川东南泸州地区多滑脱层构造特征及变形机制

近年来川东南地区页岩气勘探开发逐步向深层领域拓展，尤其是泸州地区显示出3500 m以深页岩气勘探开发的巨大潜力。为了进一步明确泸州地区构造特征及变形机制，依据地震资料对该地区进行了构造解析，采用离散元数值模拟探究了其构造变形的主控因素，恢复了泸州地区中新生代构造演化过程。研究表明：多滑脱层和区域构造挤压是泸州地区构造变形的主要控制因素。受膏盐岩影响，泸州地区发育低陡的盖层滑脱构造，垂向分层明显，形成断展褶皱、滑脱褶皱和滑脱层间隐伏褶皱、双重构造等复合的构造。该区域构造变形主要受下寒武统膏盐岩滑脱作用控制，膏盐岩和页岩滑脱层协调变形向低陡背斜核部聚集。燕山晚期以来，泸州地区多滑脱层沉积伴随区域挤压，发育盖层滑脱的隔档式褶皱；喜山期褶皱带再次隆生，原有的断层和剪切带位移量增大，滑脱层间形成一系列次生断层和隐伏褶皱。背斜处油气藏容易受到破坏，向斜处是页岩气勘探的有利地区，其中对冲型向斜结构相对简单，内部应力相对稳定。     

川东北何家营地区三维构造模型：来自高精度线束三维资料的约束

川东北地区方斗山构造带发育典型的多重滑脱构造,中生代以来受大巴山南北向挤压与雪峰山北西向挤压叠加改造。其构造模型在区域性滑脱层的分布,不同构造变形层构造样式的厘定以及不同构造变形层在空间上耦合特征等方面存在争议,因此定量分析不同变形层构造样式的差异、空间组合特征成为研究分层变形成因机制的关键。本文应用数字高程、浅表地质信息与线束三维地震数据等资料,开展方斗山北段何家营地区地层与断裂构造解析,建立了何家营地区的三维构造模型,讨论方斗山北段多重滑脱层体系下,垂向上不同构造变形层的差异变形特征及其控制因素。研究表明：何家营地区沉积盖层中存在中-下寒武统膏盐层、下志留统泥岩层、下三叠统嘉陵江组膏盐层等3套区域性滑脱层以及二叠系煤层局部滑脱层。区域性滑脱层控制了褶皱—冲断构造的变形样式,构造在垂向解耦,形成基底、深部、中部与浅部等4套变形层。基底变形层发育指向北西的构造楔;深部变形层夹持于寒武系与志留系滑脱层之间,发育双重构造,形成低幅度背斜;中部变形层为志留系与嘉陵江组之间的高角度冲断构造,二叠系煤层作为局部滑脱层,发育顺层剪切;浅部变形层,以嘉陵江组盐滑脱褶皱为主。不同变形层的垂向叠置,共同...     

中上扬子地区构造变形带成因机制及有利油气勘探区域预测

中上扬子地区构造变形带的形成,与扬子、华夏板块的碰撞有关,其内部岩层中4个滑脱层的存在为本构造带的形成提供了物质基础;在其形成过程中,隔挡式褶皱首先形成,然后逐步完成向隔槽式褶皱的转变,并最终在造山带根部形成基底挤出式变形带。受构造带控制,各变形区的油气勘探应有所差别：隔挡式褶皱带内次级背斜、具备较好盖层的隔槽式褶皱带及逆冲推覆体之下具有较好石油地质条件地区成为有利勘探靶区。     

