内蒙古高庙子膨润土作为高放废物处置库回填材料的可行性

本文简述高放废物处置工程要求和缓冲／回填材料在高放废物深地质处置库中的作用及要求，介绍了内蒙古兴和县高庙子膨润土的性能，认为内蒙古兴和县高庙子膨润土矿床可作为高放废物处置库回填材料的供给基地。     

类似物研究和矿物学问题

本文叙述了核废物地质处置研究领域中涉及天然和人为类似物研究中的一些矿物学问题。在自然界的天然玻璃、膨润土、晶质铀矿等分别作为高放废物玻璃固化体、高放废物处置库的缓冲／回填材料和乏燃料的天然类似物，考古遗址中的玻璃和青铜器文物作为人为类似物。通过这些天然非晶质结晶物质和人造制品的稳定性研究来预测未来10000－100000a间处置库中废物和缓冲／回填物质的变化，放射性核素迁移规律，为高放废物处置库的设计和建造提供重要科学依据，提高公众对高放废物安全处置的信心。     

高放废物深地质处置缓冲/回填材料研究进展

综述了高放废物深地质处置库缓冲／回填材料的作用和性能要求。介绍了缓冲／回填材料在透水性、热性质、膨胀性等方面已取得了的成果和新进展。最后简述了缓冲／回填材料研究的发展趋势。     

高放处置罐铁释放诱发膨润土矿物相变研究进展

作为高放废物处置罐候选金属材料,低碳钢在处置库服役期间,其腐蚀产物侵入缓冲屏障,导致缓冲材料矿物相变与性能变异,威胁多重屏障体系的长期安全稳定。本文详细综述了国内外处置库深部还原环境所处的弱碱性化学场与中低温度场的变化趋势,认为处置库深部化学-温度还原条件可导致处置罐Fe腐蚀释放Fe~(2+)。在处置库长期运行过程中,蒙脱石与Fe~(2+)接触发生矿物相变,一方面Fe~(2+)置换蒙脱石八面体晶格中的Al~(3+)和Mg~(2+),还原Fe~(3+)或直接占据空位,生成次生矿物;另一方面Fe~(2+)交换蒙脱石层间的Na~+、K~+和Ca~(2+),转化为铁基蒙脱石。矿物相变可诱发缓冲屏障性能变异甚至退化。基于"抗矿物转化"理念,提出了下一阶段缓冲材料矿物相变研究方向,为地下实验室碳素钢选型、缓冲屏障验证试验设计以及屏障体系安全评价提供科学依据。     

中国高放废物深地质处置的缓冲材料选择及其基本性能

人类的许多生产、生活活动均可能产生不同活度的放射性废物,其中高放废物的安全处置倍受全球科学家和广大公众所重视。目前深地质处置被国际上公认为处置高放废物的最有效可行的方法。借鉴国外成熟的技术和经验,我国采用多重工程屏障系统(包括废物固化体、废物容器及其外包装和缓冲/回填材料)和适宜的围岩地质体共同作用,来确保高放废物与生物圈的安全隔离。膨润土由于具有极低的渗透性和优良的核素吸附等性能而被国际上选作缓冲材料的基础材料。经过全国膨润土矿床筛选,我国高放废物深地质处置库缓冲材料的研究以产自高庙子膨润土矿床深部的钠基膨润土作为基本组成材料。本文介绍了高庙子膨润土矿床的地质特征以及高庙子钠基膨润土的基本特征。该膨润土与国外同类型材料相比具有蒙脱石含量高(75%左右)、杂质矿物相对较少的特点,该材料的系统和深入研究对于开发我国缓冲回填材料技术、确保高放废物的安全有效处置有重要意义。     

高放废物地质处置中的工程材料

凡人类从事于与核材料有关的许多生产、生活活动均可能产生不同活度的放射性废物。高放废物由于具有放射性水平高、发热量大、核素寿命长等特点,其安全处置倍受全球科学家和广大公众所重视。目前深地质处置被国际上公认为处置高放废物的最有效可行的方法。借鉴已有研究成果,我国采用多重工程屏障系统(包括废物固化体、废物罐及其外包装和缓冲/回填材料)和适宜的地质围岩地质体共同作用来确保高放废物与生物圈的安全隔离。参照国际上该领域的研究成果,结合我国处置概念,本文就高放废物地质处置中的工程材料(废物固化体、废物罐、外包装、缓冲材料、回填材料),以及其材料选择、设计要求和研究重点等进行了总结。     

