公开版地图符号的标准化研究

以公开版地图符号和表示方法的多样性为研究对象,结合公开版地图的应用需求,提出公开版地图符号标准化研究的基本原则、符号标准的设计流程、标准化符号的发布应用等整体思路,对增强公开版地图的系统性、易读性、美观性,提高公开版地图的制作效率具有很强的现实意义。     

基于分层工作流的电子政务突发事件快速信息发布研究

重点研究了电子政务应急信息的快速发布理论及技术,界定了突发事件快速信息发布的内涵和外延,提出了一个工作流的分层概念模型和一个与之有关的基于XML的元数据分层描述,由此形成了一个基于XML元数据的从高层的业务应用到底层的分步、动态资源的逐层绑定的运行机制,初步解决了从突发事件业务工作流到底层分布服务和资源的装配问题,提高了快速信息发布业务在执行过程中的自动化水平和自适应性．同时也分解和简化了应急信息发布的复杂度。     

基于地图出版数据的网络地图设计

从地图出版数据的组织特征和SVG的特点与基本功能入手,分析了基于地图出版数据设计网络地图的可行性,介绍了网络地图设计的技术基础,并着重对网络地图设计的基本内容进行了探讨。     

A novel approach to optimize hierarchical vegetation mapping from hyper-temporal NDVI imagery,demonstrated at national level for Namibia

This paper presents a novel methodological approach to countrywide vegetation mapping. We used green vegetation biomass over the year as captured by coarse resolution hyper-temporal NDVI satellite-imagery, to generate vegetation mapping units at the biome, ecoregion and at the next lower hierarchical level for Namibia, excluding the Zambezi Region. Our method was based on a time series of 15 years of SPOT-VGT-MVC images each representing a specific 10-day period (dekad). The ISODATA unsupervised clustering technique was used to separately create 2–100 NDVI-cluster maps. The optimal number of temporal NDVI-clusters to represent the information on vegetation contained in the imagery was established by divergence separability statistics of all generated NDVI-clusters. The selected map consisted of legend of 81 cluster-specific temporal NDVI-profiles covering each a 15-year period of averaged NDVI data representing all pixels classified to that cluster. Then, by legend-entry using the dekad-medians of all 15 annual repeats, we produced generalized legend-entries without year-specific anomalies for each cluster. Subsequently, a hierarchical cluster analysis of these temporal NDVI-profiles was used to produce a dendrogram that generated grouping options for the 81 legend-entries. Maps with cluster-groups of 8 and 4 legend-entries resulted. The 81-cluster map and its 65 legend-entries vector version have no equivalent in published vegetation maps. The 8 cluster-group map broadly corresponds with published ecoregion level maps and the 4 cluster-group map with the published biome maps in their number of legend units. The published vegetation maps varied considerably from our NDVI-profile maps in the location of mapping unit boundaries. The agreement index between our map and published biome maps ranges from 70−93. For the ecoregion level, the agreement index is much lower, namely 51−75. Our methodological approach showed a considerably higher discretionary power for hierarchical levels and the number of vegetation mapping units than the approaches applied to previously published maps. We recommended an approach to transform our three hyper-temporal NDVI-profiles based legend-entries into more specific vegetation units. This might be accomplished by re-analysis of available, spatially-comprehensive plant species occurrence data.     

浅谈湖北省公共地图服务工程设计原则

湖北省公共地图服务工程借助湖北省动态电子地图网站和地方政府网站在Intemet网上发布公共地理信息,为各级政府和社会大众提供详尽、丰富的测绘服务.结合湖北省公共地图服务工程项目的生产实际,简要介绍了项目建设的主要内容,包括城市地理信息数据库和网络版电子地图功能开发;概括性地阐述了总体技术路线;比较详细地对项目的实用性、...     

星载加速度计校准对GRACE轨道动力学平滑的影响分析

本文分别以美国喷气推进实验室（JPL）发布的GRACE卫星约化动力学轨道和ITSG发布的几何轨道作为观测值,利用动力学法分析星载加速度计校准对轨道平滑结果的影响,弧长固定为24 h.对比结果表明:以ITSG发布2009年5月1日的几何轨道作为观测值的结果可知,偏差参数采用一阶项15 min估计一次、尺度模型为对角填充的策略可以提高轨道平滑的精度,得到的动力学轨道与JPL发布的约化动力学轨道残差在X方向、Y方向和Z方向的均方根（RMS）值分别为1.89 cm、1.76 cm、1.56 cm.      

