The Origin and Significance of Debris-charged Ridges at the Surface of Storglaciären, Northern Sweden

Storglaciären is a 3.2 km long polythermal valley glacier in northern Sweden. Since 1994 a number of small (1–2 m high) transverse debris‐charged ridges have emerged at the ice surface in the terminal zone of the glacier. This paper presents the results of a combined structural glaciological, isotopic, sedimentological and ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) study of the terminal area of the glacier with the aim of understanding the evolution of these debris‐charged ridges, features which are typical of many polythermal glaciers. The ridges originate from steeply dipping (50–70°) curvilinear fractures on the glacier surface. Here, the fractures contain bands of sediment‐rich ice between 0.2 and 0.4 m thick composed of sandy gravel and diamicton, interpreted as glaciofluvial and basal glacial material, respectively. Structural mapping of the glacier from aerial photography demonstrates that the curvilinear fractures cannot be traced up‐glacier into pre‐existing structures visible at the glacier surface such as crevasses or crevasse traces. These curvilinear fractures are therefore interpreted as new features formed near the glacier snout. Ice adjacent to these fractures shows complex folding, partly defined by variations in ice facies, and partly by disseminated sediment. The isotopic composition (δ¹⁸O) of both coarse‐clear and coarse‐bubbly glacier ice facies is similar to the isotopic composition of the interstitial ice in debris layers that forms the debris‐charged ridges, implying that none of these facies have undergone any significant isotopic fractionation by the incomplete freezing of available water. The GPR survey shows strong internal reflections within the ice beneath the debris‐charged ridges, interpreted as debris layers within the glacier. Overall, the morphology and distribution of the fractures indicate an origin by compressional glaciotectonics near the snout, either at the thermal boundary, where active temperate glacier ice is being thrust over cold stagnant ice near the snout, or as a result of large‐scale recumbent folding in the glacier. Further work is required to elucidate the precise role of each of these mechanisms in elevating the basal glacial and glaciofluvial material to the ice surface.     

基于卫星资料的气溶胶对冰云影响及分布特征分析

通过利用2010年1月—2016年12月CALIOP(the Cloud-aerosol lidar with orthogonal polariz-ation)冰云和气溶胶3级月平均产品和MODIS(Moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer)大气3级日平均产品研究气溶...     

京津冀夏季强降水下冰云宏微观特征

根据Aqua MODIS 2级云产品和Cloudsat的2级产品资料,结合降水数据和MODIS L1B级辐射率数据,对发生在京津冀地区夏季的三次强降水过程中冰云的宏微观物理量的特征进行分析,并探究这些物理量和降水强度的关系。结果表明：在水平分布中,强降水过程中降水强度高值区内云相为冰云,冰云云顶高度在8~17 km,冰云粒子有效半径、冰云光学厚度、冰水路径分别最高可达60 μm、 150、 5 000 g?m^-2;冰云光学厚度、冰水路径、冰云云顶高度随降水强度增大而增大。在垂直分布中,冰云主要分布在3.5 km以上,发生强降水站点的冰云为深对流云,冰云粒子有效半径、冰水含量、冰云粒子数浓度分别最高可达150 μm、 3 000 mg?m^-3 、 500 L^-1;冰云粒子有效半径高值区存在于云层中下部,且随高度上升而减小,冰云粒子数浓度高值区存在于云层中上部,且随高度上升而增加,冰水含量高值区则存在于云层中部;冰云粒子有效半径、冰水含量、冰云粒子数浓度在9 km以上随降水强度增大而增大。     

极地冰芯中记录的火山作用及其对气候的影响

大多数火山喷发以强酸 (主要是硫酸 )的形式在极地冰芯中留下痕迹 ,通过冰芯连续电导率 (ECM)或各个雪冰样品SO42 - 浓度测定能够恢复历史上的火山作用。极地冰芯中已知年代的火山喷发还可用于冰芯定年。极地冰芯记录的火山信号大小依赖于火山喷发的规模和类型 ,火山喷发的地理位置和酸性气体组成 ,大气气溶胶传输 ,以及沉降地点的年积累率和沉积后生过程等。单个火山喷发通常会导致数月至数年的半球乃至全球范围的气候相对变冷 (这种现象在极区变得更明显 ) ,但过去大规模的爆炸性火山喷发对气候的影响及其与气候变化之间的联系仍有待于进一步研究     

Detection of ground ice using ground penetrating radar method

The paper presents the results of a ground penetrating radar (GPR) application for the detection of ground ice. We combined a reflection traveltime curves analysis with a frequency spectrogram analysis. We found special anomalies at specific traces in the traveltime curves and ground boundaries analysis, and obtained a ground model for subsurface structure which allows the ground ice layer to be identified and delineated.     

