皖南旅游资源空间结构分析

旅游资源是旅游区域空间竞争的物质依托,其空间结构影响旅游区域的空间竞争。该文运用最近邻指数R、β指数、γ指数、通达度指数、平均径路长、紧密度指数6种分析技术,对皖南旅游资源的空间分布形态以J支空间网络结构的连接性、通达性等进行了全面的分析,认为目前皖南旅游区内各景区点之间的空间联系较弱,加强和加快构建皖南旅游区旅游交通网络,提高旅游交通网络结构的连接性、通达性水平,是皖南旅游区面临的一个重要问题,紧密度指数C=0．74表明,较为紧凑的区域形态为改善旅游交通网络结构的性能提供了较好的基础。     

珠江三角洲交通通达性空间格局与人口变化关系

基于1988年、1998年、2008年陆路交通网络数据,借助GIS软件,分析了1980年代以来珠三角地区交通网络通达性空间格局的变化,并采用GAM模型,定量分析了1980～2009年期间陆路交通网络与人口变化之间的关系。结果表明:研究时段内,公路交通通达性空间格局以穗-莞-深一线为最高,向外围逐渐递减;铁路交通通达性空间格局以广佛地区为中心向外围逐渐递减;陆路交通网络发展主要受公路网络的影响,铁路在整个交通网络中所起的作用较弱;各阶段通达性提高幅度差异较大,存在递减效应,第一阶段(1988～1998年)通达性提高较第二阶段(1998～2008年)更为显著;公路交通、铁路交通与人口变化关系具有差异性,公路交通对人口变化的作用显著,三个时段内其对人口变化的解释贡献率分别为11.56%、48.07%、44.92%,铁路与人口变化的关系较为薄弱,但在1990年以后,随着铁路网络扩展以及铁路运输服务水平的提高,其与人口变化的关系逐步增强。     

池州市A级旅游景区空间结构

采用最近邻距离模式、连接度、通达度、紧密度分析的研究方法,从总体空间分布特征与区域内空间分布结构2方面对池州市旅游景区空间结构进行分析测定,发现池州市A级旅游景区空间距离较小,呈集聚型分布;β指数为1.56、γ指数为0.53、平均径路长为3.26,旅游景区间交通网络的通达度较低,交通网络联系程度较弱,尚未形成稠密的旅游交通网络,旅游资源整合水平较低;紧密度指数C为0.55,紧凑程度处于中等,为区内旅游交通建设,提高区内旅游资源网络连通性、通达性提供了较好的基础。     

皖南国际旅游文化示范区旅游资源结构分析

旅游资源的质量与空间结构直接影响区域旅游的空间布局和发展态势。以皖南国际旅游文化示范区为研究对象,采用类型强度结构、最近邻比R、α指数、β指数、γ指数、通达度指数、紧密度指数分析其旅游资源的空间结构。研究发现:整体旅游资源类型齐全,旅游资源数量多、等级高、集聚性强,以黄山市为核心聚集区;整体连接度及环路结构较好,交通网络覆盖广且区域中心密集性较强,呈现东强西弱的差异;总体通达度处于中等水平,呈现从市级城区中心到周边区县逐渐下降的格局,节点间移动较通畅,平均通达度为199.78,总体平均径路长为3.61;区域形态较紧凑,连接性、通达性及发展位势相互叠加。提出了优化资源空间结构与提升通道网络水平的建议。     

呼伦贝尔-阿尔山旅游区旅游资源空间结构研究

运用最近邻比率Rn、β指数、γ指数、紧密度指数、平均径路长定量研究呼伦贝尔-阿尔山旅游区的旅游资源空间分布形态以及空间网络结构的连接性和通达性,分析得出,目前该旅游区的旅游资源集聚性强(Rn＝0.03),适合区域旅游活动的开展,但由于β＝1.5,γ＝0.58,平均径路长为2.57,表明旅游交通网络连接性和通达性较差,说明该旅游区的旅游资源空间联系较弱,加强旅游区旅游交通网络体系建设,提高旅游交通网络结构的连接性和通达性水平,是该旅游区急需解决的一个重要问题.由于旅游区紧密度指数C＝0.81,则表明较紧凑的区域形态为改善旅游交通网络结构的性能提供了较好的基础.研究表明,最近邻比率Rn、β指数、γ指数、紧密度指数和平均径路长等5种分析技术是研究区域旅游资源空间结构较为合理的指标.     