The Photogrammetric Society: 1952–2001

A scholarly account of the formative discussions, the founding and the first 20 years of the Photogrammetric Society was published in 1971 and republished in 1974. This present review concentrates on the latter years of the life of the Photogrammetric Society prior to its merger with the Remote Sensing Society in 2001.
The authors joined the Photogrammetric Society in 1960 and were conspicuous in its affairs for many years. Although both occupied the Society's presidential chair, they also fulfilled several other roles in its efficient management. Atkinson's first contribution to the Photogrammetric Record was published in 1968 and Newton's in 1971.     

Global ionosphere map constructed by using total electron content from ground-based GNSS receiver and FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC GPS occultation experiment

Effects of rapidly changing ionospheric weather are critical in high accuracy positioning, navigation, and communication applications. A system used to construct the global total electron content (TEC) distribution for monitoring the ionospheric weather in near-real time is needed in the modern society. Here we build the TEC map named Taiwan Ionosphere Group for Education and Research (TIGER) Global Ionospheric Map (GIM) from observations of ground-based GNSS receivers and space-based FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC (F3/C) GPS radio occultation observations using the spherical harmonic expansion and Kalman filter update formula. The TIGER GIM (TGIM) will be published in near-real time of 4-h delay with a spatial resolution of 2.5° in latitude and 5° in longitude and a high temporal resolution of every 5 min. The F3/C TEC results in an improvement on the GIM of about 15.5%, especially over the ocean areas. The TGIM highly correlates with the GIMs published by other international organizations. Therefore, the routinely published TGIM in near-real time is not only for communication, positioning, and navigation applications but also for monitoring and scientific study of ionospheric weathers, such as magnetic storms and seismo-ionospheric anomalies.     

AN OLD FILE AND A NEW ARC

Abstract

In his article “Standards of Length in Question” published in the last number of this Review (Vol. i, pp. 277–-84) Captain G. T. McCawgave us most interesting and valuable history concerning the questionable past of the international metre. He has, it may be assumed, exhausted published evidence; but he states that he can find no reference to invitations from this country to France and Holland to send their fundamental standards for comparison with others at the Ordnance Survey in the eighteen sixties.     

A psychological effect of having a potentially viable sequestration strategy

We are pleased to announce the launch of Carbon Balance and Management, a new online open access journal published by BioMed Central.     

World Wind网络空间数据扩展应用

World Wind是NASA发布的开放源码的地理软件,是提供丰富数据的数字地球平台之一,但是,如何在其已发布数据基础上, 通过网络应用来扩展其数据应用,如何将用户的应用数据或其它数据提供者的数据与现有数据结合使用,是我们需要解决的问题。通 过采用WebService技术进行地理信息服务和发布,使用GeoServer作为地图服务器,将OpenGIS Webservice规范和PostGIS空间数据 库进行整合,通过网络空间数据扩展使WorldWind客户端与其自身的数据服务集成使用。在其平台基础上基本实现可自由扩展和发 布数据供WorldWind客户端使用,实现更广泛和深入的扩展应用。     

The Photogrammetric Society Analogue Instrument Project: a Fourth Extract

The paper entitled The Photogrammetric Society Analogue Instrument Project was published in The Photogrammetric Record, 14(82): 565-582 (October 1993) and contained, as Appendix A, an extract from the Archive concerned with the history of the Zeiss Stereoplanigraph in Great Britain. A further two extracts have since been published to provide details of direct optical projection instruments used in this country. This fourth extract now goes on to begin to provide some details of analogue plotters that employed a purely mechanical solution. The first instrument of this type to be described is the Vivian Thompson Stereo-plotter of 1907. It was in fact the very first instrument of this important category ever to be produced but unfortunately it was also the only one produced in Great Britain.     

