煤样渗透率有效应力与基质收缩双重耦合效应及其与煤阶关系

为研究煤层气在排采过程中不同煤阶煤储层渗透率动态变化规律,利用煤岩三轴应力应变（基质收缩膨胀）测试系统,对褐煤、气煤和无烟煤样开展了有效应力与基质收缩双重效应物理模拟实验。固定轴压和围压不变,改变气体平衡压力,模拟开发过程中储层压力变化特征,测试其动态渗透率。利用实验结果,分析了不同煤阶煤岩在排采过程中动态渗透率反弹特征,并对比分析煤岩动态渗透率改善效果的差异性。研究表明：气体平衡压力从5 MPa降至1 MPa过程中,在有效应力和基质收缩双重效应作用下,褐煤样的归一化渗透率依次为1.00、0.60、0.57、0.57、0.52,气煤样依次为1.00、0. 64、0.50、0.54和0.55,无烟煤样依次为1.00、0.74、0.58、0.50和0.56。随气体平衡压力下降,中阶及高阶煤样动态渗透率先下降后上升,整体呈不对称“V”型变化规律,但拐点略有不同;低阶煤样动态渗透率呈先下降后基本稳定的趋势,整体呈斜“L”型变化规律。在有效应力和基质收缩双重效应影响下,中阶及高阶煤样动态渗透率改善效果优于低阶煤样。     

煤样渗透率有效应力与基质收缩双重耦合效应及其与煤阶关系

为研究煤层气在排采过程中不同煤阶煤储层渗透率动态变化规律,利用煤岩三轴应力应变（基质收缩膨胀）测试系统,对褐煤、气煤和无烟煤样开展了有效应力与基质收缩双重效应物理模拟实验。固定轴压和围压不变,改变气体平衡压力,模拟开发过程中储层压力变化特征,测试其动态渗透率。利用实验结果,分析了不同煤阶煤岩在排采过程中动态渗透率反弹特征,并对比分析煤岩动态渗透率改善效果的差异性。研究表明：气体平衡压力从5 MPa降至1 MPa过程中,在有效应力和基质收缩双重效应作用下,褐煤样的归一化渗透率依次为1. 00、0. 60、0. 57、0. 57、0. 52,气煤样依次为1.00、0. 64、0. 50、0. 54和0. 55,无烟煤样依次为1.00、0. 74、0. 58、0. 50和0. 56。随气体平衡压力下降,中阶及高阶煤样动态渗透率先下降后上升,整体呈不对称“V”型变化规律,但拐点略有不同;低阶煤样动态渗透率呈先下降后基本稳定的趋势,整体呈斜“L”型变化规律。在有效应力和基质收缩双重效应影响下,中阶及高阶煤样动态渗透率改善效果优于低阶煤样。     

高煤级煤基质力学效应与煤储层渗透率耦合关系分析

基于吸附膨胀物理模拟实验，揭示了瘦煤至无烟煤阶段煤基质的自调节特征，分别探讨了煤层气排采过程煤基质收缩和有效应力变化对煤储层渗透率的影响，构建了有效应力、煤基质收缩与煤储层渗透率之间耦合的数学模型，揭示出高煤级煤储层渗透率在煤层气排采过程中的递减变化规律，并讨论了这一发现的地质意义。     

CO2注入对煤储层应力应变与渗透率影响的实验研究

以沁水盆地成庄矿煤样为研究对象,利用实验室自主研发的CO₂注入与煤层气强化开采实验模拟装置进行不同有效应力和CO₂吸附压力下的煤岩渗透率测试。实验结果表明,煤岩的裂隙压缩系数受到CO₂吸附的影响,初始状态下、亚临界CO₂吸附和超临界CO₂吸附煤样裂隙压缩系数分别为0.066、0.086和0.089。引起裂隙压缩系数改变的原因主要有两方面：CO₂和煤中矿物反应提高了煤基质的不连续性;CO₂软化了煤基质同时降低了煤岩的力学性质。利用考虑吸附应变以及内部膨胀系数的渗透率模型对实测渗透率进行拟合,发现有效应力和内部膨胀系数成正比。CO₂吸附压力和有效应力的增大均提高了煤岩的内部膨胀系数,这影响了煤岩孔裂隙的开度,降低了煤储层的渗透率,并最终降低CO₂在煤储层中的可注性。     

