钢板混凝土组合梁抗剪性能数值分析

<正>1.引言数值分析是工程中常用的有效方法之一,其中有限元分析对研究钢筋混凝土结构的性能有重要的意义,能够在一定程度上代替部分试验工作,检验对构件性能的各种影响因素[1]。钢板—混凝土组合梁中材料的组合及其各自的特性都会对组合梁的力学性能产生影响。此外,钢板混凝土以及新老混凝土界面使得组合梁的力学性能更加复杂,因此,研究钢板—混凝土组合梁的抗剪性能具有重要意义。对于钢板—混凝土组合梁过去有许多学者进行了研究[2]-[4],并根据实际     

水利工程混凝土双掺纤维膨胀剂的抗裂性能分析

水工混凝土的开裂问题是影响水工结构稳定性的重要问题,将适量的橡胶、纤维、矿粉、膨胀剂、粉煤灰等化学外加剂或矿物掺合料掺入混凝土中,对改善材料的内部孔隙结构、水化特征、收缩变形和早期抗裂性能具有积极作用。利用室内试验探讨水工混凝土双掺纤维膨胀剂的抗裂性能,深入揭示了纤维与膨胀剂的抗裂机理。结果发现,双掺纤维膨胀剂的抗裂性能明显优于不掺或者单掺混凝土,混凝土中纤维掺0.5 kg/m³、S-AC膨胀剂掺15 kg/m³时的经济性和抗裂性能达到最优。     

特厚表土层钢板混凝土复合井壁竖向承载力试验研究

通过模型试验和理论分析,对特厚表土层双层钢板高强混凝土复合井壁的竖向受力特性进行了研究。首先,根据相似理论,进行了双层钢板高强混凝土复合井壁结构的模型设计和试件加工;然后,通过加载试验,得到了井壁结构在竖向荷载和侧压共同作用下的竖向应力、变形和强度特性。结果表明：由于内、外钢板筒的约束作用,井壁结构中的混凝土完全处于三向受压应力状态下,其抗压强度提高了1.73～1.92倍,且井壁破坏时混凝土的竖向极限压应变达到-3.9×10-3,表现出较好的延性特性。通过钢板与混凝土的相互约束,改善了各自的力学特性,使井壁竖向承载力显著提高,远比钢板筒和中间混凝土层的竖向极限承载力之和大,并根据理论分析和试验结果推导出了井壁竖向承载力的计算公式,对理论研究和工程应用具有一定的参考价值。     

应力波作用下巷道层裂破坏的数值模拟研究

采用LS-DYNA软件,对扰动应力波作用下巷帮围岩层裂破坏结构的形成过程、扰动应力波强度pmax对层裂结构形成的影响进行了有效的数值模拟,得到了一定巷道围岩应力状态下巷帮围岩层裂结构的形状、厚度等特征。结果表明：扰动应力波是形成巷帮层裂结构,继而诱发冲击矿压的重要因素;扰动应力波的强度决定了是否形成巷帮层裂结构及其层裂结构的范围大小。研究结果对揭示煤矿冲击矿压的诱发机理,及采取有效地防治技术具有重要意义     

大比尺钢衬钢筋混凝土马蹄形压力管道改性试验研究

为从根本上解决常规钢衬钢筋混凝土压力管道因运行期的裂缝过宽而带来的结构耐久性问题,采取将常规混凝土改性为高性能的钢纤维混凝土或钢纤维自应力混凝土的方法。以某水电站全背坝面管为原型,以1：10缩尺制作了钢衬钢筋钢纤维混凝土压力管道模型和钢衬钢筋钢纤维自应力混凝土压力管道模型。试验结果表明,改性为钢纤维混凝土的压力管道表现出很好的限裂能力,其初裂荷载有一定的提高,管道裂缝宽度显著下降;改性为钢纤维自应力混凝土的压力管道表现出很好的抗裂能力,管道的初裂荷载有了大幅度的提高,钢材的性能也得到了较充分的利用。模型试验的结果显示了改性钢衬钢筋混凝土压力管道良好的应用前景。     