Support vector machines in remote sensing: A review

A wide range of methods for analysis of airborne- and satellite-derived imagery continues to be proposed and assessed. In this paper, we review remote sensing implementations of support vector machines (SVMs), a promising machine learning methodology. This review is timely due to the exponentially increasing number of works published in recent years. SVMs are particularly appealing in the remote sensing field due to their ability to generalize well even with limited training samples, a common limitation for remote sensing applications. However, they also suffer from parameter assignment issues that can significantly affect obtained results. A summary of empirical results is provided for various applications of over one hundred published works (as of April, 2010). It is our hope that this survey will provide guidelines for future applications of SVMs and possible areas of algorithm enhancement.     

基础地理信息先建库后出图的一种方法

在回顾“先出图后建库”和“建库与出图同步”两种方法的基础上,介绍一种“先建库后出图”的基础地理信息建库与出图的技术路线,讨论其解决问题的方法,指出存在的问题。     

GLONASS Broadcast Orbit Computation

The potential 48-satellite constellation offered by the combination of observations from both the GPS and GLONASS positioning systems has created considerable interest among existing GPS users. In the published literature, a considerable amount of work has been devoted to the theoretical issue of algorithm design for combined GPS/GLONASS positioning solutions. Little work has been published, however, on the practical conversion of existing GPS software to include GLONASS observations. This paper considers the computation issues pertaining to the GLONASS broadcast ephemeris for inclusion of GLONASS observations into existing GPS software. The format of the GLONASS broadcast ephemeris is discussed and theory of satellite orbits and their stepwise numerical integration is reviewed. Finally, a strategy for GLONASS broadcast ephemeris computation is proposed to facilitate combination of GPS and GLONASS observations. ? 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Error calibration of geopotential harmonics in recent and past gravitational fields

The geopotential coefficients of a number of recent and past models have been examined with the aim of calibrating their formal (or published) errors, principally by direct comparison with the same coefficients of a precise and wholly independent satellite-only reference field determined (in 2010) predominantly from over 7 years of μ/s low–low GRACE inter-satellite range rate observations (ITG-GRACE2010S). In all of these comparisons the reference field used, over specified spectral ranges, has much smaller reported errors than the ones to be calibrated. In particular we find that a recently published field (in 2010) using gravity gradient and position data from ESA’s GOCE satellite, GO_CONS_GCF_2_TIM_R1, has formal errors which are significantly optimistic for the lowest degrees (n) but with increasing realism where the gradiometer gains influence over the position information (15 < n < 120). Other GOCE models do not afford an unbiased error calibration. Validating error calibration with the independent reference model, of two past comprehensive fields (containing both satellite and surface data), confirms that one of them (JGM3, published in 1994, complete to n = 70) reported generally realistic formal errors while another (EGM96, published in 1998, complete to n = 360, tested only for n < 150) had significantly optimistic ones for most n < 100 but with better realism when affected only by the surface information.     

遥感影像数据仓库及网络服务探讨

通过较为先进的数据库技术进行影像数据的存储与管理,便于数据的查询、浏览、分析等功能的实现,并为影像数据的发布与共享提供条件;利用遥感影像元数据实现遥感数据的网络发布与共享,从而使稀缺的影像数据能够得到充分合理的利用;同时采用本体技术,可以有效的实现影像数据的互操作,从而为实现影像数据的全社会范围的共享提供基础与条件。     

THE DETERMINANTAL METHOD OF SOLVING NORMAL EQUATIONS

Abstract

In the treatises on the method of least squares published so far in the English language the application and comparison of different methods of solving normal equations has received but slight notice.     

THE CONFORMAL TRANSFORMATION OF A NETWORK OF TRIANGULATION

Abstract

In a recent issue of this Review, an example is given of the conformal transformation of a network of triangulation using Newton's interpolation formula with divided differences. While the application of the method appears to be new, attention should be drawn to the fact that Kruger employed Lagrange's interpolation formula in a discussion and extension of the Schols method in a paper which was published in the Zeitschrift für Vermessungswesen in 1896. A reference to this paper was given at the end of the paper, “Adjustment of the Secondary Triangulation of South Africa”, published in a previous issue of the E.S.R. (iv, 30, 480).     

集成LiDAR和遥感影像生成高质量真正射影像研究

本文在总结国内外相关研究现状基础上,提炼出集成LiDAR和遥感影像生成高质量真正射影像的技术路线和几个关键问题,经过研究提出了针对这些问题的解决方案。最后通过实验证明了技术路线和解决办法的可行性和有效性。