高放废物地质处置研究中的矿物学问题

在高放废物地质处置研究中的一些矿物学问题应引起矿物学家的注意 。高放废物地 质处置库的缓冲/回填材料是选择以钠质蒙脱石为主要成分的钠基膨润土,还是以钙质蒙脱 石为主的钙基膨润土?怎样选择对99Tc、129I有较好吸附能力的硒汞矿、脆 硫锑铅矿和辉锑矿的替代物来作缓冲/回填材料中的添加剂,以能阻滞99Tc和129 I的迁移?沸石对某些放射性核素的吸附特征也需进一步研究。     

高效废物处置库的混合型缓冲回填材料压缩特性研究

高放废物处置库中缓冲回填材料需要预先压缩到一定密实度,其压缩特性对处置库的安全设计、施工及运营有重要影响。目前,国内初步考虑将膨润土-砂混合物作为缓冲回填材料的首选。采用WG型单杠杆固结仪,对不同干密度、掺砂率的膨润土-砂混合物进行侧限压缩试验研究。试验结果表明：随着干密度的增大,压缩系数呈二次曲线减小;随着掺砂率的增大,压缩系数呈非线性增大。通过引入有效黏土密度和有效含水率的概念,对不同干密度、掺砂率的膨润土-砂混合物的压缩系数进行解释,并根据试验数据得到了回归的数学模型,试图为缓冲回填材料的配比优化研究提供相关依据。     

以膨润土为基材的集成缓冲材料对铀的长期阻滞效应研究

缓冲材料作为高放废物处置库中多重屏障体系的最后一道人工屏障,其对放射性核素的阻滞性能将直接影响放射性核素随地下水进入天然地质屏障后重返生物圈的能力,进而影响到处置库的长期稳定性和安全性。用具有低渗透性和良好膨胀自愈性的膨润土作为集成缓冲材料的基材,以凹凸棒石为辅料,用黄铁矿为添加剂,三者按质量比为63∶27∶10均匀混合构成集成缓冲材料B_7AP,采用恒定源扩散实验分析了铀在干密度为1.70 g/cm~3试样中的扩散特性。结果表明,B_7AP缓冲材料对铀具有良好的阻滞性能,其表观扩散系数为4.07×10~(-12) m~2/s。同时,根据多孔介质污染物迁移理论,建立了铀在B_7AP中迁移的对流-弥散-吸附简化方程,并用Matlab软件模拟分析了不同时间尺度、渗流速度、表观扩散系数和阻滞因子条件下,铀在B_7AP中的迁移距离,为提高放废物处置库料缓冲材料阻滞性能、筛选及优化缓冲材料配方设计提供了科学依据。     

中国高放废物处置库缓冲材料选择与基本性能

人类的许多生产、生活活动均可能产生不同活度的放射性废物。其中高放废物由于具有放射性水平高,发热量大,并含有对生物极有害的α放射性的长寿命核素等特点,其安全处置倍受全球科学家和广大公众所重视。目前深地质处置被国际上公认为处置高放废物的最有效可行的方法。借鉴国外成熟的技术和经验,我国采用多重工程屏障系统（包括废物固化体、废物容器及其外包装和缓冲/回填材料）和适宜的地质围岩地质体共同作用来确保高放废物与生物圈的安全隔离。膨润土由于具有极低的渗透性和优良的核素吸附等性能而被国际上选作缓冲材料的基础材料。经过全国膨润土矿床筛选,高庙子膨润土矿床被选作我国缓冲材料供应基地,我国高放废物深地质处置库缓冲材料的研究以产自该矿床的深部钠基膨润土作为基本组成材料。本文介绍了高庙子膨润土矿床的地质特征以及高庙子钠基膨润土的基本特征。该膨润土与国外同类型材料相比具有蒙脱石含量高（75%左右）,杂质矿物相对较少的特点,这对系统和深入研究该材料以开发我国缓冲回填材料技术,确保高放废物的安全有效处置具有重要意义。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861