层布式纤维混凝土弯拉特性分析

试验研究了相同配合比下素混凝土、层布式钢纤维混凝土和层布式混杂纤维混凝土弯拉性能，采集三者试件荷载-挠度曲线和90天龄期的极限荷载，并对比三者的28天龄期及90天龄期的弯拉强度，分析其弯拉强度增强机理，得出由于聚丙烯腈纤维和钢纤维的双重阻裂效应，使层布式混杂纤维混凝土的弯拉强度比素混凝土和层布式钢纤维混凝土的弯拉强度更高。     

越江隧道施工过程的渗流-应力耦合分析

隧道开挖和由开挖引起的地下水渗流引起围岩应力重新分布,对隧道围岩的稳定性有重要的影响。本文把隧道开挖过程与渗流场边界的变化紧密联系起来,根据渗流场边界建立了合理的三维有限元分析模型,对规划完成的某越江隧道开挖过程的水-力耦合效应进行了研究,建立了稳定流条件下渗流-应力耦合的基本方程,分析了孔隙水压力随隧道开挖过程的变化规律和水力耦合对围岩位移、应力及支护结构应力的影响程度。数值计算结果表明,渗透系数大的岩层渗流速度和位移受渗流的影响较大,渗流使隧道围岩的位移和应力及支护结构的应力都有较大的增加,水下隧道的设计和施工应该考虑渗流效应。     

考虑边界效应的非饱和土圆柱孔扩张问题解析

圆柱孔扩张理论是分析沉桩挤土及旁压试验等岩土工程问题的有效方法,然而已有研究中多假定土体为无限连续介质,当圆柱孔周围存在约束边界时并不适用。采用临界状态模型描述非饱和土的应力-应变关系,在此基础上引入反映土体比体积-吸力关系的液相本构方程,推导了非饱和土中存在固定边界时,圆柱孔扩张问题在不同排水条件下的半解析解。通过计算不同工况,对比分析边界效应、非饱和吸力效应和排水条件对圆柱孔扩张响应的影响。结果表明,受边界效应影响,扩孔压力随着孔径增大而持续增大,这与无边界时扩孔压力趋于某一稳定值的情况有所不同;当圆柱孔扩张相同孔径时,周围固定边界范围越小,所需扩孔压力越大。土体初始吸力越大,扩孔压力也越大,相同应力增量引起的体积压缩量减小,说明土体出现吸力硬化效应。在孔周相同位置处,不排水比排水条件下的土体饱和度高、吸力小,对应的有效应力分量也小;距孔壁越近,该差异越明显。     

大型地下洞室群围岩应力-损伤-渗流耦合分析

以渗透体力来考虑渗流场的力学效应,建立了应力-损伤-渗透系数关系方程来考虑应力和损伤对渗流场的影响,结合岩体结构的三维弹塑性损伤有限元分析,建立了大型地下洞室开挖围岩应力-损伤-渗流耦合的计算模型。该计算模型求解的难度主要体现在岩体材料弹塑性、损伤、渗流自由面边界、渗流溢出边界、应力-损伤-渗流相互影响关系等。提出分步迭代法对以上因素进行归纳后按一定顺序分别进行迭代求解,取得了良好的计算效果。将该方法应用于某水电站大型地下洞室群分析,得出了一系列有意义的结论。     

超长钢筋混凝土结构裂缝控制的设计分析

本文通过对混凝土结构裂缝的几个主要影响因素进行量化分析，提出结构长度超出规范要求的工程抗裂设计措施。     

The effect of Poisson's ratio and the far-field boundary conditions on the accuracy of finite element calculations

It is shown that a finite element calculation which approximates an ‘infinite medium’; problem by a mesh with finite boundaries will yield greater accuracy when stress boundary conditions are applied on the far-field boundary than is obtainable with displacement boundary conditions. In particular, with Poisson's ratio close to 0.5, the accuracy of the latter model is severely impaired, whereas the stress boundary condition model is unaffected for Poisson's ratio of 0.49 and a reasonable mesh. The eight-node quadratic isoparametric element displays superb accuracy for the axisymmetric thick cylinder with either type of boundary condition.     

