Acoustic emission and sorptive deformation induced in coals of various rank by the sorption-desorption of gas

Simultaneous measurements of acoustic emission (AE) and expansion/contraction of coal samples subjected to gas sorption-desorption processes were conducted on high-and medium-rank coal. The aim of this study was to examine the influence of the coal rank and type of sorbate on measured AE and strain characteristics. The experimental equipment employed in this study consisted of a pressure vessel and associated pressurisation and monitoring units. The arrangement of pressure-vacuum valves permitted the coal sample to be pressurised and depressurised. Carbon-dioxide and methane were used as sorbats.     

Acoustic emission and volumetric strain induced in coal by the displacement sorption of methane and carbone dioxide

The aim of this study was to assess whether acoustic emission (AE) could carry information on preferential sorption/desorption of CH₄ or CO₂ in coal. AE and expansion/contraction of two nearly identical cylindrical coal samples were continuously monitored during displacement sorption experiments. One sample was subjected to presorption of CH₄, followed by sorption of CH₄/CO₂ mixture. With the other one, presorption of CO₂ preceded sorption of the mixture. The results obtained are the following: first, AE and stain kinetics show that the affinity of the coal tested is higher for CO₂ than for CH₄; second, methane is preferentially desorbed after presorption of CH₄ — sorption of mixture of CH₄ and CO₂; third, during displacement sorption, kinetics of AE and sample swelling/shrinkage bring out the importance of presorption and the sorbate used. It matters whether the coal is first exposed to CH₄ or to CO₂. The present study has demonstrated that injection of CO₂ into the coal previously exposed to CH₄ causes considerable swelling of the coal. On desorption after CH₄/CO₂ exchange sorption, initial shrinkage is followed by swelling of the coal. These results could have implications for the sequestration of CO₂ in coal seams and CH₄ recovery from coalbeds (ECBM). Swelling/shrinkage of the coal matrix should be included in models used to predict coal permeability and gas flow rates. They also show that the AE technique can give more insights into coal matrix-gas interactions.     

煤样变形破坏声电效应的演化规律及机理研究

通过实验研究不同煤样变形破坏全过程的声发射和电磁辐射效应的演化规律,分析了煤样变形破坏过程中电磁辐射和声发射信号的相关性和煤样变形破坏的微观机理,提出了煤样变形破坏过程中电磁辐射和声发射信号分别是在煤样内的裂纹面滑移和裂纹扩展时产生的观点,较好地解释了煤样变形破坏过程中声电效应的变化规律和特征,为进一步提高电磁辐射及声发射、电磁辐射综合预测煤岩动力灾害的可靠性和准确性提供了理论基础.     

Seismic diagnosis of railway substructures by using secondary acoustic emission

One difficult task for the seismic diagnosis of existing structures is how to nondestructively evaluate the damage degree of invisible substructures, such as embedded foundations. To diagnose substructures efficiently, a method for nondestructive inspection is developed by applying acoustic emission (AE) technique. As a newly proposed method, characteristics of secondary AE induced by train operations were investigated, and experiments using model piles and in-situ AE monitoring of in-service railway bridges conducted under railroad traffic, from which it was demonstrated that the proposed method is practicable enough to detect invisible defects in structures. A new index, known as RTRI (ratio of Repeated Train load at the onset of AE activity to Relative maximum load for Inspection period) is proposed for structural damage qualification based on the results of in-situ AE monitoring.     

过坝下泄水流中温室气体排放速率的数值模拟

当水流通过泄洪建筑物下泄时,水体中所溶解的温室气体(二氧化碳(CO2)、甲烷(CH4)等)会因为所受压力的瞬间改变而导致溶解度降低,从而造成气液之间传质的发生及水中温室气体的排放.然而,目前对于泄流条件下水中温室气体排放的研究还较为缺乏.鉴于原型观测与模型试验的局限性,本文建立了大坝泄流条件下温室气体排放速率的数学模型...     

