用于稠油水热催化降黏的keggin型杂多酸盐的制备表征及应用

采用室温固相反应的方法合成了纳米级的keggin型杂多酸盐,使用红外光谱IR、X射线衍射XRD和激光电位粒度检测法ZSI等方法进行了表征,并将其用于特、超稠油的水热催化裂解降黏反应,使用棒薄层火焰离子化分析仪TLC-FID对反应前后稠油的族组成进行了测定,研究结果表明:纳米级的keggin型杂多酸盐可以使G540稠油在200℃时黏度降低80%以上,并有9.25%的重质组分裂解为轻质组分.     

过渡金属的有机酸盐对稠油水热裂解降黏反应的催化作用

研制了过渡金属有机酸盐催化剂,并据此对胜利油田的稠油进行了水热催化裂解降黏室内实验.在反应温度为280°C、反应时间为36 h、加水量为20%、催化剂质量分数为0.2%的条件下,原油脱水降黏率达到97%.利用红外光谱、气相色谱-质谱、电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱测试方法对稠油反应前后的的物理和化学性质进行了分析,探讨了稠油水热催化裂解降黏反应的机理.研制的过渡金属有机酸盐可用于特稠油、超稠油的现场开采.     

过渡金属络合物应用于稠油水热催化裂解降黏反应的室内研究

以合成的配体N-月桂酰基ED3A为基础合成了过渡金属络合物催化剂N-月桂酰基ED3A铁,并通过红外光谱对该催化剂进行了表征.将其用于稠油水热催化裂解降黏反应试验的结果表明:过渡金属络合物催化剂N-月桂酰基ED3A铁可使辽河冷42-平2稠油(85 600 mPa·s,50℃)在200℃时,催化剂用量(wB)为0.03%,加水量(φB)30%,反应时间24 h的条件下,降黏率为93.4%,并有10.2%的重质组分裂解为轻质组分.     

丙烯酸酯接枝共聚物在稠油降黏中的应用

油溶性降黏剂降黏技术作为一种新型的稠油开采和输送技术,具有不同于其他稠油降黏技术的独特性及其适用范围,具有广阔的开发前景;其研究在石油领域非常活跃。根据油溶性降黏剂的降黏机理,针对丙烯酸丁酯、苯乙烯、丙烯酰胺三元共聚物,通过固定其他反应条件用TDI(甲苯二异腈酸酯)、氯化石蜡、平平加、硬脂酸对其进行了接枝改性处理,探讨了接枝改性物的品种和用量对降黏率的影响。所合成的丙烯酸酯接枝共聚物对稠油的降黏率最高可达94%左右。采用红外光谱仪器分析手段,对部分丙烯酸酯接枝共聚物的结构进行了表征。结构表征数据分析表明,已合成的丙烯酸酯接枝共聚物符合所设计的结构特点。     

稠油管输中油溶性降黏剂研究

合成了一种集较强极性基团和表面活性基团为一体的油溶性降黏剂.通过自制合成的两种单体丙烯酸十八酯和甲基丙烯酸十二烷基苯磺酸丙二醇酯,在合成条件为:单体配比(摩尔比)1:2,;引发剂用量1%,合成温度70℃下反应8 h,得到最终产物,并用红外光谱法表征了聚合物的组成特性.该共聚物能使稠油的黏度由62 133 mPa·s降到1 192 mPa·s,降黏率达到98.08%,满足稠油在管道输送中的可流动黏度要求.     

实验室条件下微生物降解原油的地球化学特征研究

通过对胜利油田四个正常原油样品微生物作用前后的族组分及饱和烃色谱质谱分析,发现实验室条件下微生物对原油有明显的降解作用。微生物作用以后的原油族组分其饱和烃相对含量降低,饱/芳比也明显降低,而芳烃、非烃和沥青质的相对含量都不同程度的升高。通过饱和烃色谱-质谱分析,发现微生物作用以后原油正构烷烃被严重降解,姥/植(Pr/Ph)比值和∑C_21-/∑C₂₂₊比值都明显降低。微生物作用原油后能产生表面活性剂,造成了培养基表面张力的降低。     

Hofmann法制备新型两性离子AM-AMPS共聚物降滤失剂

采用溶液聚合的方法使丙烯酰胺(AM)和2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸(AMPS)共聚,然后进行一定程度的Hofmann降解,得到了一种新型两性离子AM-AMPS共聚物降滤失剂(HL).讨论了反应条件对产物性能的影响,对其结构进行了红外光谱表征,用胶体滴定法测定了其胺化度,并考察了HL在淡水钻井液、盐水钻井液、饱和盐水钻井液、人工海水钻井液、含钙盐水钻井液的降滤失性能及其在180℃下16 h滚动老化前后的性能变化.结果表明,HL具有良好的降滤失作用,抗高温、耐盐能力也较强.     

二连盆地稠油地球化学及其成因探讨

稠油在二连盆地内广泛分布,其成因可分为原生稠油和次生稠油两类。原生稠油来自未成熟或低成熟的白垩系烃源岩的直接排烃和原油运移过程中的分异,主要为普通稠油(粘度为100～5000mPa·s),而次生稠油则是原生稠油受生物降解、水洗和氧化等次生稠变的产物,并具有不同的稠化程度。基于大量稠油物性、饱和烃色谱和色质分析数据,探讨了不同类型稠油的特征,并根据稠化程度的差异将二连盆地稠油归纳为一个稠变序列,即低成熟—未成熟稠油(粘度100～2000 mPa·s)、轻度生物降解稠油(粘度500～5000 mPa·s)、中度生物降解稠油(粘度1000～50000 mPa·s)、重度生物降解稠油(粘度>50000 mPa·s)。随原油稠化程度的不断增加,其产物从普通稠油变化为特稠油。原油在盆地斜坡带和凹中隆起的高部位最容易发生次生稠变而形成稠油。多种稠变作用的叠加是二连地区稠油大面积分布的主要原因。     

稠油水热裂解催化降黏研究的进展

在论述了开展稠油开采新方法研究的重要性、稠油的分类及其开采方法的基础上,从催化剂的研制、机理研究、现场应用等方面对特超稠油的水热裂解催化降黏方法进行了全面介绍,同时对该课题组近年来的研究工作进行了重点介绍,着重分析了该课题组自行研制的4类催化剂的催化降黏机理.最后,对稠油水热裂解催化降黏方法面临的问题和今后的发展趋势进行了分析.     

饱和烃经5à分子筛络合前后单体烃碳同位素分析对比研究

通过对自配标准样品(正构烷烃)进行5à分子筛吸附试验,测定了用5分子筛吸附法分离前后正构烷烃、异构烷烃和环烷烃碳同位素值,探讨试验前后碳同位素值的变化。尽管实验过程中样品经过85℃长时间加热回流及吸附样品的5à分子筛用氢氟酸酸化处理,但实验结果经仪器检测,证明该方法对正构烷烃碳同位素值影响因素不大。本文还介绍了原油和煤可溶有机质中饱和烃络合前后的单体烃碳同位素分析方法。并在前人工作的基础上,改进采用微型索氏抽提加热回流实验装置,既提高了样品的回收率,也减少了样品中轻组分的损失。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861