Experimental and numerical study of sand–steel interfaces

Experimental and numerical studies on and sand–steel interfaces are presented. Emphasis is laid on the effect of boundary conditions of the whole system and of localized deformation. The experiments with different roughness of steel surface, sand density, normal stress and grain size are carried out in a plane strain apparatus, a parallely guided direct shear apparatus and in a planar silo model with a movable bottom and parallel steel walls. During the test in the plane strain apparatus the localized zone is observed with the help of X-rays. The results indicate a significant effect of wall roughness and boundary conditions of the whole system on the wall friction angle and the thickness of the localized zone along the steel surface. An elastoplastic constitutive model established within the framework of a Cosserat continuum, capable of describing isotropic hardening, softening and dilatancy, is implemented in a finite element code. The model differs from the conventional theory of plasticity due to the presence of Cosserat rotation and couple stress using the mean grain diameter as the characteristic length. Finite element simulations of simple shear tests are presented. The additional boundary condition along the steel plate, characteristic of the Cosserat continuum, allows for modelling the different roughness of the steel plate with consideration of grain rotations. A comparison between the numerical calculations and the experimental results shows acceptable agreement.     

Numerical Analyses of the Influence of Blast-Induced Damaged Rock Around Shallow Tunnels in Brittle Rock

Most of the railway tunnels in Sweden are shallow-seated (<20 m of rock cover) and are located in hard brittle rock masses. The majority of these tunnels are excavated by drilling and blasting, which, consequently, result in the development of a blast-induced damaged zone around the tunnel boundary. Theoretically, the presence of this zone, with its reduced strength and stiffness, will affect the overall performance of the tunnel, as well as its construction and maintenance. The Swedish Railroad Administration, therefore, uses a set of guidelines based on peak particle velocity models and perimeter blasting to regulate the extent of damage due to blasting. However, the real effects of the damage caused by blasting around a shallow tunnel and their criticality to the overall performance of the tunnel are yet to be quantified and, therefore, remain the subject of research and investigation. This paper presents a numerical parametric study of blast-induced damage in rock. By varying the strength and stiffness of the blast-induced damaged zone and other relevant parameters, the near-field rock mass response was evaluated in terms of the effects on induced boundary stresses and ground deformation. The continuum method of numerical analysis was used. The input parameters, particularly those relating to strength and stiffness, were estimated using a systematic approach related to the fact that, at shallow depths, the stress and geologic conditions may be highly anisotropic. Due to the lack of data on the post-failure characteristics of the rock mass, the traditional Mohr–Coulomb yield criterion was assumed and used. The results clearly indicate that, as expected, the presence of the blast-induced damage zone does affect the behaviour of the boundary stresses and ground deformation. Potential failure types occurring around the tunnel boundary and their mechanisms have also been identified.     

Numerical modelling of the effects of foundation scour on the response of a bridge pier

Foundation scour can have a detrimental effect on the performance of bridge piers, inducing a significant reduction of the lateral capacity of the footing and accumulation of permanent settlement and rotation. Although the hydraulic processes responsible for foundation scour are nowadays well known, predicting their mechanical consequences is still challenging. Indeed, its impact on the failure mechanisms developing around the foundation has not been fully investigated. In this paper, numerical simulations are performed to study the vertical and lateral response of a scoured bridge pier founded on a cylindrical caisson foundation embedded in a layer of dense sand. The sand stress–strain behaviour is reproduced by employing the Severn-Trent model. The constitutive model is firstly calibrated on a set of soil element tests, including drained and undrained monotonic triaxial tests and resonant column tests. The calibration procedure is implemented considering the stress and strain nonuniformities within the samples, by simulating the laboratory tests as boundary value problems. The numerical model is then validated against the results of centrifuge tests. The results of the simulations are in good agreement with the experimental results in terms of foundation capacity and settlement accumulation. Moreover, the model can predict the effects of local and general scour. The numerical analyses also highlight the impact of scouring on the failure mechanisms, revealing that the soil resistance depends on the hydraulic scenario.

