基于腹地划分的中国城市群空间影响范围识别

城市群空间影响范围的界定是认清城市群内中心城市与腹地、城市与城市间相互关联的基础。采用主成分分析法计算中国287个地级及以上城市的结节性指数,利用累积耗费距离法和k阶数据场,综合测度了交通可达性与空间场能,根据场强"取大"原则对城市腹地进行了划分,依据城市腹地范围界定了城市群的空间影响范围。结果表明:①中国地级以上城市最大和最小结节性指数相差157.53倍,城市平均可达时间为193.43 min,场能平均值为5 412,最大和最小城市腹地相差3 751倍;②23个城市群中,空间影响范围最大的是北疆城市群,空间平均场强最大的是中原城市群;③城市群在空间上呈现为发育程度不同的"11+9+3"的分布格局和逆时针90°旋转的"β"型城市群连绵带发展格局;④基于腹地划分的城市群空间影响范围充分考虑了现实的交通网络和地形地貌特点,实现了对广域空间范围内城市腹地范围和城市群空间影响范围的定量测度。     

An Overview of Distribution Characteristics and Formation Mechanisms in Global Arid Areas

The ecological environment in arid areas is extremely fragile and especially sensitive to climate response. Continuous research on the climate and its impact mechanism in the arid zones is of great scientific significance for deeper understanding of the cause of climatic formation and better prediction of climate in arid regions. Some research progresses in recent decades both at home and abroad have been overviewed, including the distribution of arid areas, the causes of arid area climatic formation and arid area climate change. Studies have shown that AI index is an effective criterion for dividing arid areas. There are 8 major arid areas in the world; climatic formation in arid areas is the result of multiple factors; there are 6 kinds of influencing factors, such as Hadley Cell, land-air interaction and so on; the unlikely trend between dry and wet is obvious in arid areas, and some regions are facing more severe drought trends such as North Africa and China-Mongolia, while others show a trend of wetting such as the Midwest of the United States. At present, there are still some scientific problems to be solved urgently:The response of various arid regions to global warming is quite different, and climate prediction in these zones is both important and difficult; the uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has a tremendous impact on the arid area of China-Mongolia, but the models of this field are not perfect enough; there are no accepted conclusions about the causes of climatic formation in different arid regions and the causes of their different wet and dry trends. At present, it is still impossible to quantitatively distinguish the relative contributions of various influencing factors in the climate evolution of drylands and their response processes.     

Hydrological and climatic changes in deserts of China since the late Pleistocene

Large areas in western China were wetlands or less arid between 40 and 30 ka, corresponding to the “Greatest Lake Period” on the adjacent Tibetan Plateau. During the last glacial maximum, some of these western Chinese deserts again experienced wetter conditions; however, at the same time the sandy lands in the eastern Chinese desert belt experienced an activation of aeolian dunes. While interpretations of the mid-Holocene environment in the deserts of China are controversial, it is quite likely that it was more humid not only in the eastern areas influenced by monsoon climate systems but also in the western deserts where moisture is currently associated with westerlies. Evaluation of lacustrine records in the lakes recharged by dryland rivers and the complex interactions of these systems, as well as other paleoenvironmental proxies such as the Artemisia/Chenopodiaceae ratio, should be interpreted with greater caution. Facing the highlighted uncertainties in our understanding of climate changes in Chinese deserts, it is hoped that this special issue will improve our knowledge considerably.     

中国地震滑坡危险性评估及其对国土空间规划的影响研究

中国是世界上地震滑坡灾害最为严重的国家之一.考虑地质构造、地形地貌、地层岩性、河流、地震动参数等6类影响因素,针对50年超越概率10％的抗震设防水准,分别开展了基于信息量模型和Newmark模型的地震滑坡危险性评估.基于最不利原则对两项结果进行地震滑坡危险性综合分区,揭示了中国地震滑坡高危险区集中在南北构造带、青藏高原...     

Patterns of population change in Ghana (1984–2000): urbanization and frontier development

The study addresses population dynamics in Ghana on the urban and regional levels between 1984 and 2000. At the urban level, the development trends are analyzed for urban localities (population above 5,000) on the basis of geo-coded census data. Potential driving forces for rapid population growth related to size, location, accessibility and facility counts are examined using bivariate and multivariate analysis. An index of weighted accessibility relative to other urban localities provides significant explanation at the national level, as does initial locality size. At the regional level, population development is analyzed to provide insight into the rural–urban relations. The level of urbanization is steadily increasing but varies considerably between regions. Areas of high population growth are found in some rural areas that have a remote location relative to the large urban centers. This seems to indicate the existence of ‘frontier’ regions, i.e. areas that experience a high degree of in-migration by people aiming to undertake specific farming activities. A high proportion of the population growth in these areas appears to take place in relatively small towns. The paper concludes with a more in-depth discussion of the development characteristics of Ghana’s Western Region. This region has experienced one of the highest regional population growth rates, mainly due to its status as a ‘frontier’ for cocoa production.