有效应力对高煤级煤储层渗透率的控制作用

为了探究有效应力对高煤级煤储层渗透率的控制作用及其应力敏感性的各向异性,对5块高煤级煤样进行了覆压孔渗实验,揭示了有效应力对煤储层渗透率的控制机理。以3.5 MPa模拟原始地层压力发现,煤岩在平行主裂隙和层理面方向具有最高的初始渗透率,垂直层理面方向初始渗透率最低;有效应力从3.5 MPa增加到15.5 MPa的过程中,渗透率呈现出良好的幂函数降低趋势;渗透率伤害/损失的各向异性表明平行主裂隙方向渗透率伤害率和损失率最大,且不同方向应力敏感性受裂隙的宽度及其展布方向的控制;裂隙压缩系数随应力的增加呈现降低趋势,但由于高煤级煤岩压缩难度大,裂隙压缩系数的各向异性不明显。有效应力对渗透率控制的实质为通过减小煤储层孔裂隙体积降低渗透率,从而对各个方向上的渗透率均造成较大的不可逆伤害。     

用数字测井资料预测煤储层渗透率和储层压力

煤层是煤层气的生、储层。利用数字测井资料采用多种方法与钻井煤层渗透率、储层压力的试井资料进行回归分析,建立回归方程,进而运用到勘探区,解释煤层渗透率及储层压力,找出其分布规律,为煤层气开发和生产提供可靠的资料。      

煤储层渗透性影响因素探讨

依据煤层气井的试井资料，结合试验室测试数据和其它资料的分析，认为中国煤储层渗透性主要受原地应力状况的控制，其它因素对其也有一定的影响。     

考虑基质收缩效应的煤层气应力场-渗流场耦合作用分析

在煤层气的初级生产过程中,为了获取较高的生产率,需要降低储层压力,储层压力下降对于煤层气的渗透率具有两个相反的效应：（1）储层压力下降,有效应力增加,煤层裂隙压缩闭合,渗透率降低;（2）煤层气解吸,煤基质收缩,煤层气流动路径张开,渗透率升高。Shi和Durucan、Palmer-Mansoori以及Gray等都建立了包含了基质收缩效应以及有效应力的影响的渗透率模型,其模型都基于以下两个关键假设：煤岩体处于单轴应变状态以及竖向应力恒定。为了检验上述两个假设的合理性,建立了一个考虑基质收缩效应以及渗流场-应力场耦合作用下的煤层气流动模型,对煤层气初级生产过程中渗透率的变化进行了耦合分析。分析结果表明：单轴应变的假设具有合理性,而竖向应力是随指向生产井的应变梯度的变化而变化的,其对于渗透率的变化具有重要影响,因此,竖向应力恒定的假设可能导致渗透率预测出现误差;上述渗透率模型都可能低估煤层气初级生产过程中渗透率的变化。     

三轴围压下煤岩吸附膨胀特性与渗透性动态变化

煤层气排采过程中煤储层孔隙度和渗透率的动态变化,是煤层气开发地质研究的热点之一。本文利用晋城无烟煤样,分析了三轴应力条件下煤岩的应力-应变效应,讨论了煤样渗透率的动态变化规律。结果表明,围限压力条件下,煤岩吸附甲烷后其抗压强度明显增大;煤样最大径向吸附应变与孔隙压力的关系,可用朗格缪尔方程形式予以描述;煤岩渗透性与有效应力、煤岩吸附膨胀量均呈负指数关系,说明两者对煤岩渗透性影响的实质相同,即煤岩孔隙、裂隙受到应力作用逐渐减小或闭合。同时,在较低孔隙压力条件下,需考虑克林伯格效应对煤层渗透性的影响。经检验,S-D模型能够较为客观地预测煤岩渗透性动态变化规律。     

有效应力对保德区块煤储层渗透率影响研究

通过有效应力单因素影响保德区块煤岩气体渗流实验,分析了煤岩渗透率应力敏感性以及割理压缩系数变化特征.结果表明:保德区块煤储层渗透率与有效应力呈负指数函数关系;煤层埋深越深,煤岩渗透率变化幅度越小,渗透率应力敏感性下降。渗透率损害系数的线性函数拟合相关系数较低,应力敏感系数的负指数函数拟合相关系数较高,应力敏感系数比渗透率损害系数更具规律性。在高有效应力阶段,煤岩割理压缩系数更趋近于常数,低有效应力阶段,割理压缩系数应视为变量。     

Impact of transition from local swelling to macro swelling on the evolution of coal permeability