震动诱发煤矿瓦斯灾害预警初步研究

矿区震动能诱发多种灾害,以瓦斯突出尤为严重。以鹤岗矿区为研究对象,统计了历年来鹤岗地区地震及矿震活动规模,分析了以往典型的矿震引起的瓦斯灾害事例,总结了矿震作用下瓦斯灾害的机理,基于统计数据,提出了矿震瓦斯灾害预警需要解决的关键问题。初步研究表明:震动事件与煤矿灾害之间具有很强的关联性,呈现震动在前、灾害在后、时间间隔数分钟至数日不等的“先震后灾”的特点,基于此,通过建立矿震监测台网,给出了震动诱发煤矿瓦斯灾害预警可行性,并提出了震动引起瓦斯灾害预警思路。     

Experimental study of ultralong wave band for electro－magnetic signals and acoustic emission during rock fracture

Ｅｘｐｅｒｉｍｅｎｔａｌ　ｓｔｕｄｙ　ｏｆ　ｕｌｔｒａｌｏｎｇ　ｗａｖｅ　ｂａｎｄ　ｆｏｒ　ｅｌｅｃｔｒｏ－ｍａｇｎｅｔｉｃ　ｓｉｇｎａｌｓ　ａｎｄ　ａｃｏｕｓｔｉｃ　ｅｍｉｓｓｉｏｎ　ｄｕｒｉｎｇ　ｒｏｃｋ　ｆｒａｃｔｕｒｅ（曹惠馨）（钱书清）（吕...     

The experimental study of acoustic emission during creep of rocks

Under normal temperature, the creep experiments with complete samples of Gabbro and Marble rocks are made under uniaxial compression. It is found that at the instantaneous creeping stage, AE activities increase with loading; at the steady creeping stage, large AE signals may appear at lower background of AE action, andm—value which shows the relationship between AE amplitude and frequency keeps stable on the low value or decreases; at the accelerate creeping stage, AE activities increase andm—value decreases quickly or decreases again after recovery. These experimental results are related to the quality of the samples. In this paper, AE activities during three stages of creeping process are connected with the seismic patterns (for exampleb—value, foreshocks). Finally, it is pointed out the possibility that the foreshock—mainshock—aftershock earthquake sequence has been formed by the mechanism of creep fracture of crustal rocks. The Chinese version of this paper appeared in the Chinese edition ofActa Seismologica Sinica,13, 104–112, 1991. This subject is sponsored by the Chinese Joint Seismological Science Foundation.     

地质雷达井下探测瓦斯富集区特征研究

地质雷达由于能够直接识别地下目标体,井下探测快速,不影响生产,分辨率高,在煤矿瓦斯灾害防治方面有较大的优势.本文基于地质雷达基本原理,探讨井下探测工艺,分析井下数据处理的方法,对井下瓦斯富集区异常特征进行分析,并与其他地质异常进行了比较.研究结果表明若在传播距离范围内存在明显的回波异常,则有可能存在瓦斯富集区.随着研究的深入,地质雷达有望突破瓦斯富集区探测的难题.     

坚硬顶板诱发煤体冲击破坏的微震效应

利用TDS-6微震采集系统测试了忻州窑煤矿组合煤岩试样变形破裂直至冲击破坏过程中的微震信号,特别是冲击破坏前后微震频谱的变化规律.采用SOS微震监测系统,对忻州窑煤矿8929工作面冲击矿压的微震活动规律进行了监测,结果表明：（1）冲击前兆信号呈现低频特征,随着与主震间隔的时间越短,主频越低.主震信号频谱较宽,但低频（0～50 Hz）成份增加,余震信号呈现高频特性.（2）微震信号的频次、累积能量与主频之间呈负相关关系.尤其当工作面顶板来压以及诱发冲击矿压时,微震信号的主频达到最低值.（3）现场监测表明,冲击前兆微震信号的主频为0～50 Hz,且振幅较低.冲击主震信号频谱较宽,但较低频（0～20 Hz）成份明显增加,同时振幅达到极值.余震信号主频为0～200 Hz,呈现高频、低振幅特征.     