The melting of floating ice raises the ocean level

It is shown that the melting of ice floating on the ocean will introduce a volume of water about 2.6 per cent greater than that of the originally displaced sea water. The melting of floating ice in a global warming will cause the ocean to rise. If all the extant sea ice and floating shelf ice melted, the global sea level would rise about 4 cm. The sliding of grounded ice into the sea, however, produces a mean water level rise in two parts ; some of the rise is delayed. The first part, while the ice floats, is equal to the volume of displaced sea water. The second part, equal to 2.6 per cent of the first, is contributed as it melts. These effects result from the difference in volume of equal weights of fresh and salt water. This component of sea rise is apparently unrecognized in the literature to date, although it can be interpreted as a form of halosteric sea level change by regarding the displaced salt water and the meltwater (even before melting) as a unit. Although salinity changes are known to affect sea level, all existing analyses omit our calculated volume change. We present a protocol that can be used to calculate global sea level rise on the basis of the addition of meltwater from grounded and floating ice; of course thermosteric volume change must be added.     

不同月海冰边界提取算法对南极海冰变化的影响分析

海冰与海水的交界地带是海-冰-气相互作用的重要区域,其变化会影响海洋生物栖息地的联通状态和海洋、大气的交换,确定海冰边界对于分析海冰动态变化具有重要意义[1-2]。被动微波传感器为长期监测海冰变化提供了大尺度的连续观测数据。从经典统计、随机集理论出发,应用三种由被动微波日均海冰密集度数据提取月均海冰边界的方法,分析三种月均边界的差异,以及不同月均边界提取方法对海冰长期变化分析的影响。     

Ice algae in the Barents Sea: types of assemblages, origin, fate and role in the ice-edge phytoplankton bloom

Ice algal accumulations were recognised by their vertical distribution in the ice, as surface, interior and bottom assemblages. The latter were quantitatively the most important in the Barents Sea and in particular the sub-ice assemblage floating towards, or attached to, the undcr-surface of the sea ice. Colonisation of the ice takes place by a "sieving" of the water between closely spaced platelets on the ice under-surface. Once associated with the ice, the assemblage undergoes a succession terminated by the dominance of ice specialists. In a horizontal S-N section through the ice, three distinct zones may be recognised: at the ice edge the recently colonised ice has a layer of algae up to a few millimeters in thickness consisting primarily of planktonic species. Further into older first year ice the algal layer becomes thicker and is typically dominated by the pennate diatom Nilzschia frigida Grunow. Below multi-year ice in the central polar basin decimetre-thick mats of algae are found, consisting almost exclusively of the centric diatom Melosira arclica (Ehrenberg) Dickie and a few associated, mostly epiphytic, species. The predominantly planktonic sub-ice assemblages at the ice edge can grow under stable conditions as soon as the light becomes adequate in the spring, and they are able to multiply actively for one to two months before planktonic growth is possible. The sub-ice plankton assemblage thus forms an inoculum released to the stabilising water when the ice starts melting. This may explain how a phytoplankton bloom can develop explosively at the ice edge as soon as the ice melting commences, at a time when the number of algal cells in the water column is still very low.     