     

冻土中钢管桩荷载传递函数曲线研究

以室内冻土中钢管桩模型桩静载试验为例,介绍了冻土中钢管桩荷载传递函数的测试过程和计算方法,给出了一定条件下模型钢管桩桩身冻结力荷载传递函数曲线及桩端阻力荷载传递函数曲线,并分析了流变效应对荷载传递的影响.结果表明:模型钢管桩桩侧冻结力荷载传递函数曲线及桩端阻力荷载传递函数曲线其线状大致分别程抛物线及直线;由于流变效应的影响,桩侧冻结应力及端阻应力随时间有不同程度的变化;桩土相对位移和桩端下沉量开始5 h内随时间变化较大,但加载5 h后逐渐向稳定方向发展.其研究结果可为进一步的桩土间的本构关系研究提供参考.     

Three-dimensional finite element analysis of the direct simple shear test

This paper investigates two aspect of the direct simple shear (DSS) using three-dimensional finite element analysis. Firstly, the different total stress paths followed by DDS devices that impose constant cross-sectional area using a stiff external boundary, and those that use a constant total stress lateral boundary condition are explored. This is done by conducting finite element analysis of a single cubic element. It is shown that this element may be subjected to perfect simple shear using four different boundary condition types. Each boundary condition type results in the same effective stress path, but different total stress paths and excess pore pressures. The boundary condition types are related to DSS devices in use. The second aspect investigated is the fact that no DSS device can impose true simple shear conditions, as they are unable to generate the required complementary shear stress on the vertical boundaries. Full three-dimensional finite element analysis of a UWA/Berkeley type simple shear device, which has a constant total stress lateral boundary, is then presented. The results are compared to the ideal solution and effects of stress non-homogeneity on the friction angle and undrained shear strength, deduced from a standard interpretation, are established.     

Drained cavity expansions in soils of finite radial extent subjected to two boundary conditions

The problem of drained cavity expansion in soils of finite radial extent is investigated. Cylindrical and spherical cavities expanded from zero radius subjected to either constant stress or zero displacement at the finite boundary are considered. The generalised analytical solution procedure presented enables more advanced constitutive models to be implemented than have been possible in previous studies. Results generated for Sydney quartz sand highlight substantial differences between cavity limit pressures for the two boundary conditions and for boundaries of finite and infinite radial extent. This is of significance in accounting for boundary effects when interpreting cone penetration tests conducted in calibration chambers. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

断层端部地应力影响因素数值分析

断层端部是煤与瓦斯突出事故的主要危险地段。利用有限差分数值模拟软件FLAC3D模拟断层端部地应力场分布情况。结果表明:断层倾角、断层性质、断层内摩擦角、煤层弹性模量、煤层泊松比和边界应力比是影响断层端部应力大小的主要因素。其中断层内摩擦角和边界应力比对断层端部应力的影响最为敏感,是断层端部应力集中程度的主控因素;断层倾角对断层端部应力的影响比较大,倾角为45°时断层端部应力最大。利用该软件,在临近断层开采区内对断层端部应力集中程度和应力集中范围的预测,有助于确定断层防水煤柱的留设宽度和预防煤与瓦斯突出事故的发生。      

角钢插入式基础抗拔破坏机理研究

通过对角钢插入式基础抗拔试验,分析了角钢与混凝土之间的黏结性能及应力分布特点,探讨了角钢插入式基础抗拔破坏的影响因素,重点研究了插入式基础角钢与混凝土之间的摩擦系数的变化规律,给出了一个比较符合实际且又方便设计的平均摩擦系数。     

基于瑞利-里兹法的岩土三棱柱堆积体的基底应力分布的研究

对岩土三棱柱堆积体的基底应力分布进行了研究,在基底应力的理论解难以求得的情形下,基于瑞利-里兹法求解出基底应力分布的近似解,并具体计算且对比了不同坡比、泊松比、基底边界条件下基底应力分布的变化,得出如下结论：基底法向应力存在应力凹陷现象,坡度越陡,应力凹陷程度越大,底边有约束时应力凹陷程度更明显;泊松比对基底法向应力的分布几乎无影响,泊松比主要影响基底切向应力分布的形态,且泊松比越大,基底切向应力值越大;坡比改变基底切向应力的最大值及其所处位置,坡比越大,基底切向应力值越大,且基底切向应力最大值距离基底中心越远。