鄂尔多斯盆地西缘马家滩地区的构造样式与圈闭分布规律

鄂尔多斯盆地西缘冲断带是我国南北构造带的重要组成部分,是阿拉善地块与鄂尔多斯地块之间陆内构造变形的产物,研究其地质结构与构造样式是探讨陆内构造变形机制的基础,同时也是剖析地震活动与开展油气勘探的重要依据。本文基于该区近年来新的钻井、高精度二维与三维地震资料,应用构造解析方法,研究构造变形样式及圈闭分布特点。研究表明,马家滩地区地处鄂尔多斯盆地西缘冲断带中段,经历长期的伸展—聚敛旋回演化,是贺兰山—六盘山陆内造山带变形系统的一部分。马家滩地区的地质结构具有"分带、分层、分段"特征,自西向东发育后缘伸展带(银川地堑)、逆冲推覆构造带(包括韦州—苋麻湾冲断席、石沟驿向斜)、前缘过渡带和天环凹陷;前缘过渡带以石炭—二叠系煤层或泥岩为区域滑脱层分为上、下构造变形系统,下构造变形系统向西缓倾,发育低幅度背斜;上构造变形系统发育三排断层相关褶皱背斜带,向南变窄,上构造变形系统因滑脱层发育差异而南、北分段,二者之间斜向过渡转换。马家滩地区及邻区主要发育伸展-聚敛旋回制约的反转构造系统、陆内造山变形制约的扩展式前陆变形系统和后陆造山后伸展变形系统等3种构造变形系统;前缘过渡带上部构造系统经历印支晚期、燕山期和喜马拉雅期三期变形,形成不同期次、不同方向的叠加构造。马家滩地区发育断层传播褶皱、双重构造、叠瓦构造、构造楔和反冲断裂组合(冲隆构造)等构造样式,形成断背斜、断鼻及断块等油气圈闭类型,圈闭分布受断层控制呈带展布。马家滩地区构造圈闭发育,为西缘油气勘探的有利远景目标区。     

雪峰山西侧深部构造的特征——来自大地电磁测深（MT）的新证据

为了解雪峰山西侧地区的深部构造特征,促进油气勘探战略选区,使用大地电磁（MT）测深技术,结合测区的地质和物性特征,通过定性分析和定量计算,对研究区的断裂、褶皱、地层展布进行地面一地覆对比分析。结果表明,雪峰山西侧地覆的构造单元划分与地面基本一致。MT剖面东段反映的雪峰山隆起区深部巨厚低阻层的属性可能为多次挤压形成的破碎层。西段显示秀山以西低阻标志层清晰,震旦系一寒武系地层发育厚度较大,构造变形相对较弱,侧向延伸稳定,是油气勘探的有利区,为研究区海相下组合油气勘探战略选区提供了重要依据。     

雪峰山西侧深部构造的特征 ——来自大地电磁测深(MT)的新证据

为了解雪峰山西侧地区的深部构造特征,促进油气勘探战略选区,使用大地电磁(MT)测深技术,结合测区的地质和物性特征,通过定性分析和定量计算,对研究区的断裂、褶皱、地层展布进行地面-地覆对比分析。结果表明,雪峰山西侧地覆的构造单元划分与地面基本一致,MT剖面东段反映的雪峰山隆起区深部巨厚低阻层的属性可能为多次挤压形成的破碎层。西段显示秀山以西低阻标志层清晰,震旦系—寒武系地层发育厚度较大,构造变形相对较弱,侧向延伸稳定,是油气勘探的有利区,为研究区海相下组合油气勘探战略选区提供了重要依据。     

中国西北含油气盆地周缘滑脱逆冲褶皱带中的油气聚集

我国西部的许多中新生代含油气盆地周缘广泛发育滑脱的褶皱逆冲带,在这些冲断带中已发现了丰富的油气聚集。文章通过对西部主要盆地的周缘滑脱逆冲褶皱带的研究,指出这些构造带具有形成时间新,变形范围大和构造复杂的特点,由于强烈的构造变形,其中所形成的圈闭以构造型为主,油气藏成排成带产出;文章指出,西部滑脱逆冲褶皱带中的油气聚集具有近源和被多期改造的特点,断层是油气运移聚集的主要因素,油气勘探的目标应放在逆冲带的前缘区进行。     

川东侏罗山式褶皱构造带的物理模拟研究

川东地区发育一系列NE走向的侏罗山式褶皱构造,按照褶皱的组合形态,自东向西发育隔槽式褶皱和隔档式褶皱,齐岳山断裂是二者的分界线。本文采取物理模拟手段对川东侏罗山式褶皱形成的控制因素进行实验研究,选取硅树脂模拟滑脱层,石英砂和微玻璃珠模拟沉积盖层,改变盖层与基底之间摩擦力、盖层的物性、滑脱层的埋藏深度等因素。模拟实验研究表明,滑脱层的深度和盖层性质是川东侏罗山式褶皱形成的主要控制因素。齐岳山断裂以东地区主要是下寒武统膏页岩充当滑脱层,滑脱层埋深较大,地表构造形态表现为隔槽式褶皱;齐岳山断裂以西地区,下二叠统泥质灰岩充当滑脱层,埋深较浅,盖层表现为隔档式褶皱。微玻璃珠是模拟侏罗山式褶皱较好的实验材料,推测川东薄皮构造带形成时候以塑形变形为主。     