利用海冰密集度数据分析北极冰间湖变化

冰间湖内存在强烈的海-气相互作用和结冰析盐过程,在极区以及全球气候系统中起着重要作用。本文基于数字图像处理技术,从AMSR-E高分辨卫星遥感海冰密集度数据中提取了长时间序列的冰间湖变化信息,研究北极冰间湖内的净水面积、净水表面的净热通量(向上为正)、产冰量和产盐量的季节和年际变化,比较不同冰间湖区域之间的差异。研究结果表明:总净水面积分别在结冰初期和末期存在极大值,而由于总净水面积季节变化幅度不是很大,总产冰量和产盐量的季节变化主要受净热通量影响,在1月份存在极大值;在不同冰间湖区域内净水面积的季节变化中,进入结冰期越早的冰间湖内净水面积越快达到首次极大值;净热通量的年际变化趋势总体上是减小的,总净水面积是增加大的,其中靠近太平洋和大西洋入流口的冰间湖内净热通量减小的速率要比其他区域快,靠近亚欧大陆的冰间湖内净水面积增长速率要比其他区域大;总产冰量的年际变化同总净水面积基本一致,也是呈增加趋势。最后通过研究冰间湖的年际变化信息同海冰范围变化的相关性,发现如果连续多年冰间湖内年平均净热通量为负的异常,那么海冰范围将出现一次极小值。     

基于遥感影像的黄河内蒙古段冰-水分类研究

及时获取凌汛期河冰和水体的空间分布特征,对于预测冰凌灾害、提高防凌信息化管理水平有重要意义。遥感技术是当前获取河冰和水体空间分布的最主要手段之一。但是,黄河水体有大量悬浮泥沙,这给基于遥感技术的高精度冰-水分类带来了挑战。以黄河内蒙古段为例,基于Landsat 8 OLI遥感影像数据,在利用归一化积雪指数（NDSI）及河道矢量数据排除无关地物的基础上,对比了近红外波段反射率值、归一化差异水体指数（NDWI）、归一化积雪指数（NDSI）、改进的归一化积雪指数（MNDSI）以及归一化差异未封冻水体指数（NDUWI）在黄河内蒙古段典型河道河冰、水体分类中的表现,计算各指标总体分类精度及Kappa系数并进行阈值稳定性分析。结果表明：在利用NDSI和高清历史影像排除河道外无关地物后,NDUWI在各子段影像中的总体分类精度和Kappa系数均达到90.00%及0.90以上,其河冰、水体最优区分阈值大体分布于阈值中值附近。研究结果可为凌汛期黄河冰凌监测方法的选取以及冰上爆破位置的拟定提供依据。     

基于 MODIS 和 CloudSat 的京津冀降水冰云季节分布特征

利用 2008 年 9 月~2016 年 8 月 Aqua MODIS 和 CloudSat 卫星数据,筛选出京津冀地区的降水 冰云,同时将其分为 4 个区域讨论,得到关于该地区降水冰云 4 个季节的分布特征,为该地区的人 工影响天气提供依据。结果表明：京津冀整个地区的降水冰云在夏季的发生率都较高,且发生率 有上升的趋势。从整个地区看来,京津冀地区的降水冰云的云顶高度在冬季最低、夏季最高,云顶 温度的最小值在冬季最高、夏季最低;京津冀地区的降水冰云在春夏秋 3 季均以单层云为主,而在 冬季则以双层云为主;京津冀地区的降水冰云的类型按春夏秋冬分别为 7 种、7 种、6 种和 5 种,且在 夏季该地区的降水冰云以深对流云为主（占 48.3%）,而其他季节以雨层云为主;京津冀地区降水冰 云微物理量（包括冰水含量、粒子数浓度、粒子有效半径）主要分布高度分别为 0~13.5 km（春季）、 3.5~17.0 km（夏季）、1.0~14.0 km（秋季）、0~11.0 km（冬季）。冰水含量、粒子有效半径和粒子数浓度 的分布高度和最大值均在夏季最高,但粒子有效半径在秋季最低,冰水含量和粒子数浓度在冬季 最低。这 3 种微物理量随高度的分布特征夏季在京津冀各分区较为一致,都呈单峰结构,在其他季 节差异较大。     

南极海冰区冰藻类群及兴衰过程

本文总结了国际上对南极冰藻类群及其生理生态特性的多年研究成果 ,结合我国科学家在南极长城站以及在戴维斯和中山站的越冬研究 ,阐述了南极海冰区的冰藻类群及其形成机理 ,对冰藻的形成、存活、旺发和消亡过程进行讨论 ,并对大洋浮冰区和近岸固定冰区冰藻类群的生态特性进行对比 ,提出了今后有待进一步深入研究的领域     

