Polymer-stabilized emulsions and fine-particle recovery,I. The calcite-quartz system

The interaction between polymer-stabilized oil droplets and fine calcite particles has been studied at pH 10. Large calcite-droplet aggregates form and may be efficiently separated from fine quartz gangue. The influence of particle size, pulp density, oil-droplet size, oil volume, stirring speed and stirring time on separation efficiency have been investigated.     

影响咸淡水界面水敏性的几个因素

文章通过砂柱的水击试验,对水流速度、盐浓度、pH值对咸淡水界面水敏性的影响进行了研究。试验结果表明,咸淡水界面上存在临界盐浓度值和临界流速值,当入流溶液浓度达到临界盐浓度和流速达到临界流速时,都会产生颗粒释放现象,导致砂柱的渗透率下降,水敏性发生。在相同的盐浓度和进水流速条件下,进水的pH值越低,颗粒释放的速度越慢,释放总量越少;进水的pH值越高,颗粒释放的速度越快,释放总量越多。     

Polymer-stabilized emulsions and fine-particle recovery,II. The chalcopyrite-quartz system

The interaction between fine, generally ?2 μm chalcopyrite and polymer-stabilized oil droplets has been studied as a function of pH and weight percent solids in the pH range from 5 to 12. Oil droplets stabilized by partially esterified polymethacrylic acid and cellulose xanthate have been used as collectors. Chalcopyrite may be efficiently separated from fine quartz gangue at pH 11, using cellulose xanthate stabilized emulsions. Good recovery and grade may be obtained at pH 11 up to pulp densities of at least 5.1 wt.%. At other pH values, selectivity is poor due to Cu¹¹ species from chalcopyrite activating the quartz surface.     

Development of the Bartles CrossBelt Concentrator for the gravity concentration of fines

The Bartles CrossBelt Concentrator has been developed for the gravity concentration of fine particles, in the size range ?100 +5 micron. This paper describes the experimental model of the machine and discusses the effect of such parameters as orbital shear speed, transverse slopes, belt speed and flowrate on its performance.Comparative testwork between the CrossBelt Concentrator and a Slime Table has also been carried out.     

东非鲁武马盆地始新统超深水重力流砂岩储层特征及成因

鲁武马盆地古近系-新近系发育多套超深水、超大型、富含天然气藏的重力流沉积砂体。以始新统砂体为解剖对象,分析区内重力流砂岩储层特征及成因。结果表明砂体以巨厚层状产出于深海泥岩内部,并与周围泥岩截然接触,测井曲线表现出宏观均一性;岩心揭示此类巨厚砂体是由多期单砂体叠置而成,单砂体是由底部高密度颗粒流和顶部低密度浊流两部分组成,且经历过强底流改造。鲁武马河流三角洲强大物源供给决定了区内砂体分布面积和体积规模;深海滑塌、块体搬运等重力流沉积过程控制了沉积体粒序构造和内部结构;海底区域性强底流持续冲刷并携带走单砂体顶部细粒沉积物,残留了底部“干净”的中粗粒砂岩;多期沉积事件和频繁水道迁移决定了砂体纵、横向叠加展布,并最终形成了区内厚度巨大、岩性宏观均一且连通性极好的超大型深水重力流沉积砂岩储层。     

基于重磁反演的三维岩性填图试验——以安徽庐枞矿集区为例

开展大型矿集区深部精细结构探测研究,通过岩性识别与填图实现矿集区5km以内"透明化",发现深部矿产、揭示成矿规律是实现资源可持续发展的主要途径。鉴于重力和磁力数据覆盖面积广、采样密度高,重磁三维反演算法比较成熟,采用重磁反演进行岩性填图是现阶段实现三维岩性填图最有可能的途径。本文以安徽庐枞矿集区为例,提出了基于重力、磁力三维反演的岩性填图流程并开展了填图试验。在分析岩性和密度、磁化率关系的基础上,采用高精度的重力和航磁数据,进行先验信息约束的重磁三维反演,对反演所得的密度体和磁化率体进行逻辑拓扑运算,获得了庐枞矿集区地下5km以内五类主要岩性的三维分布。岩性填图结果显示的浅部特征与地表地质填图结果基本吻合,更重要的是反映了深部岩性的变化,弥补了地表地质填图的不足。庐枞矿集区岩性填图试验结果表明,开展基于重磁三维反演的岩性填图,是了解矿集区深部岩性特征,发现深部矿产的有效方法。     