交通发展对区域旅游空间结构的影响研究——以皖南旅游区为例

基于交通优势度模型,选取2001年、2005年以及2009年等3个时间截点,运用交通优势度等分析方法研究皖南旅游区交通优势格局的空间变化特征,并在此基础上探讨交通改善对皖南旅游区空间结构的变化影响。结果发现皖南旅游区交通优势水平逐渐提高,交通发展重心逐渐向南转移,交通格局由"单极"逐渐向"双极"形态转变;在交通水平提升的基础上,旅游地空间格局逐渐优化,景区间通达时间逐渐缩短,客源市场结构也相应改变。     

中国大陆交通网络通达性演化

为了分析中国大陆交通网络发展的通达性,诊断其特征与存在问题,为优化路网规划提供支持,将中国大陆铁路、公路网络作为研究对象,以2007年、2016年和2030年为时间节点,将空间句法模型进行扩展以实现其在宏观尺度的应用,分析研究区通达性演化。首先对交通网络分类,对上述时间节点构建空间句法模型;其次采用通达度衡量轴线通达性水平并分析其变化。研究发现:(1)通达性中心大致位于京津冀城市群、长三角城市群、成渝都市圈为顶点的三角形区域内;(2)由上述顶点和珠三角城市群构成的"十"字型交通网络结构特征正在形成,通达性较好的轴线应逐步实现线状、面状分布;(3)提升交通网络通达性中心区位应在于强化上述顶点构成的"钻石型"交通网络结构。     

基于换乘速效度的北京轨道交通网络通达性研究

通过分析轨道交通线路互相换乘时间,构建了衡量城市轨道交通通达性的指标——换乘速效度。基于官方公布及现场实测的数据,度量了北京轨道交通网络的通达性,并采用ArcGIS软件对其通达性空间格局进行了分析。研究结果表明,北京轨道交通网络的换乘速效度为1.0186,低于标准水平,通达性不足;北京轨道交通系统中有9条线路的通达性高于平均水平,其余8条线路通达性较低,10号线和八通线分别为全网通达性最高和最低的线路。换乘速效度指标能够反映轨道交通线网的实际换乘便捷程度,科学评价交通网络的通达性水平,对于北京轨道交通的发展具有一定的参考价值。     

20世纪中国铁路网扩展及其空间通达性

作者设计了运输距离Di和通达性系数等度量交通网络通达性的指标,并以“最短路模型”为基础,分析了100年来中国铁路交通网络的发展以及由此引起的通达性空间格局的变化。结果显示,中国铁路网络结构的演化经历了起步、筑网、延伸、优化4个阶段,但空间扩展的速度相对缓慢。路网扩展和原有路网优化是通达性提高的主要方式;100年铁路建设导致“空间收敛”效果显著。通达性空间格局呈现同心圈层结构,由华北区向四周辐射;且通达性高于全国平均水平的范围也由华北向华东区、中南区扩展,交通中心由天津向郑州逐渐转移。铁路的建设推动了社会经济空间结构的演化,运输走廊的现代化将推动空间经济轴线进一步强化。     