孟加拉湾若开褶皱带晚新生代构造特征初步研究

孟加拉湾若开褶皱带位于印度-缅甸山脉西部山前,由NNW—SSE向带状分布的多排背斜构成,其构造特征研究仍然十分薄弱。本文通过钻井资料和二维地震反射剖面精细构造解析,尝试分析若开褶皱带晚新生代构造特征,重点关注若开褶皱带的滑脱层发育特征及背斜几何学及运动学特征,结果表明若开褶皱带发育多个滑脱层:①底部滑脱层,位于约6.5s(双程走时)处;②中部滑脱层,层位存在变化,可能位于第四系底部或上中新统下方约2.5s处。在区域挤压作用下,若开褶皱带发育与底部滑脱层和中部滑脱层相关的滑脱褶皱,构造变形主要受控于底部滑脱层,而中部滑脱层影响了局部构造变形。生长地层记录显示若开褶皱带构造变形自东往西迁移,变形前缘形成于第四纪。基于构造分析结果提出了若开褶皱带褶皱变形的两种运动学端元模型:模型1中不发育中部滑脱层,滑脱褶皱发育于底部滑脱层之上;模型2中发育中部滑脱层,滑脱褶皱发育于中部滑脱层和底部滑脱层之上,形成上、下两套构造层。若开褶皱带背斜几何学和运动学特征受下伏滑脱层控制,背斜在走向上叠置、分叉可能暗示着背斜下伏滑脱层在走向上发生了改变。流体超压可能是影响若开褶皱带构造变形的重要控制因素。     

基于构造变形约束的川东寒武系膏盐层分布

四川盆地东部广泛沉积一套寒武纪潟湖相的云质膏盐层,盐下的地层及其构造是四川盆地新的油气勘探突破点。该地区高陡构造变形非常复杂,而且钻到该套膏盐层的钻井少,其构造变形特征和分布范围不清,难以落实构造圈闭和优质储集层的分布。通过地震地质综合研究,基于盐构造的构造变形特征和膏盐层的地震响应特征,开展了四川盆地东部寒武系膏盐层的构造变形及分布范围研究。该套膏盐层作为底部滑脱层引发川东形成薄皮构造,发育隔档式褶皱。隔挡式构造模式与寒武系膏盐层的盐构造变形为正相关关系,寒武系膏盐层是该地区构造格局的主控因素,亦是隔档式构造形成的必要条件。利用膏盐岩的岩石力学性质和对构造的控制作用,结合地震反射特征,预测了寒武系膏盐盆在平面上的展布:其西边界沿华蓥山构造边界延伸,向北沿水口厂构造展布直到大巴山前,往南沿川南低陡构造带西边界向南西展布。寒武纪膏盐盆的沉积中心在方斗山沿北东—南西向一线。     

Multi-level Detachments and Petroleum Potential of the Tarim Basin

Four detachment systems have been found in the Tarim Basin. They are made up of the Proterozoic,Palaeozoic, Mesozoic-Eogene and Neogene-Quaternary, respectively. The shallow-level detachments are char-acterized by the occurrence of fold-thrust belts in the Meso-Cenozoic. The mid-level detachments are markedby nappes, decollement folds and drag anticlines in the Palaeozoic. The deep-level detachments are representedby ductile shear belts in the basement. Mid-and deep-level detachments mainly occur in the Northern, Centraland Southern Uplifts which are major hydrocarbon accumulation belts of large-scale oil fields. Shallow-leveldetachments mainly exist in the Kuqa, Southwestern and Southeastern Depressions, which are favourable beltsfor finding medium- and small-sized oil-gas fields.     

