征,以及野外获得的地表破裂变形的地质与地貌特征,总结了汶川地震同震地表变形的光学遥感影像识别特点。从遥感成像的光学原理深入解析了汶川地震断层陡坎在遥感影像上的阴影形成与识别特征,明确了成像时刻和断坎产状对影像阴影的形成和断层陡坎识别能力的约束。结合影像成像特征与汶川地震同震地表破裂特征的应用分析,客观地认识了现有遥感影像在同震地表变形应用中的局限性,可为今后的应急航空遥感方案设计提供参考     

西北地区地震地下流体观测网综合评价

对西北地区地下流体观测网建设、调整与发展的各个阶段台网布局进行了评价．表明西北地区地下流体观测网已趋于成熟,在地震监测预报中发挥了一定的作用．但由于各种条件的限制,仍具有一定的局限性．对其地震监测效能进行了综合评价,结果表明,远场测点主要出现中短期异常而近场测点出现短临异常