巴丹吉林沙漠典型湖冰冻结-消融的空间模式差异

利用多源遥感数据解译、野外考察、原位观测等方法,分析了巴丹吉林沙漠腹地湖泊群湖冰冻结-消融空间模式及其差异的主要影响因素.结果表明:该沙漠存在4种冻结-消融空间模式,湖冰自湖岸蔓延至湖心、冻结早的区域融化晚;湖冰自湖岸蔓延至湖心、冻结早的区域融化早;湖冰自湖泊一岸扩展至另一岸、冻结早的区域融化晚;湖冰自湖泊一岸扩展至另...     

北冰洋浮冰和开阔海面上的能量平衡特征

利用中国首次北极考察队于 1 999年 8月 1 9日～ 2 4日在北冰洋浮冰区获得的大气近地层垂直廓线和辐射等资料 ,依据相似理论方法 ,对比分析了北冰洋无冰海面和冰面上热平衡参数的变化特征。结果表明 ,海面与大气和冰面与大气之间相互作用的边界层物理过程差异十分明显。冰面吸收的净辐射仅为海面的 6%左右 ,主要消耗于感热输送和冰面融化过程 ,不足部分由水汽在冰面上凝结释放的潜热和冰中的热通量来补充。海面吸收的净辐射主要消耗于潜热输送过程 ,占净辐射的 50 % ,其余热量传向水体深层和用于感热输送 ,分别占净辐射的 2 6%和 2 4 %。由此可见 ,在北冰洋夏季 ,无冰海面有大量的水汽向大气输送 ,这对研究北冰洋地区大气边界层的季节变化过程是至关重要的     

2003年与1999年楚科奇海海冰的差异及其发生原因

我国在1999年和2003年进行了两次北极考察,这两年海冰的冰情差别很大,分别对应冰情较重和较轻的年份。本文利用卫星遥感资料对1999年和2003年的海冰分布状况及其差异进行了全面的分析,并利用气温和风场资料深入研究形成这种差异的动力学原因。结果表明, 2003年的海冰冰情与1999年相比要轻很多,海冰面积在春季融冰季节和秋季冻结季节显著减小。2003年春季,来自白令海的海水提早半个月进入楚科奇海,导致海冰大范围融化。但是,到了夏季,海冰的面积减少过程停滞下来。而秋季楚科奇海封冻过程比1999年晚半个月。以上这些特征形成了2003年与1999年海冰的显著差异。研究结果表明, 2003年春季和秋季的气温比1999年要明显增高,最大月平均温差接近18°C,显著的高温为海冰融化的加剧和冻结的推迟提供了热量。直接影响海冰分布的是海面风场,两年风场的差异产生了来自白令海的太平洋入流的差异,对春季海冰融化的提前、夏季入流的减弱和秋季冻结过程的推迟起到关键的作用。季节性气象要素的年际差异可以归因于整个北极的AO系统变化, 2003年AO指数是正值, 1999年为负值,成为楚科奇海局地海冰变化的气候背景。     

Discussion on possibilities of taking ground ice in permafrost as water sources on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau during climate warming

Large amounts of ground ice are born with permafrost on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.Degradation of permafrost resulted from the climate warming will inevitably lead to melting of ground ice.The water released from the melting ground ice enters hydrologic cycles at various levels,and changes regional hydrologic regimes to various degrees.Due to difficulties in monitoring the perma-frost-degradation-release-water process,direct and reliable evidence is few.The accumulative effect of releasing water,however,is remarkable in the macro-scale hydrologic process.On the basis of the monitoring results of water-levels changes in some lakes on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,and combined with the previous results of the hydrologic changing trends at the regional scale,the authors preliminarily discussed the possibilities of the degrading permafrost on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau as a potential water source during climate warming.     