雪峰古陆的加里东期推覆构造

本文对雪峰古陆下古生界缺失带是否存在，加里东期构造变形有特征，深部地球物理资料以及早古生代岩相带变窄作了研究，确定了该区确实存在加里东期推覆构造，并对其基本特征进行了研究。     

Particle-size distributions of low-angle normal fault breccias: Implications for slip mechanisms on weak faults

Slip on low-angle normal faults is not well understood because they slip at high angles to the maximum principal stress directions. These faults are considered weak and their motion cannot be explained using standard Byerlee friction and Andersonian fault mechanics. One proposed mechanism for weak fault slip is reduction of effective normal stress induced by high pore-fluid pressure. This mechanism is likely to allow dilation of the fault zone and, therefore, affect the particle-size distribution of fault breccia, which has been shown to differ for unconstrained versus constrained comminution. High pore-fluid pressure can cause dilation which leads to unconstrained comminution. We analyze samples from the footwalls of two low-angle normal faults in southern California (West Salton and Whipple detachment faults) to determine the fault-rock textures and grain-size distributions (GSDs). The GSDs are fractal with fractal dimensions ranging from ∼2.6 to 3.4. The lower end of this range is thought to reflect constrained comminution and only occurs in samples from the footwall of a small-offset “minidetachment” fault about 100 m below the Whipple detachment. The higher fractal dimensions are common in cataclasites related to the main faults and also reflect constrained comminution but are overprinted by shear localization. Our GSDs are similar to those from natural and laboratory-deformed fault rocks from strong faults. We conclude that if high pore-fluid pressure aided slip on these faults, it did not strongly affect mechanisms by which brecciation occurs, implying that fluid pressure generally was sublithostatic. Independent evidence exists for lithostatic fluid pressure that having dropped or cycled to hydrostatic levelsin the minidetachment, but our GSD results suggest that periods of high fluid pressure were too short or infrequent for unconstrained comminution to have been the dominant cataclastic mechanism. Fractal dimensions of ∼2.6 for these samples suggest that little subsequent abrasion occurred due to shear localization, consistent with minor offset on the minidetachment. Main detachment footwall samples with fractal dimensions ≥3 reflect constrained comminution followed by shear-related abrasion, and suggest that seismic cycling was important in formation of main detachment cataclasites.     

西藏西南部普兰盆地东缘伸展构造初步研究

笔者在西南西南部普兰盆地填１：１０万地质图时,发现了一条沿盆地东缘展布的新生代伸展断层,其上盘为上新世普兰组砾岩：下盘为前寒武纪聂拉木群花岗片麻岩及花岗质糜棱岩和碳酸质糜棱岩。糜棱岩的拉伸线理为ＷＮＷ向,倾角平缓。在上下盘地层中都发育大小不同,近似平行的正断层,其中一条组成盆地东缘的大陡坎。     

The impact of tectonic deformation upon coal seams in the South Wales coalfield, UK

Observations on the nature and appearance of coal seams, which were deformed during the late Carboniferous Variscan orogeny, have been made over several years within a number of opencast coal sites located across the South Wales coalfield. The deformation of coal seams was dominated by brittle failure and subsequent movement along fracture planes. Examination of hand specimens and smaller-scale samples using a scanning electron microscope reveals the presence of two distinct types of small-scale, tectonic fracture markings within deformed coals. Striated fracture surfaces with prominent ridges and grooves can bear a superficial resemblance to shatter cones in appearance but are unique to coal in their tectonic setting and appear to have formed by static shear failure, whereas strongly polished fracture surfaces result from movement across fracture planes. Deformed coal seams are also affected by distinctive, large-scale, tectonic fracture sets. The extent of fracturing within coal seams can be assessed using different techniques including measuring fracture frequency directly, performing various strength and hardness tests, making relatively simple subjective assessments on the appearance of the coal or monitoring the size distribution of the coal product. By applying some of these methods within working opencast sites, it can be shown that large amounts of abnormally fractured coal were formed along coal-based thrust flats or detachments but that the distribution of fractured coal along detached seams is rarely homogeneous. Enhanced fracturing often occurred in association with the localised thickening of seams along small-scale thrusts or within coal duplexes. Variable seam thicknesses and pockets of structurally thickened coal are seen as the most efficient means by which the presence and location of significant amounts of fractured coal can be predicted from borehole evidence during prospecting.     