广东地区矿床密集区的重力异常分析

矿床密集区的成矿地质背景与地壳成岩、变迁及化学作用下的物质运移相关,广东地区侵入岩在入侵过程中引起各种地质作用,最终与铁金银铜等多种金属矿床成因直接相关。为了研究岩浆岩与成矿的关系,利用重力资料分析侵入岩分布,认为剩余重力负异常是岩浆岩的反应,并利用小波变换多尺度分解等处理方法,进一步分析侵入岩的大致空间分布形态、侵入可能路径,总结出矿床密集区的重力场特征表现为矿床对应于剩余重力负异常及其边界或异常奇变区,结合地质认识对矿床密集区作出在重力负异常高阶细节的边界或其奇变区为大中型矿床集中产出区的预测。这一结果将起到预测矿床规模及分布范围的作用。     

The Weathering Effects of Acidithiobacillus Ferrooxidans to Cu(Ⅱ) Pollution of Fine Grained Copper Mine Tailings

China has accumulated massive fine grained copper mine tailings stocks because of the past mining activities in this area. The tailings contain a variety of heavy metals, and the mass percent of Cu, which is one of the main contaminants in tailings, is up to 0.2601% (analysis by XRF). The Cu can pollute soil and groundwater by rain leaching in the form of Cu(Ⅱ), furthermore ,the fine grained copper-ore-tailings can contaminant larger area by wind for its small granularity ( < 74 μm). The main cause of weathering of mine tailings is due to oxidative dissolution of sulfides. Microorganisms, such as Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, play an important role in weathering. These bacteria attach to exposed to mineral surfaces by excreting extracellular polymers and oxidize the sulfide mineral. Some of these bacteria also oxidize Fe2+ to Fe3+ which can chemically oxidize sulfide minerals. These reactions produce voluminous quantities of acid mine drainage and heavy metals which are harmful to the environment and human healthy. This study aims at finding the weathering effects of A. ferrooxidans to Cu(II) pollution of fine grained copper mine tailings, and our experiment applied indigenous A. ferrooxidans FJ-01 to leach the tailings. The optimum test parameters were obtained using shaking flask experiment and SEM observation under the following experimental conditions: 39 days residence time, pulp density 1%-15% (1%, 5% and 15%), 30℃, 120 rpm, pH between 1-3 and redox potential between 400-650 mV. The test results show that the leaching rate of Cu reached 43.1% when the pulp density was 1% after 33 days and kept invariant till the end of the test. In addition, the leaching rate of Cu will decrease as the increase of pulp density, and the maximum rate of 15% pulp density was only 12.5%. From the SEM, it can be seen that the fine grain of tailings flocculated to conglobation under the action of bacterial leaching.     

Effect of chemical additives on the dynamics of grinding media in wet ball mill grinding

Recent papers on the role of grinding aids in wet ball mills indicate that certain polymeric aids favorably act by altering pulp rheology, leading to improved production rates at high pulp densities. Analysis of recent data indicates that there can be an improvement in terms of the production of fine particles per unit time, but on the other hand, the production per unit of expended energy remains the same. Our experiments indicate that there is a critical pulp viscosity above which the grinding media tend to centrifuge because the balls cannot be detached from the mill wall during the time of rotation. Under these conditions the mill power draft decreases and a smaller amount of fines is generated. The polymeric additives are able to reduce the pulp viscosity to a value less than the critical value so that the balls no longer centrifuge and the mill draws full power. From an analysis of the force field acting on a ball inside the mill, this critical viscosity can be estimated and the results are in agreement with experiment.     

Statistical modeling the effect of sediment physicochemical properties on the concentration of heavy metal (case study: Musa Creek,SW Iran)

Heavy metal accumulation in sediments is important even at low levels due to their irresolvable character and harmful effects. Therefore, contamination of creeks, especially their sediments, is highly important for scientific communities. This study investigates the relationship between heavy metal accumulation and some physicochemical parameters of sediments (pH, EC, calcium carbonate, texture, specific gravity, density, porosity and percentage of organic matter) in a stretch of Musa Creek beaches. The results showed that the studied sediments are extremely salty and have slight variations in terms of pH. Although there are mostly clay-sized sediments in the studied area, their mineralogical composition contains calcite with smaller amounts of dolomite, aragonite and halite minerals. The correlation between each of the parameters and heavy metal concentration was modeled using OLS regression. Cr, Ni, Zn and Pb concentrations are positively correlated with each other and inversely correlated with Cd. The accumulation of heavy metals is directly related to parameters such as EC, organic matter, clay and silt, specific gravity and porosity; it is negatively related to calcium carbonate, sand and density parameters. Owing to slight variations, the pH parameter lacks any significant correlation with heavy metal concentrations.     