Laboratory observations have shown that coal permeability under the influence of gas adsorption can change instantaneously from reduction to enhancement. It is commonly believed that this instantaneous switching of permeability is due to the fact that the matrix swelling ultimately ceases at higher pressures and the influence of effective stresses take over. In this study, our previously-developed poroelastic model is used to uncover the true reason why coal permeability switches from reduction to enhancement. This goal is achieved through explicit simulations of the dynamic interactions between coal matrix swelling/shrinking and fracture aperture alteration, and translations of these interactions to perrmeability evolution under unconstrained swellings. Our results of this study have revealed the transition of coal matrix swelling from local swelling to macro-swelling as a novel mechanism for this switching. Our specific findings include: (1) at the initial stage of CO₂ injection, matrix swelling is localized within the vicinity of the fracture compartment. As the injection continues, the swelling zone is extending further into the matrix and becomes macro-swelling. Matrix properties control the swelling transition from local swelling to macro swelling; (2) matrix swelling processes control the evolution of coal permeability. When the swelling is localized, coal permeability is controlled by the internal fracture boundary condition and behaves volumetrically; when the swelling becomes macro-swelling, coal permeability is controlled by the external boundary condition and behaves non-volumetrically; and (3) matrix properties control the switch from local swelling to macro swelling and the associated switch in permeability behavior from reduction to recovery. Based on these findings, a permeability switching model has been proposed to represent the evolution of coal permeability under variable stress conditions. This model is verified against our experimental data. It is found that the model predictions are consistent with typical laboratory and in-situ observations available in lietratures.     

基于最大主曲率的煤储层渗透性预测方法

阐述了最大主曲率法用于煤层气藏储层裂缝渗透率预测的原理,运用三维地震沿层最大主曲率属性对构造裂缝进行了预测。通过分析裂缝间距、构造最大主曲率值、岩层厚度及渗透率之间的相关关系,建立了基于最大主曲率的煤储层渗透率计算模型,该模型对某区煤层气渗透率预测的结果与测井和实验室岩心分析结果吻合较好,表明基于最大主曲率的煤储层渗透率预测方法在煤层气藏裂缝渗透率预测中的可行性和合理性。     

Influence of gas production induced volumetric strain on permeability of coal

Summary The gas permeability of a coalbed, unlike that of conventional gas reservoirs, is influenced during gas production not only by the simultaneous changes in effective stress and gas slippage, but also by the volumetric strain of the coal matrix that is associated with gas desorption. A technique for conducting laboratory experiments to separate these effects and estimate their individual contribution is presented in this paper. The results show that for a pressure decrease from 6.2 to 0.7 MPa, the total permeability of the coal sample increased by more than 17 times. A factor of 12 is due to the volumetric strain effect, and a factor of 5 due to the gas slippage effect. Changes in permeability and porosity with gas depletion were also estimated using the measured volumetric strain and the matchstick reservoir model geometry for flow of gas in coalbeds. The resulting variations were compared with results obtained experimentally. Furthermore, the results show that when gas pressure is above 1.7 MPa, the effect of volumetric strain due to matrix shrinkage dominates. As gas pressure falls below 1.7 MPa, both the gas slippage and matrix shrinkage effects play important roles in influencing the permeability. Finally, the change in permeability associated with matrix shrinkage was found to be linearly proportional to the volumetric strain. Since volumetric strain is linearly proportional to the amount of gas desorbed, the change in permeability is a linear function of the amount of desorbing gas.     

阜康矿区西部构造运动作用下煤储层渗透率分布特征

查明小范围内煤储层渗透率分布特征,可为合理井网部署、科学预测煤层气产能提供重要保障。对新疆阜康矿区西部煤岩层节理进行观测、统计和配套,获得了燕山晚期、喜马拉雅早期和喜马拉雅晚期3期构造应力场的主方向。结合构造运动反演法和煤层受力差异得出了研究区多期构造运动作用后14个块段内煤体结构及煤层的渗透率分布特征。结果表明：受多期构造运动作用影响,小范围内A₂煤储层渗透率非均质性强,位于向斜核部扬起端埋深较浅处的煤层,煤体结构以碎裂-原生结构煤为主,渗透性最好;东北部风氧化带以深及南翼块段,煤层变形较弱,煤层渗透率中等;向斜核部埋深较深部位受多期构造运动影响较大,煤体变形较严重,以碎粒-糜棱煤为主,渗透性差;南部及西北部,受多期构造运动作用影响最大,煤层渗透性最差。钻井取心及渗透率实测资料验证了预测结果的准确性,此研究方法为多期构造影响下的小范围内煤层渗透率预测提供了一种思路和借鉴。