中原城市群公路网络建设与城市化水平相关性研究

分析了中原城市群地区1994～2004年公路交通网络和城市化的发展及现状,寻求区域内公路网络发展和城市化水平相关性,得出二者无论是在时间序列还是在空间系列上都具有显著的线性相关性.证明陈彦光提出的线性相关模型不仅可应用于铁路交通网络分析,而且还能适用于公路交通网络分析.在市场经济条件下,交通网络与城市化是同步发展、相互促进的,且相关性更强.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Development and Environment in Peninsular Malaysia . S. Robert Aiken, Colin H. Leigh, Thomas R. Leinbach, Michael R. Moss. The Rural-Urban Fringe: Canadian Perspectives . Ken B. Beesley and Lorne H. Russwurm, eds. Women and Development . Lourdes Benería, ed. The Border that Joins: Mexican Migrants and U.S. Responsibility . Peter G. Brown and Henry Shue, eds. Cities of the World: World Regional Urban Development . Stanley D. Brunn and Jack L. Williams, eds. Time Resources, Society, and Ecology: On the Capacity for Human Interaction in Space and Time (Vol. I, Preindustrial Societies). Tommy Carlstein. Urban Geography . David Clark. Spanish City Planning in North America . Dora P. Crouch, Daniel J. Garr, and Axel I. Mundigo. Not On Our Street: Community Attitudes to Mental Health Care . M. J. Dear and S. M. Taylor Unequal growth: Urban and Regional Employment Change in the U.K. Stephen Fothergill and Graham Gudgin. Agricultural Land in an Urban Society . Owen J. Furuseth and John T. Pierce. The Petroleum Industry in Oil-Importing Developing Countries . Fariborz Ghadar. Historical Understanding in Geography, An Idealist Approach . Leonard Guelke. Regional Planning in Europe . R. Hudson and J. R. Lewis, eds. Remote Sensing for Resource Management . Chris J. Johannsen and James L. Sanders, eds. Geography and The State . R. J. Johnston. Texas Graveyards: a Cultural Legacy . Tlrry G. Jordan. The Politics of Location: An Introduction . Andrew Kirby. A Social Geography of the City . David Ley. Energy and the Future . Douglas MacLean and Peter Brown, eds. The Natural Environment of Newfoundland Past and Present . A. G. Macpherson and J. B. Macpherson, eds. Tourism: Economic, Physical and Social Impacts . Alister Mathieson and Geoffrey Wall. Railroads and Land Grant Policy: A Study in Government Intervention . Lloyd J. Mercer. Progress in Rural Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Urban Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Models of Spatial Inequality: Settlement Patterns in Historical Archaeology . Robert Paynter. Natural Hazard Risk Assessment and Public Policy, Anticipating the Unexpected . William J. Petak and Arthur A. Atkisson. The Nature of Geomorphology . Alistair F. Pitty. Regional Conflict and National Policy . Kent A. Price Women and Spatial Change: Learning Resources for Social Science Courses . Arlene C. Rengert and Janice J. Monk, eds. Urban and Regional Analysis for Development Planning . Richard Rhoda. Rivers: Form and Process in Alluvial Channels . Keith Richards. This Remarkable Continent: An Atlas of United States and Canadian Society and Culture . John F. Rooney, Jr., Wilbur Zelinsky, and Dean R. Louder, gen. eds. The Origins of Open-Field Agriculture . Trevor Rowley, ed. Residential Location Determinants of the Older Population . Gundars Rudzitis. Borderland Sourcebook: A Guide to the Literature on Northern Mexico and the American Southwest . Ellwyn R. Stoddard, Richard L. Nostrand, and Jonathan P. West, eds. Arctic and Antarctic . David Sugden. Tall Timbers Ecology and Management Conference, February 22–24, 1979, Proceedings No. 16 . Graphic Communication and Design in Contemporary Cartography (Progress in Contemporary Cartography , Vol. II). D. R. Fraser Taylor, ed. Living with Energy Shortfall: A Future for American Towns and Cities . Jon Van Til. The United States: Habitation of Hope . J. Wreford Watson. Air Photo Interpretation for Archaeologists . D. R. Wilson. Urban and Rural Change in West Germany . Trevor Wild, ed. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Geography and the Third World. International Seminar, 14–18 May 1980, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia . Ishmail Ahmad and Jamaluddin Md Jahi, eds. The Growth Dilemma: Residents' Views and Local Population Change in the United States . Mark Baldassare. Sport and Place: A Geography of Sport in England, Scotland & Wales . John Bale. The Deindustrialization of America: Plant Closings, Community Abandonment, and the Dismantling of Basic Industry . Barry Bluestone and Bennett Harrison. Selected Essays 1963–1975: Carl O. Sauer . Bob Callahen, ed. Housing and Planning in the Countryside . G. Clark. Conflict, Politics and the Urban Scene . Kevin R. Cox and R. J. Johnston, eds. Thematic Maps: Their Design and Production . David J. Cuff and Mark T. Mattson. Wine: A Geographic Appreciation . Harm Jan de Blij. USSR in Maps . J. C. Dewdney. Political Geography: A Contemporary Perspective . Ramesh D. Dikshit. Rethinking Human Adaptation . Rada Dyson-Hudson and Michael A. Little, eds. Sacred Sands: The Struggle for Community in the indiana Dunes . J. Ronald Engel. Geography of the Biosphere . A. Furley and Walter W. Newey. Disaster and Reconstruction . Robert Geipel. Glasgow: The Making of a City . Andrew Gibb. Design for Arid Regions . Giden S. Golany, ed. Urbanization and Cancer Mortality: The United States Experience, 1950–1975 . Michael R. Greenberg. Geology in the Nineteenth Century: Changing Views of a Changing World . Mott T. Greene. Colonización y Destrucción de Bosques en Panamá . Stanley Heckadon Moreno and Alberto McKay, eds. Urban Geography: A First Approach . David T. Herbert and Colin J. Thomas. The Visual and Spatial Structure of Landscapes . Tadahiko Higuchi. Climate from Tree Rings . M. K. Hughes, P. M. Kelly, J. R. Pilcher, and V. C. LaMarche, Jr., eds. The structure of Nineteenth Century Cities . James H. Johnson and Colin G. Pooley, eds. The American Planner: Biographies and Recollections . Donald A. Krueckeberg, ed. Urban Land Policy For the 1980s, the Message for State and Local Government . George Lefcoe, ed. Regional Planning: Evolution, Crisis and Prospects . Gill C. Lim, ed. Relevance and Ethics In Geography . Bruce Mitchell and Dianne Draper. China: The Geography of Development and Modernization . Clifton W. Pannell and Laurence J. C. MA. The Urban Retailing System . Robert B. Potter. Hants. Nonconventional Energy Resources . Philip R. Pryde. Caribbean Migrants: Environment and Human Survival on St. Kitts and Nevis . Bonham C. Richardson. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson. East Los Angeles: History of A Barrio . Ricardo Romo. Integrated Impact Assessment . Frederick A. Rossini and Alan L. Porter, eds. Environmental Aesthetics: Essays in Interpretation . Barry Sadler and Allen Carlson, eds. Earthwatch . Charles Sheffield. Field Techniques and Research Methods in Geography . Robert H. Stoddard. Haiti: Land of Poverty . Robert J. Tata. Weathering and Erosion: Sources and Methods in Geography . Stephen T. Trudgill. Once Beneath the Forest. Prehistoric Terracing in the Río Bec Region of the Maya Lowlands . B. L. Turner, II. The Historical Geography of Scotland since 1707 . David Turnock.     