南极中山站及毗邻地区湖泊与冰雪COD_(Mn)研究

在 CHINARE- 1 5考察期间对中山站及毗邻地区的湖泊和冰雪进行了采样。它们的CODMn指数与中国《地面水环境质量标准》相比 ,可分为三类 :一类水质所占比重最大 ,大约为56% ,二类和三类分别为 37%、7%。各类水体的 CODMn指数主要为自然源所贡献 ,人为污染不明显。湖水的 CODMn指数是生物生长状况、有机质含量、盐度和水体氧化还原程度的综合体现 ,新鲜降雪样的 CODMn指数指示了该地区的大气洁净度。     

南极海冰、冰穴和冰川冰及其对水团形成和变性的作用

本文利用前人的成果及笔者1992/1993年的南极海冰观测和收集的资料以及水文观测资料数据阐述了南极海冰的特性,特别是南极海冰过程、冰穴以及冰川冰对南极水团(南极表层水、南极底层水、南极陆架水、南极中层水以及南极冰架水)的形成和变性所起的特殊作用。 南极海冰覆盖面积的年际变化,夏季最大年份是最小年份的2倍多,冬季年间变化较小,最大仅为20％;但其季节变化非常大,冬季平均覆盖面积通常是夏季的5倍。南极海冰对大气-海洋间相互作用有重大影响,特别是深海洋区中冬季的结冰和发育造成的垂向对流、夏季的融化是形成南极表层水(含南极冬季水和南极夏季表层水),进而形成南极中层水的主要原因;南极陆架区的的海冰兴衰过程是形成南极陆架水的直接原因,它与变性南极绕极深层水混合并受到冰川冰的进一步冷却作用,成为形成南极底层水的主要水团;南极冰架底部的冷却、融化和冰架以下水体的结冰作用形成的高盐对流过程产生的南极冰架水,亦是形成南极底层水的贡献者。 冰穴是70年代以来卫星观测的重大发现。对其形成和对大气、海洋的影响作用尚不完全清楚,初步的研究成果表明,冰穴中产生的热盐对流对南极水团的形成、变性、大洋深层的翻转以及海洋-大气间的热量传输和气体交换起有非常重要的作用。     

Englacial hydrological characteristics of a typical continental-type glacier in China as detected by ground-penetrating radar

The englacial structures and ice thickness of the Laohugou No. 12 (L12) Glacier in the Qilian Mountains, China, were retrieved from ground-penetrating radar (GPR) profile data acquired in August of 2007. Here the interpretation of a typical GPR image is validated using two-dimensional, Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) numerical modeling. Data analyses revealed many englacial characteristics, such as temperate ice, crevasses, and cavities at the position of convergence between the eastern and western glacial branches of L12, and at an altitude between 4,600 and 4,750 m a.s.l. on the east branch. Combining ice thickness, englacial structures, subglacial topography, and surface flow velocities of this glacier, we analyzed the reasons for the distribution of temperate ice. The results show that greater englacial water content is associated with englacial crevassing and surface moulins, which allow water to be channeled to the temperate ice aquifer beneath the surface cold ice layer. Analysis of air temperature data shows that as more meltwater imports into the ice body, this has a great effect on water conservation and dynamics conditions. With climate warming, and under the influence of crevasses, subglacial structures, and ice thickness, ice thickness reduction on the L12 east branch is more rapid than that on the west branch.     

南极中山站附近海域固定冰的夏季变化

利用中国第21、22次南极科学考察(2004/2005、2005/2006)对中山站附近海域固定冰物理特性系统观测的结果,特别是依据其中2005年11月下旬至2006年1月下旬的现场实测数据详细分析了中山站附近海域固定冰消融过程物理性质的变化特征。结果表明:此区域固定冰从11月下旬开始消融,融冰期为62 d;同时,融冰期冰下水体温度迅速升高;在不断增强的太阳短波辐射和海洋热通量作用下,海冰温度也逐渐上升,并出现"相对冷中间层";热力和动力外强迫作用下,2005年12月18日-2006年1月14日期间此区域固定冰边缘线后退了20.9 km;另外,2005年12月18日固定冰边缘区走航冰厚监测结果还表明,边缘区海冰厚度在向岸方向有明显的增加趋势,并且随着接近海岸海冰厚度的离散程度逐渐减小。