Growth of medium sized towns in India

The growth of medium sized towns (with a population ranging from 20,000 to less than 100,000) in India was subjected to a detailed analysis. The basic premise was that growth behaviour of this group of towns, rather of cities or small towns, was a sensitive index to decentralisation of the urban process as well as to a balanced development of a region.It was discovered that growth rate of these towns was not just moderate; it was moderate to rapid. This signified that medium sized towns were more akin to cities than to small towns in respect of growth pattern.Among the various factors affecting growth, location of these towns in a particular region was discerned as more critical than their functions or relative size. Their growth was distinctly fast in areas with comparatively low population density, wide spacing of towns and new developmental activities. Here these towns were generally the biggest in their subregional context. The growth behaviour of medium sized towns did confirm dispersal of urbanisation but lack of any consistent relationship between their growth rate and development level of different areas was not in conformity with the hypothesis.     

The growth of large cities in India 1961–1971

The general characteristics and the growth 1961–1971 of class 1 cities (those with more than 100,000 population in 1971) in India are examined. An unexpected correlation shows that the larger cities are more specialized, and growing faster. A factor analysis reduces the original variables to apparently significant factors, but these fail to classify the individual cities convincingly. An alternative simple classification of cities in terms of growth rates and degree of specialization shows strong regional components, dividing India into an emerging system of dynamic interdependent cities, and areas of stagnation and lack of specialization. The only counter to this pattern appears to be cities which are the subject of heavy government investment. Some speculative thoughts are offered on the effects of such investment in backward regions.     

Soviet cities: Progress in urbanization in the seventies

While the rise in the proportion of urban dwellers in the Soviet population as a whole has somewhat slowed down, urbanisation has been rapidly continuing in the seventies; it has, however, acquired a certain new character through processes of intensification of urban life. The following of these processes are examined in the paper: concentration of the population in the larger cities, the development of agglomerations and whole systems of urban settlement, the geographical expansion of the large cities' contours. Factors leading to the rise of cities are also undergoing a partial change: their connexion with the growth of material production is becoming more flexible and more mediative; many republican and oblast' capital cities, those centres of administrative, economic-organizational and scientific research functions supported by a highly developed infrastructure are growing more rapidly than other cities.     

同位素技术在寒旱区水科学中的应用进展

近20a来,同位素技术作为一种新技术在寒区旱区水科学研究中得到越来越广泛的应用.中国学者在大气降水稳定同位素,干旱区地下水起源,盐湖中氯、硼、锂等同位素的应用研究中取得了较大进展,在寒区旱区同位素剖面的建立和古地理、古环境演化信息的提取上得到了一系列重要的成果,还对蒸发过程的同位素分馏理论进行了探索和发展.随着科技的发展和同位素应用水平的提高,同位素技术还将在寒区旱区水科学中取得更大进展.     

GEOBOTANICAL INDICATORS OF BITUMEN

Abnormal plant growth and early or second flowering are related to the bitumen content of the soil. While such abnormalities have previously been noted, geobotanists of the 1950 All-Union Aerogeologic Trust expedition carried the study to a more definitive level. By comparing vegetation of known bitumen-bearing sections against “control” sections, they related specific abnormalities of plants to the presence of bitumens. The studies were carried out in arid regions of Western Kazakhstan and the northern Caspian Sea coast. Plants were classed according to whether the abnormalities were 1) of unusual size without alteration of the original form, for which 28 species are listed; 2) notably increased branching, 8 species; and 3) second blooming, 12 species. Other abnormalities and distortions are described. Subsequent investigations testing the preliminary data shows that plants are reliable indicators of oil bitumens in the soil. — A. Eustus     

干旱区土壤种子库的研究进展

土壤种子库在连接过去、现在和将来的植物种群和群落的结构和动态中起着重要的生态和进化作用,对保护和恢复干旱区植被起着重要的作用。从土壤种子库的研究方法、数量特征、分布格局、时空动态、与地上植被关系、年龄结构及影响因素等方面论述了干旱区土壤种子库研究的若干进展,展望了干旱区土壤种子库的研究趋势。     

内蒙古及东北地区古冻土及古环境考察研究新进展

中国北方地区保留了晚更新世以来大量的冰缘遗迹. 在气候变化背景下, 在寒区和干旱区分别出现冰缘地貌、正逆向沙化等问题, 综合不同区域的地质遗迹, 从时间上的对应关系可进一步分析气候环境变化问题. 2008年5-7月调查中, 在鄂尔多斯和大同地区分别发现了新的砂楔和土楔;在大兴安岭生态定位研究站设立了8个钻孔和2套自动气象站, 开启了冻土、湿地、 积雪研究以及现代陆面过程对下伏冻土影响的研究;在黄岗梁地区新发现了一个冻融褶皱;调查了松嫩沙地古沙丘及古土壤活动与冻土进退的关系;发现小兴安岭地区冻土退化显著, 岛状冻土散布于海拔相对较高的地区;三江平原西部农业开发强烈改变了地表覆盖, 冻土温度升高显著, 冻土上限下降明显, 甚至厚度较薄的冻土消失. 后期工作希望通过综合、集成分析以上结果, 探讨我国北方地区晚更新世/全新世的冻土南界及环境变迁.     