PRODUCTIVITY OF AMERICAN PH.D.-GRANTING DEPARTMENTS OF GEOGRAPHY

Reviews of geographic software in this article:

DEMO-GRAPHICS: WORLD POPULATIONS AND PROJECTIONS.

ESP

GAUSS.

CEMODEL S. Damus

LIMDEP. William H. Greene

MICROSTAT 4.1

OTIS

PCIPS. (Personal Computer Image Processing System). H.J. Meyers and R. Bernstein.

REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF TIME SERIES (RATS)

SPSS/PC+

URBAN DATA MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE (UDMS)     

Deserts and Aeolian Desertification in China: Book review and some thoughts

Desertification is a global phenomenon that affects about two billion people. It occurs in arid zones where the annual precipitation is below 400 mm, partic- ularly in the marginal areas of the world＇s largest deserts. It is a result of water and wind erosion, over- grazing, global warm-ing, improper soil cultivation, and increased pressure ot population growth, and it causes degradation of soil and natural and agricultural vegetation. The direct result is less food for people and livestock, which influences pop- ulation and animal husbandry fluctuations. Despite ef- forts to combat and reduce desertification, the affected areas are annually increasing.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Rabat: Urban Apartheid in Morocco . Janet Abu -Lughod . Marketplaces in a Developing Country: The Case of Western Nigeria . Isaac Ayinde Adalemo . Farming Development and Space: A World Agricultural Geography . Bernd Andreae . Section and Party: A Political Geography of American Presidential Elections, from Andrew Jackson to Ronald Reagan . J. Clark Archer and Peter J. Taylor . Women and Space: Ground Rules and Social Maps . Shirley Ardener , ed. European Progress in Spatial Analysis . R. J. Bennett , ed. The Origins of Academic Geography in the United States . Brian W. Blouet Geographic Perspectives on Global Problems . Ronald Reed Boyce . Seasonal Dimensions to Rural Poverty . Robert Chambers , Richard Longhurst and Arnold Pacey eds. The New Nationalism and the Use of Common Spaces: Issues in Marine Pollution and the Exploitation of Antarctica . Jonathan I. Charney , ed. Communications Tomorrow: The Coming of the Information Society . Edward Cornish , ed. The Design of Suburbia . Arthur Edwards . Explorer on the Northern Plains: Lieutenant Gouverneur K. Warren's Preliminary Report of Explorations in Nebraska and Dakota in the Years 1855–56–57. With an Introduction by Frank N. Schubert . The Changing Climate: Responses of the Natural Flora and Fauna . Michael J. Ford . Essentials of Physical Geography . Robert E. Gabler , Robert J. Sager , Sheila Brazier , and Daniel L. Wise. The Road to Jaramillo . William Glen . Valued Environments . John R. Gold and Jacquelin Burgess , eds. Proximity and Preference: Problems in the Multidimensional Analysis of Large Data Sets . Reginald G. Golledge and John N. Rayner , eds. A Search for Common Ground . Peter Gould and Gunnar Olsson , eds. Geography: Its History and Concepts . Arild Holt -Jensen . A Population Geography . Huw R. Jones . The Human Mosaic: A Thematic Introduction to Cultural Geography, 3rd ed. Terry G. Jordan and Lester Rowntree . Urban Social Geography: An Introduction . Paul Knox . The Anatomy of Job Loss: The How, Why and Where of Employment Decline . Doreen Massey and Richard Meegan . The Information Society as Post-Industial Society . Yoneji Masuda . Map Librarianship, 2nd ed. Harold Nichols . India: Cultural Patterns and Processes . Allen G. Noble and Ashok K. Dutt , eds. The God that Limps: Science and Technology in the Eighties . Colin Norman . Geography: An Introductory Perspective . Robert E. Norris , Keith D. Harries and John D. Vitek . The Politics of Technology Assessment . David M. O'Brien and Donald A. Marchand . Ethnic Segregation in Cities . Ceri Peach , Vaughan Robinson and Susan Smith , eds. Churches and Church Membership in the United States, 1980 . Bernard Quinn , Herman Anderson , Martin Bradley , Paul Goetting and Peggy Shriver . Energy in Australia: Politics and Economics . Hugh Saddler . Development from Above or Below? The Dialectics of Regional Planning in Developing Countries . Walter B. Stóuhr and D. R. Fraser Taylor , eds. Human Impact on the Ecosystem . Joy Tivy and Greg O'Hare . Plants and People: Vegetation Change in North America . Thomas R. Vale . The Mapmakers: The Story of the Great Pioneers in Cartography from Antiquity to the Space Age . John Noble Wilford .     