Development and implementation of a new flowsheet for the flotation of a low grade nickel ore

Low grade nickel ores containing large amounts of serpentine minerals have historically been difficult to process efficiently. The Mt Keith ore was no exception with recoveries in the first five years of operation averaging just 60%.In this research, the factors limiting performance have been identified and a new process has been devised that raises recovery significantly. The process exploits the particle size dependence of nickel sulphide flotation and the different ways that pH change and pulp density influence the response of coarse and fine particles.Implementation of the new process at Mt Keith has raised nickel recovery by 10%. In turn, nickel production has increased by over 6000 t.p.a. and the net present value (NPV) of the operation has increased by over A$300 m. These outcomes illustrate the large commercial benefits that can be gained by understanding particle size effects in flotation.     

Flotation and depression control of arsenopyrite through pH and pulp redox potential using xanthate as the collector

The role of pH and pulp redox potential (E_H) to control the flotation and depression of arsenopyrite has been investigated through studies on microflotation of arsenopyrite crystals and batch flotation of an arsenopyritic ore using isopropyl xanthate as collector. The transition between flotation and depression of arsenopyrite is established by the reversible potential of the xanthate/dixanthogen couple. Adsorption of arsenate ions on ferric hydroxide has been studied through electrokinetics to delineate mechanisms involved in the depression of arsenopyrite using oxidants. Chemical binding between arsenate species and ferric hydroxide sites on arsenopyrite is suggested as the mechanism responsible for depression of arsenopyrite. E_H conditions are given for the flotation and depression of arsenopyite at various pH values for the arsenopyritic ore.     

华南海相深水重力沉积相模式

通过对华南地区诸多海相盆地深水沉积物的详细解剖,识别出一个由重力搬运沉积形成的完整岩类系列,包括孤立岩块、滑动滑塌和重力流沉积三个基本端元大类。这些重力流沉积以不同的型式组合构成了三大类七亚类各具特征的深水沉积体系。Ⅰ陆源碎屑体系包括(1)海底扇和(2)轴向搬运沉积亚体系。Ⅱ碳酸盐体系包括(1)碳酸盐缓坡,(2)沟槽型碳酸盐斜坡和(3)碳酸盐陡坡。Ⅲ混合物源体系包括(1)碳酸盐斜坡体系与陆屑海底扇组合;(2)碳酸盐斜坡体系与火山碎屑重力流轴向搬运沉积体系。     

水溶液中草酸漂白高岭土细尾矿的研究

研究了用草酸在不同溶液中漂白高土细尾矿的反应动力学。考察了ＰＨ值,温度、浸出液初始浓度等因素对反应的影响。结果表明,ＰＨ值的降低、反应温度和浸出液浓度的提高有利于高岭土中氧化铁的浸出,该反应是草酸根与铁的摩尔比为３：１的络合反应,在草酸溶液中铁的溶出符合一级反应动力学。     

Recovery of heavy minerals from slimes

Development of various slime gravity equipment is traced and the merits and demerits of these are discussed and compared.The significance of the design and operational variables and their interrelationships are examined. Emphasis is placed upon the necessity to selectively modify the particle surfaces in order to achieve selective aggregation in conjunction with selective dispersion, in slime gravity concentration. The significance of the deck roughness and the insignificance of the viscosity under the conditions which would normally prevail in slime gravity processes are noted.The possibility of having slime gravity circuits for feeds with a top size of about 45–53 μm only is stressed and selected examples of plant flowsheets are given.     

布格重力异常地形校正方法在微重力勘探中的缺点及其纠正方法

多年来,不论重力勘探程度如何,在布格重力异常计算中都必须经过地形改正和中间层改正。本文通过分析在计算布格重力异常时地改和中间层改正对测点的重力补偿,提出了取消中间层改正以适应微重力勘探精细解释需要的地形校正方法。该方法建立在对实际地形（岩性）的正演基础上,可以根据施工地区的地质条件合理选择重力基准面进行可变密度地形校正。使用该方法可以比较好地消除地形起伏和不均匀岩性对测点产生的重力影响,从而得到比较可信的重力异常数据。     

Extraction and recovery of precious metals from electronic waste printed circuit boards by bioleaching acidophilic fungi