Regional and urban population size weights in Saudi Arabia, 1962–1974

The aim of this paper 3s to study the development of population weights for regions and urban centres in Saudi Arabia through the period 1962–1974. In order to achieve this aim some non-parametric statistical rules have been used such as rank-size rule and the four-city index. The results show non-balanced distribution of population on both regional and urban scales. The concentration of people in urban centres is more pronounced than the concentration in regions. This is due to internal and external movement of population towards largesized urban centres. The paper recommends that the official authorities should give more consideration to economic and service development in rural and urban areas that are retreating in ranking and decreasing in population.     

西北干旱地区的水分评价问题

指出了用水文统计法确定的“水资源总量”难以将西北干旱地区与我国东部地区水资源作出合理的比较分析.只有考虑了土壤水这一重要水资源分量才能予以改进,因为两地的土壤水在水文统计中有不同的含义.在干旱地区,土壤水主要来自灌溉水,即“水资源总量”的一部分;而在华北等地,它主要来自降水,未能统计在“水资源总量”中.     

西北干旱半干旱区春小麦生长对气候变暖响应的区域差异

对分别位于西北特干旱、干旱、半干旱3种主要气候类型区的敦煌、武威（1981—2005年）、定西3个农业气象观测站(1986—2005）年的气候变化对春小麦各个物候期及其产量的影响进行分析，结果显示：不同台站的气候变化模式在时间和空间上都不同，武威和定西的气温增加而降水量减少，气候均呈现暖干化趋势，但前者的变化量大于后者。所不同的是敦煌站的气温和降水量都呈增加趋势。相关分析结果，一方面显示了在不同的气候类型区，影响春小麦生长的主导因子不同，影响敦煌、武威、定西3站春小麦生长期天数和产量的主导气象因子分别为≥0℃积温、日均温、降水量。另一方面也显示了同一气象因子对不同地区作物的影响程度、强度和方向都不同，日均温的增加对不同地区春小麦生长期的负效应表现为武威＞敦煌＞定西；≥0℃积温对春小麦生长期和产量的正效应表现为敦煌＞定西，对武威春小麦的生长期有正影响，而对产量有负影响；降水量对半干旱雨养农业区定西春小麦生长期和产量的正影响最大且极为显著（P＜0.01）；日照时数对不同地区春小麦整个生长期和产量的正影响敦煌＞定西＞武威。气候变化最终导致敦煌站春小麦的产量以8.8 g/（m2·a）的速率显著增加，武威、定西受气候暖干化的影响，春小麦产量分别下降0.3 g/（m2·a）、5.5 g/（m2·a）。造成这些差异的主要原因可能是各地的气候条件不同，其次是各地的栽培条件、田间管理（如灌溉、施肥、病虫害防治）等非气象因子的不同所致，各地作物的生长及产量形成都是气象因子和非气象因子共同作用的结果。 [HT5H]关〓键〓词：[HT5K]区域差异；响应；气候变暖；春小麦  [HT5H]中图分类号：P463.2;S162.5〓〓〓文献标识码：A[HT5SS][HK]     

Origins and environments of pediments

Three types of pediment have been recognised. The first are cut bedrock surfaces, veneered (and hence smoothed and protected) by coarse alluvial debris. Characteristically developed in the Brachina area of South Australia, they form in the piedmont zone in areas of mixed sedimentary outcrop and in areas where there are large variations in river and stream discharge, including occasional high floods. They are not restricted to any conventionally defined climatic region or regions, though their development is favoured by stream regimes characteristic of arid and semiarid lands.

The second and third types are typical of granite regions. The debris veneer of the second form, well developed around Ucontitchie Hill, mainly consists of weathered rock in situ, though in places there is also a thin discontinuous veneer of transported material. The mantis consists of grus and is readily eroded, exposing the weathering front as a rock platform or pediment, such as that found adjacent to Corrobinnie Hill. The mantled and rock forms are well developed in arid and semiarid tropical and subtropical lands, though it is suggested that they have their congeners in cooler mid latitude areas.