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: The Rice Economy of Asia . Randolph Barker and Robert W. Herdt with Beth Rose. Using Microcomputers: A Guidebook for Writers, Teachers, and Researchers in the Social Sciences . Blaine A. Erie—the Lake that Survived . Noel M. Burns. Geology and Society . Donald R. Coates. Caves and Karst of Kentucky . Percy H. Dougherty, ed. Altered Harvest: Agriculture, Genetics, and the Fate of the World's Food Supply . Jack Doyle. The Middle East and North Africa, A Political Geography . Alasdair Drysdale and Gerald H. Blake. Clamor at the Gates. The New American Immigration . Nathan Glazer, ed. Development and the Landowner: An analysis of the British experience . Robin Goodchild and Richard Munton. Discovering Landscape in England and Wales . Andrew Goudie and Rita Gardner. The Modern Plantation in the Third World . Edgar Graham and Ingrid Floering. Social Relations and Spatial Structures . Derek Gregory and John Urry, eds. The World Food Problem 1950–1980 . David Grigg. Costa Rica: A Geographical Interpretation in Historical Perspective . Carolyn Hall. The Urbanization of Capital: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey Consciousness and the Urban Experience: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey. Reviving Main Street . Deryck Holdsworth, ed. Rural Roads and Poverty Alleviation . John Howe and Peter Richards, eds. Uneven Development in Southern Europe: Studies of Accumulation, Class, Migration and the State . Ray Hudson and Jim Lewis, eds. Karst Geomorphology . J. N. Jennings. The Geomorphology of North-west England . R. H. Johnson, ed. Climate Impact Assessment: Studies of the Interaction of Climate and Society . Robert Kates, Jesse Ausubel, Mimi Berberian, eds. Public Service Provision and Urban Development . Andrew Kirby, Paul Knox, and Steven Pinch, ed. State and Market: The Politics of the Public and the Private . Jan-Erik Lane, ed. Living Cities . Twentieth Century Fund Task Force on Urban Preservation Policies. World Climatic Systems . John G. Lockwood. Urban Ethnicity in the United States. New Immigrants and Old Minorities . Lionel Maldonaldo and Joan Moore, eds. Culture and Conservation: The Human Dimension in Environmental Planning . Jeffrey A. McNeely and David Pitt, eds. The Andean Past. Land, Societies, and Conflicts . Magnus Mörner. Gaia: An Atlas of Planet Management . Norman Myers, ed. Progress in Industrial Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Political Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Rivers and Landscape . Geoff Petts and Ian Foster. Urbanization and Planning in the 3rd World: Spatial Perceptions and Public Participation . Robert B. Potter. One Island, Two Nations? A Political Geographical Analysis of the National Conflict in Ireland . D. G. Pringle. Circulation in Third World Countries . R. Mansell Prothero and Murray Chapman. The Ozarks Outdoors: A Guide for Fishermen, Hunters, and Tourists . Milton D. Rafferty. Suburban Burglary: A Time and a Place for Everything . George Rengert and John Wasilchick. Geomorphology and Soils . K.S. Richards, R.R. Arnett, and S. Ellis, eds. The Homes and Homeless of Post-War Britain . Frederick Shaw. Indochinese Refugees in America . Paul J. Strand and Woodrow Jones, Jr. Wild Horses and Sacred Cows . Richard Symanski. Forever Wild: Environmental Aesthetics and the Adirondack Forest Preserve . Philip G. Terrie. The Regional Economic Impact of Technological Change . A.T. Thwaites and R.P. Oakey, eds. The Good Life . Yi-Fu Tuan.     

REVIEWS OF GEOGRAPHIC SOFTWARE

Reviews of geographic software in this article: DEMO-GRAPHICS: WORLD POPULATIONS AND PROJECTIONS. ESP GAUSS. CEMODEL S. Damus LIMDEP. William H. Greene MICROSTAT 4.1 OTIS PCIPS. (Personal Computer Image Processing System) . H.J. Meyers and R. Bernstein. REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF TIME SERIES (RATS) SPSS/PC+ URBAN DATA MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE (UDMS)     

Guidelines to Authors

1. Aims and scope
Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions （SCAR） is a bimonthly journal that publishes in English the latest research achievements in processes and the pattems of the Earth surface system in cold and arid regions. Researches in cold regions emphasize particularly on the cold-region-characterized physical,