Printed circuit boards contain precious metals. They are produced in large volumes, rendering them an important component of the electronic waste. In view of the heterogeneity of the metals present, reprocessing of electronic waste is a heinous task. The present study focused on leaching of valuable metals from electronic waste printed circuit boards using Aspergillus niger DDNS1. The adaptation phases began at 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0% of fine powder of printed circuit boards with 10% inoculum and were optimized with three effective factors, viz. initial pH, particle size and pulp density, to achieve the maximum simultaneous recovery of the valuable metals. The interactions of these metals were also deciphered using scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectrum and atomic absorption spectroscopy. The results indicated that extraction of the precious metals was accomplished mainly through the unique organic acids originating from A. niger DDNS1. The initial pH played an important role in the extraction of the precious metals and the metals precipitate formation. The leaching rate of the metals was generally higher at low powder dosage of printed circuit boards. The toxicity of the printed circuit boards had little effect on two-step bioleaching at the pulp density of 0.1% compared to one-step bioleaching. The two-step bioleaching process was followed under organic acid-forming conditions for the maximum mobilization of metals. Thus, the precious metals from printed circuit boards could be mobilized through fungal bioleaching which promises an important industrial application in recycling of electronic wastes.     

Adsorption kinetic studies for removal of methylene blue using activated carbon prepared from sugar beet pulp

Sugar beet pulp is an abundant, renewable and low-cost precursor for production of activated carbon. In the present study, sugar beet pulp based activated carbon was prepared by using phosphoric acid as activating agent for adsorption of methylene blue. The conditions of preparation process had a significant influence on the adsorption of methylene blue, and the optimal preparation conditions were obtained as follows: liquid-to-solid ratio of 5, temperature of 450 °C and phosphoric acid concentration of 3 mol/L. The properties of sugar beet pulp based activated carbon were characterized by nitrogen adsorption isotherm. The adsorption increases as the increase of contact time, adsorption temperature and pH, and initial concentration of methylene blue. Batch kinetic studies showed that an equilibrium time of 100 min was needed for the adsorption, and the adsorbance of methylene blue is 244.76 mg/g at equilibration. Kinetic models, Weber’s pore diffusion model and Boyd’s equation were applied to the experimental data to study the mechanism of adsorption and the controlled step. The results showed that the adsorption kinetics followed the pseudo-second-order type kinetic model, intraparticle diffusion was not the rate-limiting mechanism and adsorption process was controlled by film diffusion.     

Characterization of bottom sediments from Osaka Bay,Japan

The physical, chemical, and dewatering characteristics of 19 bottom sediments from Osaka Bay, Japan, have been analyzed to aid in the development of sediments in the coastal bay area. The sediments in the east near Osaka Port were highly polluted from the influence of human activities and were difficult to dewater. These sediments were composed of fine particles, low in pH, zetapotential, and initial settling rate, and were high in ignition loss, metal concentrations, compression volume, specific resistance, cake water content, and drying index. However, the sediments near Akashi Channel showed the reverse where they are affected by strong tidal current. A correlation analysis has been made of all the parameters. There are significant relationships between all the dewatering parameters. Therefore, sediments difficult to dewater by gravity settling are also difficult to dewater by vacuum filtration and solar evaporation. Sediments containing fine particles and pollutants are difficult to dewater. Several forms of pollutants can occur in the sediments.     

Oxidation-Reduction effects in the flotation of chalcocite and cuprite

A laboratory study of the batch flotation of chalcocite from chalcocite-quartz mixtures and of cuprite from cuprite-quartz mixtures with potassium ethyl xanthate as collector has shown that the oxidation-reduction state of the flotation pulp can have a pronounced influence on mineral floatabilities. At pH 11 chalcocite floated over a relatively narrow Eh range of about 300 mV; pH had no influence on the potential of the lower flotation boundary in reducing conditions but had a significant effect on the potential of the upper boundary in oxidizing conditions. Below this upper limit, the floatability was reversible with respect to Eh. Provided the Eh was in correct region chalcocite could be floated in the absence of measurable concentrations of dissolved oxygen.Cuprite displayed a high level of floatability with ethyl xanthate for which, by contrast with chalcocite, no flotation limit in reducing conditions was found; over a small range of potentials close to zero, its behaviour was strongly pH dependent.An attempt to account for the floatabilities of chalcocite and cuprite in terms of the formation of cuprous ethyl xanthate on their surfaces did not lead to correlations with the observed behaviour in reducing conditions but provided a rough correlation with the upper flotation potential limit. It is believed that more detailed and properly controlled comparative flotation studies of the chalcocite-xanthate and cuprite-xanthate systems could help to resolve some of the uncertainties associated with the effects of Eh, pH and oxygen concentration in sulphide mineral flotation.