Geological conditions of coal and gas(oil)-bearing basins in China

Coal is the richest fossil fuel in the world. Theby-product formed during incoalation is gas that iscomposed primarily of methane (CH4)[1,2]. This gascan generally be named coal measure gas. Accordingto the occurrence conditions, coal measure gas can befurther divided into humic gas and coal-bed methane.Humic gas refers to coal measure gas that generatesfrom the coal measure source rocks (coal and dark-coloured argillaceous rocks in coal measures), and canbe expelled and migrate into various …     

Spatio-temporal characteristics of acoustic emission during the deformation of rock samples with compressional and extensional en-echelon faults

Introduction By the experimental techniques of acoustic emission (AE) and surface strain observation, a lot of achievements on the study of deformation and fracture process of samples with en-echelon faults has been obtained (Bomblakis, 1973; LIU, et al, 1986; DU, et al, 1989; LI, et al, 1989; ZHANG, FANG, 1989; ZHANG, LI, 1989; MA, et al, 1995a, b; LI, et al, 2000). However, there still exist many problems. For example, most of discussion on the spatio-temporal evolution of microf…     

Granite deformation and behavior of acoustic emission sequence under the temperature and pressure condition at different crust depths

IntroductionFocal depths of shallow strong intraplate earthquakes are mostly distributed in the highstrength range of lithosphere controlled by the rheology property of granite and diorite (Brace,Kohlstedt, 1980; Sibson, 1982; Meissner, Strehlau, 1982; CHEN, Molnap 1983). This is obviouslyrelated to the change of rock deformation characteriStics at different crust depths. So, for earthquake stUdy, both of the rock failure types (fractUre or rock flow) and its mechanical instabilityforms (…     

Mechanical behaviour of deep rock core samples from a seismically active gas field

This study concerns the laboratory testing of core samples from massive sedimentary rocks from an oil and gas field. The depth of extraction of the samples analysed varies between 1000 and 5000 metres. In all, 65 tests were performed, most of which included systematic measurement of acoustic activity during loading. The aim of the testing was to determine which types of fracture could occur in the rock matrix under field-stress conditions by examining in particular the relationship between confining pressure and the transition from brittle to ductile behaviour. The results of the laboratory tests are used to predict the occurrence of seismic activity resulting from the depletion of the gas reservoir which has been monitored during the last twenty years.     

Stress emission of helium and argon in coal seams

The relationship between inert gas and geologic stress has been paid attention to by seis-mologists in the recent twenty years. Recent studies of seismic belts show that changes of geo-logical stress can lead to emanation of inert gas from geological bodi…     

Natural gas leakage of Mizhi gas reservoir in Ordos Basin, recorded by natural gas fluid inclusion

Abundant natural gas inclusions were found in calcite veins filled in fractures of Central Fault Belt across the centre of Ordos Basin. Time of the calcite veins and characteristics of natural gas fluid inclusion were investigated by means of dating of thermolum luminescence (TL) and analyzing stable isotope of fluid inclusion. Results show that natural gas inclusion formed at 130―140℃ with salinity of 5.5 wt%―6.0 wt% NaCl. It indicates that natural gas inclusion is a kind of thermal hydrocarbon fluid formed within the basin. Method of opening inclusion by heating was used to analyze composition of fluid inclusion online, of which the maximal hydrocarbon gas content of fluid inclusion contained in veins is 2.4219 m3/t rock and the maximal C1/Σci ratio is 91%. Laser Raman spectroscopy (LRS) was used to analyze chemistry of individual fluid inclusion in which the maximal hydrocarbon gas content is 91.6% compared with little inorganic composition. Isotope analysis results of calcite veins show that they were deposited in fresh water, in which the δ13CPDB of calcite veins is from -5.75‰ to 15.23‰ andδ18OSMOW of calcite veins is from 21.33‰ to 21.67‰. Isotope results show thatδ13C1 PDB of natural gas fluid inclusion is from -21.36‰ to -29.06‰ and δDSMOW of that is from -70.89‰ to -111.03‰. It indicates that the gas of fluid inclusion formed from coal source rocks and it is the same as that of natural gas of Mizhi gas reservoir. Results of TL dating show that time of calcite vein is (32.4±3.42)×104 a, which is thought to be formation time of gas inclusion. It indicated that natural gas inclusion contained in calcite veins recorded natural gas leakage from Mizhi gas reservoir through the Central Fault Belt due to Himalayan tectonic movement.     