Brachina type pediments characteristically occur in flights, and they persist in the landscape, as also do rock pediments. But the Ucontitchie type is readily eroded and is a single cycle form. Brachina and Ucontitchie type pediments are the most common members of an isomorphous series. Similarly, the Ucontitchie and Corrobinnie types of granitic areas are end members of a continuum.

None of three pediment forms indentified is necessarily associated with scarp retreat.     

Planning and the rural regions of Nigeria

Conclusion Urban and rural development arek inextricably related, that regional planning can play important roles as catalyst for agriculture and rural development; and that a system of growth centres and/or agropolitan policy which can be important in achieving economic growth with social equity, will be far more influential. Again if the National Planning Authority, Regional Planning Agency and the policy of growth centre in the rural areas of the recommended regions is pursued, it will not only increase agricultural productivity or a path to agricultural transformation for deleterious effects of migration to corporate farming but also could, over time help to reduce the pressure on the urban areas by providing counter-magnets to migration and we envisage, will bring about a national regional planning budget which should be operated on yearly basis.     

Evolution of regoliths and landscapes in deeply weathered terrain — implications for geochemical exploration

Thick, commonly lateritic, regoliths are widespread in inter-tropical regions of the world and present particular challenges in exploration. These are best tackled through a sound understanding of the evolution of the landscapes in which they occur. The regoliths formed under humid, warm to tropical conditions and, although they may have been modified by later climatic changes, i.e., to more humid or more arid conditions, many chemical and mineralogical characteristics are retained. These include the geochemical expressions of concealed mineralization. Erosional and depositional processes control the preservation and occurrence of specific regolith units that may be used as sample media and, in turn, target size, element associations and contrast, thereby influencing sampling procedures, analysis and data interpretation. These parameters are best summarized in terms geochemical dispersion models based on the degree of preservation of the pre-existing lateritic regolith. Regolith–landform mapping permits an assessment of the terrain in terms of such models. In relict regolith–landform regimes, in which the lateritic regolith is largely preserved, broad multi-element anomalies in the upper ferruginous horizons (lateritic residuum) can be detected using sample intervals of 1 km or more. In contrast, in erosional regimes, where this material is absent, anomalies in upper saprolite, and the soil and lag derived from it, are more restricted in area and closer sampling intervals, (200×40 m or less) may be necessary. Lag and soil are, generally, ineffective in depositional areas, except where the sediments are very thin (e.g.,<2 m) or overburden provenance can be established. Stratigraphic drilling is necessary to establish whether the overburden overlies a buried lateritic horizon or an erosion surface cut in saprolite. Lateritic residuum remains an excellent sample medium if present, again with widespread haloes, but where it is absent, leaching and the restricted haloes in upper saprolite present formidable problems. Ferruginous saprolite or composites across the unconformity may be effective, but otherwise carefully targeted drilling and sampling through saprolite and saprock may be necessary. Partial extraction analyses have yet to demonstrate significant results except in very specific environments. In arid regions, pedogenic carbonate (calcrete, caliche) may be a valuable sample medium for Au exploration, principally in erosional regimes, and in depositional areas where the overburden is shallow. Sample intervals range from 1 km for regional surveys, through to 100×20 m in prospect evaluation. Saprolite is an essential sample medium in all landform environments, but the restricted halos and possibility of leaching requires that drilling and sampling should be at close intervals.     

Regional geochemical surveys in arid and semiarid regions in the middle and western part of Inner Mongolia

For many years the results of regional geochemical surveys in arid and semiarid regions of China were not satisfactory. Therefore, we selected eight areas in the middle and western part of Inner Mongolia and the northwestern part of Gansu Province to study this problem from 1982 to 1985. The contents of our study include: the migration and distribution of elements in an arid environment; the interference of aeolian sand; the applicability of different sampling mediums; and the development of effective sampling techniques. Pilot surveys were carried out covering several hundred or more than a thousand square kilometres in every test area after the orientation study.Very good results were obtained in the surveys carried out in mountainous and hilly regions. The only problem was to eliminate effectively the interference of aeolian sand. To accomplish this we collected elastics of −5 + 2 mm or − 10 + 0.9 mm coarse grain size in the dry valley. In the stony Gobi desert region and the eroded peneplain region, a rock survey and residual soil survey produced the results expected. However, we had to consider the following influencing factors: (1) the caliche in the loose soil layer forms a barrier, hindering the migration of most of the elements in a vertical direction. Only where the caliche was rather thin was the influence of little significance; (2) in the residual soil of the background area and non-mineralized zone, almost all trace elements are enriched secondarily. The enrichment factors are generally between 1.3 and 1.8. In the residual soil of the mineralized zone, almost all ore-forming elements are impoverished. The well-water geochemical survey and the deep-root system plant survey have a peculiar function in finding ore deposits in the arid region. These two methods are discussed elsewhere.