Rheological controls on extensional styles and the structural evolution of the Northern Carnarvon Basin,North West Shelf,Australia

The extensional architecture of the Northern Carnarvon Basin can be explained in terms of changes in lithospheric rheology during multiphase extension and lower crustal flow. Low‐angle detachments, while playing a minor role, are not considered to have been the primary mechanism for extension as suggested in previous models. Early extension (Cambrian‐Ordovician) in the Northern Carnarvon Basin is characterised by low‐angle detachment structures of limited regional extent. These structures have a spatial association with a Proterozoic mobile belt on the margin of the Pilbara Craton. Thermo‐mechanical conditions in the mobile belt may have predisposed the highly deformed crust to thin‐skinned extension and detachment development. Permo‐Carboniferous extension generated an extensive wide rift basin, suggesting ductile rheologies associated with intermediate lithospheric temperatures and crustal thickness. Thick Upper Permian to Upper Triassic post‐rift sequences and marked thinning of the lower crust occurred in association with only a small amount of extension in the upper crust. This observation can be reconciled by considering outward lower crustal flow, from beneath the basin towards the basin margin, following extension. Strong mid‐crustal reflectors, which occur over large areas of the Northern Carnarvon Basin, probably represent a boundary between flow and non‐flow regimes rather than detachment fault surfaces as in previous models. Crustal thinning and thermal decay following Permo‐Carboniferous extension contributed to the increased strength and brittle behaviour of the lithosphere. Consequently, Late Triassic to Early Cretaceous extension resulted in the development of far more localised narrow rift systems on the margins of the preceding wide rift basin. Diapiric intrusions are associated with the narrow rift basin development, resulting from either remobilisation of ductile lower crustal rock or the initial formation of sea‐floor spreading centres.     

辽宁白云金矿床某些基本问题探讨

白云金矿产于辽宁省东部辽东裂谷增生地体内的辽河群古元古代变质岩系中,矿体主要赋存在呈东西南展布的滑脱构造带,蚀变分带明显,与金矿化密切相关的蚀变作用为钾长石化、绢云母化、碳酸盐化、绿泥石化等,为构造蚀变岩型金矿床。均一法测温结果的主要范围为２００￣２５０℃,氢、氧、硫同位素表明成矿溶液以岩浆水为主。矿物流体包裹体、硫同位素等地球化学特征研究表明沸腾作用是矿液沉淀的主要因素。     

楞古-孜河弧形背斜特征及形成过程

祝桑弧位于松潘-甘孜造山带南部,楞古-孜河弧形背斜位于弧顶部位。楞古-孜河背斜主褶皱、内部小褶皱及叠加褶皱的特征表明其形成经历了印支晚期自北向南的滑脱作用,燕山早期南北向挤压作用及燕山中晚期南西-北东向挤压作用等三次构造变动。其成因可能与扬子板块与劳亚板块的俯冲、碰撞有关。     

土建筑遗址表面结皮形成与剥离机制研究

以交河故城土遗址为原型,通过现场调查、取样和室内试验,研究了土建筑表面结皮的物理化学性质,提出了土质墙体表面结皮的形成与剥离机制。粒度分析、粉晶X射线衍射分析、易溶盐离子色谱分析表明,与下伏母墙相比,结皮层粒度偏细,易溶盐含量偏低;红外摄像测温显示,结皮层升温、降温幅度更大。研究认为,土建筑遗址结皮层的形成是墙面土体局部饱和崩解、泥浆蠕移干燥的结果,其形成初期对抵抗土遗址风化起到一定的保护作用,但随后在剧烈的热胀冷缩作用及风蚀作用影响下发生剥离和脱落,反而加速土遗址的劣化进程。     

坡面水蚀过程水动力学研究进展

径流分离上壤是侵蚀泥沙的主要来源,也是建立土壤侵蚀物理模型的控制参数之一。对国内外坡面径流分离土壤过程的研究方法、流速测定、控制方程、分离能力、挟沙力及存在的问题进行了系统深入的论述,旨在综合已有研究经验和成果,促进相关研究的发展。