金属矿床采掘过程围岩失稳状态的声发射监测实践

本文以声发射技术在岩土工程中的应用为基础,结合国内外的研究成果,对小铁山矿脉内采准工程中采准和回采巷道的稳定性进行了实时监测,确定了不同岩性的稳固性、开挖后的松动范围和巷道的合理支护方式及支护时间. 从岩石应力和声发射次数与能量的关系出发,通过实测一定时期内巷道的声发射特征,对比相应的破坏形式,确定了巷道开挖后破坏形式和声发射的关系,为脉内采准工程合理性和地压控制措施提供了理论指导, 同时也证明了声发射监测技术在岩矿地下开挖工程地压活动监测中的有效性.     

巷道前方煤体波速与瓦斯参数相关分析研究

为了获取掘进巷道前方煤体地震波速度和瓦斯参数间的对应关系,以阳泉五矿为实施矿井.采用矿井地震波速度超前探测方法对掘进煤巷进行探测,通过初至波拾取获得地震波原始记录中纵、横波速,并与巷道前方30m范围内平均瓦斯参数作相关分析.分析结果表明:一定条件下,煤体瓦斯含量越高,其地震波纵、横波速度越低.运用曲线拟合对纵、横波视速度与瓦斯绝对涌出量和瓦斯浓度进行拟合发现:纵、横波视速度与瓦斯绝对涌出量间存在ΔP=-4.6415Vp-2.7048Vs+16.1353的负线性关系;纵、横波视速度与瓦斯浓度间存在η=-0.9302Vp-0.5704Vs+3.3132的负线性关系,并对线性拟合结果进行验证表明:在误差允许范围内,计算值与实测值基本吻合.最后计算得到适用于太原组15#煤层及变质程度更高煤层的视速度瓦斯预警指标:Vp=2.00m/ms和Vs=0.73m/ms.     

标本非均匀性对岩石变形声发射时空分布的影响及其地震学意义

基于一组实验结果,讨论了岩石标本的非均匀性（预存微裂纹和宏观裂纹）对声发射 时空分布的影响. 对比分析表明,预存微裂纹的存在使得破裂成核前声发射率快速增加、 b值表现出一种短期异常现象,即在下降背景上出现起伏,从而增加了破裂时间的可预报 性. 宏观结构（节理、层面等）的存在对声发射率和b值的影响与微裂纹相同,而且宏 观结构对声发射的空间分布具有控制作用,声发射丛集的宏观构造通常控制着未来的主破裂 . 这意味着宏观构造的存在使得主破裂的时间和位置预报成为可能.      

Seismicity induced by gas production: I. Correlation of focal mechanisms and dome structure

From August 1976 to June 1979, more than 220 seismic events were recorded by a 7-station network operating over an active gas field in France. 120 earthquakes with magnitudes greater than 1.0 were selected for a detailed study in order to understand the seismic response to a decrease in the gas reservoir pressure of 50 MPa. Composite focal mechanisms were determined for these events. We found that where preexisting fractures were known from well-logs, faults with the most favorable orientation were reactivated. In the part of the gas field where no preexisting faults were known, orientation of the fracture planes was close to the orientations of stratigraphic interfaces.Our kinematic model, constrained by the distribution of the earthquakes and their focal mechanisms, consists of the downward dropping of a block located close to the top of the gas field. The main faults, as defined by the spatial density of the seismic activity, define the limits of this block. The displacements observed along these faults can be either normal or reverse mechanism, dependent on the preexisting orientation of each fault. Another important result is the evidence that the depletion of the gas reservoir exerts the major influence on local seismic displacements, obscuring the effect of regional setting.